Study: I INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

Objective:
To study about the introduction to Finite element Analysis.

Introduction to FEA:
FEM is the numerical method used as an effective analysis tool in various field of
engineering to provide the numerical solution to engineering problem.
This method converts the governing differential equation and boundary condition into
a system a algebraic equation that can be solved by numerical solution technique.

Need of FEM:
In the most of engineering problem the field variable are often represented as linear
differential equation (or) partial differential equation. Solving the differential equation using
analytical technique method is a tedious process and at certain condition become near to
impossible. In such cases FEM helps to convert the differential equation that can be solved by
various matrix manipulation methods like Gauss elimination, Gauss Jordan, Gauss seidel,
cholesky method.

The FEM always follow on orderly step by step process for structural problem as stated
below

Step 1:- Discretization of Given Structure

It is the first step in FEM is to divide the structure in sub domains or the element. Hence
the structure is to be modelled with the suitable finite elements. The number, type, size and
arrangement of element are to be decided.

Step 2:- Selection of Proper Interpolation or Displacement Model

Since the displacement solution of the complex structure under any specified load
condition cannot be predicted exactly. We assume some suitable solution within an element to
approximate the unknown solution the assumed solution must be in simple form.
A computation stand point, it should satisfy the convergence requirement (boundary
condition). In general solution or interpolation or displacement model is taken in a form of
polynomial.

Step 3:- Derivation of element stiffness matrix and load vector

From the assumed displacement model, the stiffness matrix [k]e, load vector {p}e of
element (e) are to be derived by using equilibrium approach (or) variational approach (or)
weighed residual approach.

Step 4:- Assemble of element equation to obtain the overall equilibrium equation

Since the structure is composed of several finite elements, the individual element
stiffness matrix as load vector is to be assembled in a suitable manner and the overall
equilibrium equation have to be formulated as
[k]{u}= {p}

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Where,
[k] is the assembled stiffness matrix
{u} is the vector of nodal displacement
{p} is the nodal load vector.

Step 5:- Solution for the unknown nodal displacement

The overall equilibrium equation has to be modified to impose the boundary condition
of the given problem. After incorporating the boundary conditions the overall equilibrium
equation be modified for linear problem vector {u} easily calculated.

However for non-linear problem the solution has been obtained in a sequence of steps.

Step 6:- Computation of element strain and stress

From the known nodal displacement u if required element strain and stress can be
computed using necessary equation of solid or structural mechanics.
The terminology used in above 6 steps can be modified if we want to extend the concept
to other field.

Result:

Thus the introduction about Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was studied.

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Study: II INTRODUCTION TO FEA PACKAGE

Objective:
To study about the introduction to FEA package.

Introduction:

FEA software package are developed by experts in FEA, numerical techniques and
software technology and computer graphics. These software packages have three basic
modules.
They are
 Preprocessor
 Processor
 Post processor

Preprocessor:-
Manual preparation of input data is tedious, time consuming and error prone work
particularly while modeling 3D geometries, preprocessor is a graphical aid which helps in
preparation of input data. It gets minimum input from the user and creates the FE model and
other data required for analysis and displays model in screen for checking and correction to be
done on the model interactively by the user. The mesh generation for FE model is carried out
either interactively by the user or by auto mesh generation technique. These facilities help in
reducing the human error compared with manual preparation of input. It is provided with
facilities to input additional data like loads, boundary condition etc to FE model. It is also
provided with edit facilities such as zooming, rotational of model, changing view direction etc.,

Processor:-
Using the input data, FE analysis is carried out and nodal solution are obtained. This
module involves large amount of computation.

Post Processor:-
Post processor is also a graphical aid which helps in interpretation of analysis result.
The post processor accept the nodal solutions from analysis and calculates the required result
like stress, strain, etc., It displays the result in the form of tables, graphs, contour diagram
animated views etc for better understanding of results.

FEA Software Package:-

Names of some of commercially available general purpose FEA software packages.
 ABAQUS
 ANSYS
 NASTRAN
 ADMA
 NISA
 COSMOS
 ALGOR

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Common Feature of General Purpose of FEA Software Packages:-
In order to give an overview of capabilities that offered in commercial packages, the
major features are listed below.

a) Element Library:
This is a very important component in package. The element library may include such
element as 3D rod, beam, plane stress/strain, axis symmetric solid plate, thick and thin shell
elements etc., In each of above mentioned elements both lower or higher order elements
are available using these elements finite element model can be generated as realistic as
possible.

b) Types of Analysis:
The following are some of the common analysis available with package
 Linear static analysis
 Non-linear static analysis
 Linear dynamic analysis
 Non-linear dynamic analysis
 Buckling analysis
 Heat transfer(steady state transient)
 Coupled analysis (Ex: - thermal stress analysis, etc.,).

c) Types of Loading:
Some common types of loading are
 Concentrated load
 Pressure load
 Line load
 Axisymmetric load
 Self-weight
 Thermal loading

d) Boundary condition:
By specifying or arresting the displacement and slope, different types support
Condition can be simulated.

e) Material properties:
Material properties may be temperature dependent, isotropic, orthotropic,
Anisotropic, plasticity, creep, strain hardening, etc., can be included in analysis.

f) Pre-and post-processor:
All the commercially available software are provided with the extensive pre and
Post processing facilities.

g) Interface with CAD system:

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 Packages are interfaced with solid modelers and CAD system.

h) Design optimization:
Some of the packages are provided with programs for design optimization. This
Capabilities includes minimization of material volume, mass and weight for fixed
geometry by changing thickness and cross sectional dimensional, optimization of
shapes and optimization of parameters such as area, thickness, moment of inertia, etc.,

Result:

Thus the introduction about FEA package was studied.

9
ANALYSIS OF A TRUSS

6 7 8

3m
1 2 3 4 5

F= 125 N F= 100 N

3m 3m 3m 3m

10
Ex No: 1
ANALYSIS OF A TRUSS

Objective:
Cross-sectional area of truss members = 3.0E-4 m2; Modulus of Elasticity = 2.07E11
2
N/mm ; Circled numbers shown are node numbers.

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Preprocessing:

1. Change job name: File -> Change Job name

Enter “truss”, and click on “OK”.

2. Define element types: Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete

Click on “Add.”, highlight “Link”, then “2D spar”, click on “OK”, then “Close”.

• Note that in ANSYS this element is sometimes referred to as “Link1”, because it is

element type 1 in the ANSYS element library.

3. Define the real constants for the Link1, which are cross-sectional area and initial strain:
Preprocessor -> Real Constants -> Add
Click “OK” for “Type 1 LINK1”
• In this problem, there is no initial strain (leave blank), and the area is 3.0E-4. After
filling in the area value, click on “OK”, then “Close”.

4. Define Material Properties: Preprocessor -> Material Properties -> -Constant- Isotropic
“OK” for material set number 1, then enter 30E6 for EX, then “OK”.

5. Create nodes at truss joints: Preprocessor -> -Modeling- Create -> Nodes -> In Active CS

Enter 1 for node number (ANSYS would automatically number nodes if you leave this blank).
Enter the location as (X, Y, Z) = (0, 0, and 0). Note that we are entering the locations in meters,
with node 1 located at the origin of the global x-y-z Cartesian coordinate system. Leave the
entries for rotation angles blank. (Note: For this problem, all nodes will be in the X-Y plane,
with Z=0). Click on “Apply”. Continue defining nodes 2-8 using the locations based on the
sketch of the truss, but after entering the node 8 location, click on “OK” instead of “Apply”.

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So, node 2 is at (X,Y)=(3,0), node 3 is at (X,Y)=(6,0), node 4 is at (X,Y)=(9,0), node 5 is at
(X,Y)=(12,0), node 6 is at (X,Y)=(3,3), node 7 is at (X,Y)=(6,3), and node 8 is at (X,Y)=(9,3).

The dimensions entered are in inches, and on the node definition menu, for our case, rotation
angles are ignored, and for all nodes, Z=0.

As a check to ensure all nodes were entered correctly, list the nodes:
Utility Menu ->List -> Nodes

Turn on node numbering. Utility Menu -> PlotCtrls -> Numbering. Check “node numbering”,
then click “OK”. The node numbers may already be showing, but this will force the display of
node numbers on subsequent plots.

Create link elements between nodes:

Preprocessor -> Create -> Elements ->-Auto Numbered-Thru Nodes

A picking menu appears. Pick node 1, then node 2, and click on “Apply” in the Picking Menu.
Continue creating elements using the definitions listed in the table below. After picking the
nodes for the last element (element 13), choose “OK” (instead of “Apply”) to define the
element and close the picking menu.

Element Node I Node J

1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4
4 4 5
5 1 6
6 2 6
7 3 6
8 3 7
9 3 8
10 4 8
11 5 8
12 6 7
13 7 8

Solution:

6. Apply constraints and forces on the model:

Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Displacement -> On Nodes
Pick node 5, then click “OK” in the picking menu that has appeared. Choose ALL DOF, and
use the default displacement value of zero. Click on “Apply”. Pick node 1, then click “OK”
in the picking menu. To constrain this node in the Y-direction only, Click on “UY”. Make sure
to unselect the “ALL DOF” label! If the “ALL DOF” label is highlighted, unselect it by clicking
on it. After confirming that only “UY” is highlighted, click “OK”.

To apply the forces, choose:

Solution -> -Loads- Apply -> -Structural- Force/Moment -> On Nodes

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Pick node 2, then “OK” in the picking menu, choose “FY” as the direction of the force, and
enter -125 for the force value. Click on “Apply”. Pick node 3, click “OK” in the picking menu,
and enter -100 for the force value (still in the FY direction). Click on “OK”.

8. Solve the problem: Solution -> -Solve- Current LS

Click “OK” in the “Solve Current Load Step” Box.

Post processing:

9. Plot the deformed shape: General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Deformed Shape
You will probably want to choose “Def + unreformed”, then “OK”.

10. List reaction forces: General Postproc -> List Results -> Reaction Solution
Click on “All struc forc F”, and “OK”.

You might want to print the information in the Listing Box, by clicking, in that box, on
“File -> Print”. Or else, just write the information down.

11. List a summary, which includes the axial force and stress in each element:
General Postproc -> List Results -> Element Solution -> LineElem results -> Structural
ELEM
Click “OK”, and a summary for each element is printed, including the node numbers, from
which you can identify the corresponding truss member, and also the axial force (MFORX),
and the axial stress (SAXL). You may want to either record, or print, this information.

12. List the x and y direction deflections for each node:

General Postproc -> List Results -> Nodal Solution -> DOF Solution -> ALL DOFs
Click “OK”. Again, you may want to either record, or print, this information.

13. Exit ANSYS. Toolbar: Quit ->Save Everything -> OK

Result:
The truss analysis is analyzed using ANSYS software.

15
STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

All Dimensions are in mm

16
Ex No: 2
STRESS ANALYSIS OF BEAMS

Objective:

Analysis the steel beam [E=210GPa, u=0.3] having dimension of 100 x 20 x 40 mm

for the following cases. Check for convergence choosing 4, 16, 64 elements.

Materials Properties:

E = 210 GPa
 = 0.3

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Procedure

 Preferences → Structural → OK.

 Preprocessor → Element type → Add Edit/delete →beam → 2D elastic 3 →OK→
close
 Preprocessor → Real constants → Add Edit/Delete →of enter the area value →OK→
close
 Preprocessor → Material properties →Material Model →Structural → linear →
Elastic →isotropic →enter the young’s modulus & Poisson ratio values → OK.
 Preprocessor→ modeling →create →key points →ON working planes →enter
value(0,0)&(1000,0) →OK
 Preprocessor →Modeling →create→ lines→ straight lines→ select key points → OK.
 Preprocessor →Meshing→ Size Control →Manual Size→ Lines→ All lines→ Enter
no. of divisions→ OK
 Preprocessor →Mesh→ lines →select lines→ OK.
 Preprocessor→ solution→ Define Loads→ Apply →Structural→ Displacement →On
key points
[for fixed , all DOF=0, For SSB uy=0]
 Preprocessor →Loads for point load →force/moment →key points→ direction of
force/moment=fy (for all beams) moment value=-100
 Solution→ Solve →Current LS →OK →close
 General Post processor→ element table→ define table→ Add→ stress →by sequence
number → NMISC1 →Ok →close

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  Plot element table →OK
[Note displacement & stress value]
 List results →Reaction solution →OK

Result:

Thus the steel beam is analyzed for cantilever simply supported and fixed beams for
convergence choosing 4, 16, 64 element [for both points load uniformly distributed load] and
the result for 4, 16, 64 element are found to be equal.

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STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE

All Dimensions are in mm

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Ex No: 3
STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE

Objective:
a. Analyze a given plate with a circular hole by using the materials Aluminum, Cast Iron
and Steel C15.
Then for Steel C15 draw the graph between,
1. Stress Vs Aspect ratio
2. Strain Vs Aspect ratio
for various aspect ratio’s of the plate.

Materials Properties:

1. Aluminium  E = 0.675  105 N/mm2.

 = 0.34
2. Cast Iron  E = 1  105 N/mm2.
 = 0.23
3. Steel C15  E = 2.080  105 N/mm2.
 = 0.32

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Procedure:

 Preferences → Structural → OK
 Preprocessor → Element type → Add Edit/delete→ Solid → 8node 82 →OK→ options
→Plane stress with thickness → OK.
 Preprocessor → Real constants → Add Edit/Delete →OK→ Enter thickness → OK.
 Preprocessor → Material properties →Material Model →Structural → linear →
Elastic → Isotropic → Enter young’s modulus and Poisson ratio values → OK.
 Preprocessor→ modeling →Area→ Rectangle →By 2 corners→ Enter values→ OK
 Preprocessor →Modeling → Area→ Circle→ Enter values→ OK.
 Preprocessor→ modeling →operate→ Boolean →Subtract Area→ Select Area’s→
OK.
 Preprocessor →Meshing→ Size Control →Manual Size→ Lines→ all lines→ Enter
no. of divisions→OK
 Preprocessor →Meshing→ meshing tool →Mesh →select area→ OK.

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  Preprocessor→ Loads→ Define Loads→ Apply →Structural→ Displacement →On
Lines→ OK.
 Preprocessor →Loads →Define Load →apply→ Structural→ Pressure→ on lines→
Select the lines→ Enter the Pressure Value →OK.
 Solution→ Solve →Current LS →OK.
 General Post processor→ Plot results→ contour plot→ Node solution→ DoF
Solution → Component of Displacement →Ok.

Result
Thus the plate with a circular hole was analyzed using Aluminium, Cast Iron& Steel
C15 Materials.

Then using steel C15 material the graph between

i) Aspect ratio Vs Stress
ii) Aspect ratio Vs Strain were drawn from various aspects ratios.

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ANALYSIS OF A CORNER BRACKET

All Dimensions are in mm

24
Ex No: 4

ANALYSIS OF A CORNER BRACKET

Objective:
Analyze the given plate as shown in figure. The upper hand pin hole is constrained
(welded) around its entire circumference and a taper pressure (1to100N/mm2) is applied to
the bottom of the lower right hand pin hole. Also analyze the problem for various element
edge length 1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6.

Material Properties:

1. Aluminium  E = 0.675  105 N/mm2.

 = 0.34

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Procedure:

 Preferences → Structural → OK
 Preprocessor → Element type → Add Edit/delete→ Solid → 8node 82 →OK→ options
→Plane stress with thickness → OK.
 Preprocessor → Real constants → Add Edit/Delete →OK→ Enter thickness → OK.
 Preprocessor → Material properties →Material Model →Structural → linear →
Elastic → Isotropic → Enter young’s modulus and Poisson ratio values → OK.
 Preprocessor→ modeling →Area→ Rectangle →By 2 corners→ Enter values→ OK
 Preprocessor →Modeling → Area→ Circle→ Enter values→ OK.
 Preprocessor→ modeling →operate→ Boolean →Subtract Area→ Select Area’s→
OK.
 Preprocessor →Meshing→ Size Control →Manual Size→ Lines→ all lines→ Enter
no. of divisions →OK
 Preprocessor →Meshing→ meshing tool →Mesh →select area→ OK.
 Preprocessor→ Loads→ Define Loads→ Apply →Structural→ Displacement →On
Lines→ OK.
 Preprocessor →Loads →Define Load →apply→ Structural→ Pressure→ on lines→
Select the lines→ Enter the Pressure Value →OK.
 Solution→ Solve →Current LS →OK.

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  General Post processor→ Plot results→ contour plot→ Node solution→ DoF
Solution → Component of Displacement →Ok.

Result:

Thus the analysis of corner bracket was done using given material. The graphs between
element edge lengths Vs Stress, element edge length Vs Strain were drawn for various edge
lengths.

27
ANALYSIS OF AXISYMMETRY

28
Ex No: 5
Modeling Using Axisymmetry

Objective:
The model will be that of a closed tube made from steel. Point loads will be applied at
the center of the top and bottom plate to make an analytical verification simple to calculate. A
3/4 cross section view of the tube is shown below.

As a warning, point loads will create discontinuities in the model near the point of application.
If you chose to use these types of loads in your own modeling, be very careful and be sure to
understand the theory of how the FEA package is applying the load and the assumption it is
making. In this case, we will only be concerned about the stress distribution far from the point
of application, so the discontinuities will have a negligible effect.

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
3. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
4. ANSYS 16.2

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem

1. Give example a Title

Utility Menu > File > Change Title

2. Open preprocessor menu

ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor

3. Create Areas
Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By Dimensions

For an axisymmetric problem, ANSYS will rotate the area around the y-axis at x=0.
Therefore, to create the geometry mentioned above, we must define a U-shape. We are going
to define 3 overlapping rectangles as defined in the following

Rectangle X1 X2 Y1 Y2
1 0 20 0 5
2 15 20 5 95
3 0 20 95 100

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4. Add Areas Together
Preprocessor > Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Add > Areas

Click the Pick All button to create a single area.

5. Define the Type of Element

Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete...
For this problem we will use the PLANE2 (Structural, Solid, Triangle 6node) element. This
element has 2 degrees of freedom (translation along the X and Y axes).

Many elements support axisymmetric, however if the Ansys Elements Reference (which can
be found in the help file) does not discuss axisymmetric applications for a particular element
type, axisymmetric is not supported.

6. Turn on Axisymmetry
While the Element Types window is still open, click the Options... button.
Under Element behavior K3 select Axisymmetric.

7. Define Element Material Properties

Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic

In the window that appears, enter the following geometric properties for steel:
i. Young's modulus EX: 200000
ii. Poisson's Ratio PRXY: 0.3

8. Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas
For this example we will use an element edge length of 2mm.

9. Mesh the frame

Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > click 'Pick All'
Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving
1. Define Analysis Type
Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Static

2. Apply Constraints
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > Symmetry B.C.
> On Lines

Pick the two edges on the left, at x=0, as shown below. By using the symmetry
B.C. command,ANSYS automatically calculates which DOF's should be
constrained for the line of symmetry.Since the element we are using only has 2
DOF's per node, we could have constrained the lines in the x-direction to create
the symmetric boundary conditions.
Utility Menu > Select > Entities

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Select Nodes and By Location from the scroll down menus. Click Y coordinates and type
50 into the input box as shown below, then click OK.

Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Nodes > Pick All
Constrain the nodes in the y-direction (UY). This is required to constrain the model in space,
otherwise it would be free to float up or down. The location to constrain the model in the y-
direction (y=50) was chosen because it is along a symmetry plane. Therefore, these nodes
won’t move in the y-direction according to theory.

3. Utility Menu > Select > Entities

In the select entities window, click Select All to reselect all nodes. It is important to always
reselect all entities once you've finished to ensure future commands are applied to the whole
model and not just a few entities. Once you've clicked Select All, click on Cancel to close the
window.

4. Apply Loads
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Key points
Pick the top left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of 100 in the FY
direction.
Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > On Key points

Pick the bottom left corner of the area and click OK. Apply a load of -100 in the FY direction.

5. Solve the System

Solution > Solve > Current LS
SOLVE

Post processing: Viewing the Results

1. Determine the Stress through the Thickness of the Tube
Utility Menu > Select > Entities...
Select Nodes > By Location > Y coordinates and type 45, 55 in the Min, Max
box, as shown below and click OK.

General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution > Stress > Components SCOMP. The
following list should pop up.
If you take the average of the stress in the y-direction over the thickness of the tube, (0.18552
+0.17866)/2, the stress in the tube is 0.182 MPa, matching the analytical solution. The average
is used because in the analytical case, it is assumed the stress is evenly distributed across the
thickness. This is only true when the location is far from any stress concentrators, such as
corners. Thus, to approximate the analytical solution, we must average the stress over the
thickness.

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3. Plotting the Elements as Axisymmetric
Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Symmetry Expansion > 2-D Axi-symmetric...

Result:

Thus the analysis of Axisymmetry was done using given material.

35
MODAL ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

36
Ex No: 6
MODAL ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM

Objective:
To perform the modal analysis of a cantilever beam

System and software:

System:
1 Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
4 GB ram.
3.400 GB hard disk free space.
4. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Procedure:
Preprocessing: Defining the problem
 Utility Menu > File > Change Job name…………
/ job name, exer1
 Utility Menu > File > Title…………
/ title, Modal analysis cantilever
Main menu>Preferences
1. Turn on structural filtering and click Ok to apply filtering and close the dialogue box.
Define material properties
1. Main menu>Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models
2. Double click on Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic
3. Enter 206800e6 for Ex ; Enter 0.3 PRXY ; Enter 7830 for Density > Ok .
4. Material >Exit
Define element types and options
1. Main menu>Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete
2. Add an element type.
3. Structural beam family of elements.
4. Choose the BEAM > 2 Node 188 element
5. Ok to apply the element type and close the dialogue box.
6. Main menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Beam>Common sections>Beam tool >select the
cross section and give the value for b,h. b=0.01,h=0.01.

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Modeling

1. Main menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Key points>in active cs…create key

point 1 @ 0, 0, 0, create key point 2 at 1, 0, 0.
2. Main menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Line>Straight line…create line through
key point 1 to 2.
Meshing
1. Main menu>Preprocessor>Meshing>mesh tool………
 Set the number of element divisions to 25 in line set size controls and mesh the
lines.
Solution: Assigning loads and solving
 Define Analysis type : Solution> Analysis type>New analysis>Modal
1. Set options for Analysis type
 Solution> Analysis type>Analysis options>Block Lanczos
 Enter 5 in “No. of modes to extract” ;Enter 5 in “No. of modes to expand” >
Click ok.
2. Apply constraints
 Solution>Define loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement >On key points
 Select the key point 1 (all d.o.f constrained)
3. Save_db
Post processing:
Solution>Solve > current ls
1. General Postprocessor>Results summary
2. View mode shapes
 General Postprocessor>Read results>First set.
 This selects the results for first mode shape
 General Postprocessor>Plot results>Deformed shape.
 The first mode shape will appear in the window
3. View mode shapes
 General Postprocessor>Read results>Next set.
 This selects the results for next mode shape
 General Postprocessor>Plot results>Deformed shape.
 The next mode shape will appear in the window and four mode Shapes
are to be taken.
Result:
Thus the modal analysis of a cantilever beam is performed; frequencies and
corresponding mode shapes of beam are extracted. From the result it shows that the
maximum frequency occurs in the middle of the beam.

39
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYSTEMS.

40
Ex No: 7

HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SYSTEMS.

Objective:
To perform the Harmonic, transient and spectrum analysis of simple systems.

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Procedure:
Preprocessing: Defining the problem
 Utility Menu > File > Change Job name…………
/ job name, exer1
 Utility Menu > File > Title…………
/ title, Modal analysis fixed end
Main menu>Preferences
1. Turn on structural filtering and click Ok to apply filtering and close the dialogue box.
Define material properties
1. Main menu>Preprocessor>Material Props>Material Models
2. Double click on Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic
3. Enter 206800e6 for Ex; Enter 0.3 PRXY; Enter 7830 for Density >Ok.
4. Material >Exit
Define element types and options
1. Main menu>Preprocessor>Element Type>Add/Edit/Delete
2. Add an element type. >Structural beam family of elements.
3. Choose the BEAM > 2 Node 188 element.>Ok
4. Main menu>Preprocessor>Sections>Beam>Common sections>Beam tool >select
the cross section and give the value for b,h. b=0.01,h=0.01.
Modeling

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 1. Main menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Key points>in active cs…create key
point 1 @ 0, 0, 0, create key point 2 at 1, 0, 0.
2. Main menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Create>Line>Straight line…create line through
key point 1 to 2.
Meshing
3. Main menu>Preprocessor>Meshing>mesh tool………
 Set the number of element divisions to 25 in line set size controls and mesh the
lines.
Solution: Assigning loads and solving
1. Define Analysis type
 Solution> Analysis type>New analysis>Modal
2. Set options for Analysis type
 Solution> Analysis type>Analysis options>Block Lanczos
 Enter 5 in “No. of modes to extract” ;Enter 5 in “No. of modes to expand”
 Click ok.
3. Apply constraints
 Solution>Define loads>Apply>Structural>Displacement >On key points
 Select the key point 1 (all d.o.f constrained)
 Select the key point 2 (all d.o.f constrained)
Save_db
Solution>Solve > current ls
Post processing:
1. General Postprocessor>Results summary
2. View mode shapes
 General Postprocessor>Read results>First set.
 This selects the results for first mode shape
 General Postprocessor>Plot results>Deformed shape.
 The first mode shape will appear in the window
3. View mode shapes
 General Postprocessor>Read results>Next set.
 This selects the results for next mode shape
 General Postprocessor>Plot results>Deformed shape.
 The next mode shape will appear in the window and four mode
Shapes are to be taken.

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Result:
Thus the Harmonic, transient and spectrum analysis of simple system frequencies and
corresponding mode shapes of beam are extracted. It clearly shows that the frequency
occurs at the end

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CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT

All Dimensions are in m

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Ex No: 8

CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT

Objective:
Analyzing the given conduction problem and plotting the graph between top nodes
and Vs Thermal flux

Materials Properties:

Thermal Conductivity, K = 10W/mC

Density, ρ = 9790 Kg/m3
System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Procedure:

 Preferences → Thermal → OK.

 Preprocessor → Element type → Add Edit/delete → Solid → Quad 4 node 55 →OK.
 Preprocessor → Material Properties → Material model → Isotropic → Thermal
Conductivity value →OK
 Preprocessor → Modeling → Create → Area’s → Rectangle → By 2 corners → OK.
 Preprocessor→ Meshing → Size controls → Manual size → Area’s → All area’s →
Enter value (0.5) → OK → Mesh → Area’s → Free mesh →OK
 Solution → Analysis type → New analysis → OK
 Solution → Define loads → Apply → Thermal → Temperature → By lines → Select
the line → enter temperature value → OK
 Solution → Solve → Current LS → OK
 General Post Processor → Plot results → Contour plot → Nodal solution → Thermal
flux → Thermal flux vector sum → OK

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Result:

Thus the given conduction problem was analyzed and the graph between the top nodes
Vs Thermal flux is plotted.

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CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2DCOMPONENT

All Dimensions are in m

50
Ex No: 9

CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT

Objective:
Analyzing the given convective heat transfer problem and plotting the graph between
the convection side node number Vs thermal flux.

Materials Properties:

Thermal Conductivity, K = 10 W/mC

Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient, h = 10 W/m2C
Density, ρ = 9790 Kg/m3

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

Procedure:

 Preferences → Thermal → OK.

 Preprocessor → Element type → Add Edit/delete → Solid → Quad 4 node 55 →OK.
 Preprocessor → Material Properties → Material model → Isotropic → Thermal
Conductivity value →OK
 Preprocessor → Modeling → Create → Area’s → Rectangle → By 2 corners → OK.
 Preprocessor→ Meshing → Size controls → Manual size → Area’s → All area’s →
Enter value (0.5) → OK → Mesh → Area’s → Free mesh →OK
 Solution → Analysis type → New analysis → OK
 Solution → Define loads → Apply → Thermal → Temperature → By lines → Select
the left and right side line → enter temperature value → OK
 Solution → Define loads → Apply → Thermal → Convection by lines → enter value
→ OK
 Solution → Solve → Current LS → OK

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  General Post Processor → Plot results → Contour plot → Nodal solution → Thermal
flux → Thermal flux vector sum → OK

Result:

Thus the given convection problem was analyzed and the graph between nodes and
thermal flux is plotted.

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Thermal - Mixed Boundary Example (Conduction/Convection/Insulated)

54
Ex No: 10

Thermal - Mixed Boundary Example (Conduction/Convection/Insulated)

Objective:
To solve the 2-D heat conduction problem using ANSYS software and to find the
temperature distribution within the rectangular plate, based on the specified temperatures on
the plate edges and the plate dimensions.

System and software:

System:
1. Intel Xeon E3 Processor, 3.20 GHz.
2. 4 GB ram.
3. 21” flat monitor LCD.
4. 400 GB hard disk free space.
5. Printer.

Software:
1. Operating system: Windows 7 Enterprise
2. ANSYS 16.2

PROCEDURE
Preprocessing: Defining the Problem
 Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0,
Width=1, Height=1
 Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass
Solid, Quad 4Node 55
 Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic
> KXX = 10
 This will specify a thermal conductivity of 10 W/m*C.
 Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Controls > Manual Size > Areas > All Areas > 0.05
 Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick All

Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving

 Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-State
 Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Temperature > On Lines

 Select the top line of the block and constrain it to a constant value of 500 C

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  Using the same method, constrain the left side of the block to a constant value of
100C.
 Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
 Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Thermal > Convection > On Lines
 Solution > Solve > Current LS

Result:
The temperature distribution in the plate is analyzed using ANSYS software.

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