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DECLARATION PAGE

I declare that this report is my original work and all references have been
cited adequately as required by the University.

Date: Signature: ……………………………

Full Name: Ezriq El Sufri Bin Mohd


Noor

ID Number: 53211217107

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APPROVAL PAGE

We have supervised and examined this report and verify that it meets the
programmed and University’s requirement for the Bachelor of Aircraft
Engineering and Technology (Mechanical)

Date: Signature: ……………………………

Supervisor’s Name:

Official stamp:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, in the name of Allah, the most benevolent and


most merciful. Alhamdullilah, all praise to the almighty Allah S.W.T for
granting us the path, strength, time, chance, guidance and patience in
succeeding this project.

First of all, I want to take this chance to express my appreciation to my


Final Year Project (FYP) supervisor Dr. Najihah Tamyis for the kindness of
her support, guidance and helping me all the way on completing this project.
Thank you so much for the advice and helping me to solve every problem
along the way on finalizing my project. Her suggestions and opinions really
help me to develop my project and polishing my skills along the way on
neglecting my weakness in completing the tasks that are related to my
project. I also want to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my
Final Year Project Coordinator Dr.Wannursheila for her advice on initializing
this course and also guide me along the semester on succeeding this course.

Full appreciation also to my family and friends for their morale


supports. Without their prayers and words of encouragement, this project
would not have been possible.

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Table of Contents

DECLARATION PAGE ............................................................... i

APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................ iii

ABSTRACT.......................................................................... viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..................................................... 1

1.1 AN OVERVIEW ................................................................ 1

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................... 2

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................... 4

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................. 5

2.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 5

2.1 Using Ultrasonic Device as Bird Repeller (Citygard Type CG2) ........ 6

2.2 Using Birds’ Own Natural Distress (BirdXPeller PRO) ................... 7

2.3 Effect of Sonic Devices on Pigeon Numbers in a Vacant Building ...... 7

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .................................................... 9

3.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 9

3.2 PROCESS OVERVIEW ...................................................... 9

3.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN .................................................... 11

3.3 FLOWCHART PROCESS ................................................... 12

3.4 LIST OF COMPONENTS ................................................... 12

3.5 DETAILS OF COMPONENT ................................................ 13

3.5.1 MFRC522 ................................................................ 13

3.5.2 Jump Wire ................................................................ 13

3.5.3 Mifare Card ............................................................... 13

3.5.4 USB cable ................................................................ 13

...................................................................................... 14

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3.6 PROPOSED LOCATION .................................................... 14

REFERENCES ...................................................................... 15

v
List Of Tables

Table 2.0: Sonic reception range of various birds .......................................... 6

Table 2.1: Counted and analysed stills with and without treatment................ 7

vi
List of Figures

Figure 2.2 - 1: BirdXPeller PRO ..................................................................... 7


Figure 3.2 - 2: Conceptual Design ............................................................... 11
Figure 3.3 - 3: Flowchart Process ................................................................ 12
Figure 3.7- 4: Hangar 2 entrance ................................................................. 14

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ABSTRACT

The improvisation for the current ongoing bird repeller project for Universiti
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology (Unikl MIAT)
hangar is a Final Year Honors’ thesis is being conducted by me from the
Bachelor of Aircraft Engineering Technology in Mechanical of Unikl MIAT.
The main research of this thesis involves the developing and testing of
ultrasonic bird repelling especially for pigeon. This is a method to reduce the
number of pigeons inside the Unikl MIAT hangar to prevent from bird drops
that might risk the student and also the other personnel. As a result, from this
research will able to analyse problems and make recommendation based on
bird species, hearing range and behaviour. In addition, this bird repeller
maintains and avail to human safety by prevent noise disturbed to human
hearing. Furthermore, the frequency range that selected is a sophisticated
ultrasonic sound generator that is equipped with several features to enhance
its effectiveness and its ability to provide both immediate and long-term bird
control. The thesis has been managed using a series of regular meetings
each week with and without the project supervisor.

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 AN OVERVIEW

With the increasing number of deforestations and the opening of new


airports, it could be one of the main attractions for birds to build their nest and
make airport as their shelter. Birds can be attracted to airports for food water,
and shelter and because the airports provide suitable nesting habitat for
overnight roosting especially the aircraft hangars. Each species of bird has its
own behaviours, habitat preferences, preferred foods, loafing and roosting
habits, flocking tendencies, and times of seasonal occurrence. For example,
hangar’s strut, frame and bracing could be roosting area for the birds and a
daytime feeding area that can create serious hazards. The most typical group
of birds that usually can be seen in Malaysia is pigeon. Breathing dust or
water droplets containing contaminated pigeon droppings can lead to several
diseases, including a flu-like illness called psittacosis [1]. Hence, aircraft
hangar should be kept clean at all cost for the safety and also health of the
personnel.

Bird control at hangars requires techniques that can achieve long-term


deterrence of birds from the hangar and airfield. In other words, habituation is
of much greater concern at airports, where long-term effectiveness is
essential, than in other situations where dispersing birds for a few days or
weeks is sufficient and the issue of habituation of less concern. This will be a
wake-up call for airport operators around the world to start taking action to
provide a safe airport environment for the usage of the operating airlines.

It is important that the airport authorities show due diligence by employing


bird control measures that are appropriate for their particular situation. The
basic of any successful airport bird control program is habitat control. Making
the hangars less attractive to birds would be the best solution for this matter.
Nevertheless, the modifications of the hangars including the structure such

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as the strut construction can greatly reduce the extent of active control
required. But modifying the construction of the hangar may leads to other
risks such as the strength and the withstand of the hangar itself.

Even though there is no particular method that is suitable for hangar bird
control due to the safety and the behaviours of the birds were taken into
consideration, the best control programs therefore employ a variety of
products and techniques. In Malaysia, with the increasing number of
passengers every year, Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad is responsible for
the control of the bird hazards at the airport around Malaysia. This is
reflected in a trained and motivated hangar staff, and an adequate supply of
appropriate and well-maintained control products.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

It is important to keep the hangar as a free bird area especially pigeons, they
tend to affect the hangar cleanliness and safety. The most serious health
risks arise from disease organisms that can grow in the nutrient-rich
accumulations of bird droppings, feathers and debris. Not only are bird
droppings an unsightly mess that can be difficult to remove and cause slip-
and-fall accidents, they also harbour numerous human pathogens. Dr.Sahay,
et al. heavy smells from the bacteria, fungi, and other organic matter from the
birds can be infiltrate through the ventilation system causing significant harm
to not only buildings but also to the many building occupants[2].

Over the past 30-40 years, many techniques and types of equipment have
been used or proposed for use to control birds at hangar and airfields[3].
There is much first-hand experience with this equipment and these
techniques but most of it is unpublished and not available to other interested
workers. Much of what is published on bird control techniques is scattered
and difficult to locate. For example, ultrasound is normally defined as sound
at frequencies too high to be detected by humans. The upper limit of human
hearing is generally taken to be 20,000 Hz[4], although few adults have

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effective hearing at frequencies that high. The obvious advantage of
ultrasound as a dispersal or deterrent technique, if it were effective, would be
that it would not be audible to humans. It is found that pigeons did not exhibit
a fright response when exposed to ultrasound. Also, there was no evidence
of a reduction in the number of pigeon nest-building or egg-laying when the
nesting area was ensonified with ultrasound[5]. Taking an ultrasonic device
called Citygard CG2 as an example, from 29 March 2012 onwards the
ultrasonic device was switched on and off in 1week intervals until 21 May
with a technical break in between. Then, it was running for 8 weeks
continuously to test for a possible adaptation effect. The ultrasonic device
was finally switched off on 16 July. From 15 March to 31 July 2012 a photo
was taken every 5 min during daylight[6].

Some improvements were proposed towards this current ongoing project,


this improvement is expected to save the power consumption with the
implementation of RFID as the switch. Besides, this product will ease the
person in charge to switch the device on or off. This is because this device is
using Identification Card as the activation medium. Each personnel will get
their own assigned IC so that it will be easier for anyone inside the hangar to
activate the device when necessary. Typically, when there is presence of
pigeons inside the hangar. With the RFID as the activation medium as an
improvement towards the existing product, this device can be deactivated
whenever the situation is not necessary for example, during night when the
hangar is closed. This will help to reduce the energy usage inside the hangar
other than turn it off whenever not in use. Somehow with this new
suggestion, it is hoped that other than creating Unikl MIAT hangar as a free
bird area, we can also create an environment friendly hangar with a lower
power consumption.

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1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

To minimize the existence of pigeons inside Unikl MIAT’s hangar.

1. To develop a bird repellent using a combination of ultrasonic and


predator’s sound.
2. To enhance bird repellent device using RFID reader as the switch and
record input activities.
3. To validate the efficiency of previously tested ultrasonic device.
4. To construct an ultrasonic device base on sensor.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Ultrasonic sound can produce heat. Thus, the effect of this can cause lethal
cell damage to living creatures. The heat can reach can intensity that can
cause damage to cell components resulting in cell dissolution.This ultrasound
however might not practical to be used as a bird repellent device as the
ultrasonic frequencies diminish much more rapidly than audible sounds with
increasing distance from their source[7] However, there are still
commercialized product that use ultrasound as a repellent method such as
the Citygard CG2, a Germany made product. The only problem with this
product is that birds are easily habituate to many sounds that are heard
continuously, thus this product would be unlikely to produce long-term
control. The goal of this literature review is to compare each method of bird
repelling technique and their effects towards birds. According to the table
below, the most sensitive frequency of Pigeon or its scientific name is
Columba livia, is between 1800-2400 (Hz).

Species Lower limit Most Upper limit


(Hz) sensitive (Hz)
(Hz)

Mallard 300 2000-3000 8000

Canvasback 190 - 5200

Rock 50 1800-2400 12000


Dove/Pigeon

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Table 2.0 Sonic reception range of various birds[8]
2.1 Using Ultrasonic Device as Bird Repeller (Citygard Type
CG2)

Ultrasonic device has also demonstrated a reduction in the number of free


ranging pigeons. In a study by previous researchers, an experiment was
conducted to test the reaction of pigeons towards ultrasound using the
Citygard G2 as their ultrasonic device. From the collected data, it shows that
the mean number of pigeons did not change seasonally, and hence there
was no evidence for a habituation effect towards pigeon[8]. The result is
predicted because pigeons, as the most other bird species, cannot hear
ultrasound. The upper limit of hearing in pigeons was found to be 11.5–12.0
kHz. Below is the table showing the number of pigeons counted with
ultrasound and without ultrasound treatment.

Stills Ultrasound No ultrasound Total


treatment treatment

Total 9530 7677 17207

No stills (camera 241 223 464


failure)

Still counted 9289 7454 16743

Including other 161 22 183


species

Hidden sight 54 32 86

Stills for analysis 9074 7400 16474

Without pigeons 5163 4270 9433

With pigeons 3911 3130 7041

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Table 1.1 Counted and analysed stills with and without treatment[9]

2.2 Using Birds’ Own Natural Distress (BirdXPeller PRO)

BirdXPeller PRO is a product that uses bird’s own natural distress such as
predator birds to create a danger zone to alert pigeons regarding their current
territory is no longer a safe place for them[10]. Hence, it will keep them away
from the place where BirdXPeller PRO were installed. Kogan, et al. said that
over the years we’ve upgraded it by adding seven more different bird
repellent noises—the cries and calls of pigeons, starlings and other pest
birds and bird predators. And we’ve added electronic noises as well. The
main idea of this product is to scare the bird by taking humane approach
without cause any harm to the birds. Once the birds are scared, they will
notify the other birds to not to come to that ‘danger zone’. This product can
be considered as success as only few birds were seen inside the hangar
after the installation of this product.

Figure 2.2 - 1: BirdXPeller PRO[10]

2.3 Effect of Sonic Devices on Pigeon Numbers in a Vacant


Building

An ultrasonic device was analysed by a researcher called UET-360. It is


powered by alternating current between 110-140 volts and can be selected to

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emit either continuous or pulsed output sounds with an electronic oscillator
tuned between 18-23 kilohertz (KHz)[11]. The measurement of the sound
produced were taken with a B&K Precision Sound Level Meter in a vacant
parking, and in an enclosed metal building[12]. According to the result
received, this product does not show any obvious sign of decrement of
pigeons during the 60 days of treatment. Before and after the treatment of
UET-360, most pigeons would only leave the building after it was entered by
a person. During the first 10 days treatment period evaluating, most pigeons
would leave before the sequence began or shortly after the first bursts of
sound and would only re-enter the building when the device was not
operating. In conclusion, this device has failed to reduce the number of
pigeons residing in a vacant building for example, aircraft hangar.

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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter will cover the details explanation of method that is being used in
order to carry out this project. Most methods or findings from this field mainly
generated into journal for others to take advantages and improve as
upcoming studies. Unikl Miat has its own hangar and currently is use for
study purpose and is facing this kind of problem over the years. Frequently
recommended solutions to solve the pigeon problems in residential areas
and city centers include a large number of nonlethal systems that repel and
exclude the birds from buildings and monuments are not suitable to be used
inside the hangar as these solutions will just repel the birds from entering the
hangar over a short period of time.

3.2 PROCESS OVERVIEW

Ultrasound device were taken into consideration in doing this project. The
problem rose when this device needs to be switched on and off as per usage.
For example, timer is used for the device to be activated in Unikl MIAT’s
hangar. This means that this device needs to be operated for a certain period
of time and switch off again after it is not being used. With the usage of RFID
as the switch, the device can be activated with just a touch of an
Identification Card.

This will simply work with only two elements, which are the Identification Card
and RFID reader. The Identification Card as the input, RFID reader as the
processor and the ultrasound and the predator sound as the output,

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completing the whole process of the bird repellent by using RFID. Wemos D1
will be used to program this device so that it will only allow certain
identification card to activate it while the identification card that is not
recognised will not be allowed to activate it. In order to do that, first we will
determine which identification card to be used and will limit it to only certain
card. Each identification card has its own unique number that can be read
using RFID reader. After all the identification card unique number has been
recognised, they will then jot down to make sure that each unique number
belongs to the right owner. The RFID reader will records:

1)The person information who activate the bird repellent

2)The time and date which the bird repllent is switch on or off.

These data can give additional information whether the time of activation is
effective or not. Further study can be carry out to improve the bird repellent
device using the data record by RFID system to make the device more
reliable.

The next step will be programming the device using Wemos D1. During
programming, the Wemos D1 is powered using the usb cable connected with
the laptop. The RFID reader is connected to the Wemos D1 and the RFID will
be set according to the identification card that are involved. After all the
identification card’s unique number has been uploaded into the RFID reader,
the Wemos D1 will then powered by a 9 volts power supply to get a steady
voltage supply. It is then tested to make sure it will run as programmed.

After few tests have been completed, the reader will then connect to the main
device which is the ultrasound device. Test will be conducted for the whole
product to ensure that both the input and output will run accordingly before it
can be installed inside the hangar. Different identification card will be used for
the testing purposes to make sure that the reader will only read the right card
before sending the signal to the ultrasound device whether to activate or to
decline.

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3.2 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

Predator sound

Motion sensor
CCF for bird Transducer
repellent

RFID reader

Figure3.2- 2: Conceptual Design of the bird repellent device

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3.3 FLOWCHART PROCESS

• Connected to the Wemos D1.


• Tested with a few Identification Card to ensure the sensor
Input: is working properly
RFID
reader

• Powered by 9v power adapter


• Programmed to allow only specific Identification Card to be
Processor: accessed
Wemos D1

• Produce ultrasound that is sensitive to bird


• Changes different sound as per setting
Output:
Ultrasound

Figure3.3- 3: Flowchart Process

3.4 LIST OF COMPONENTS

1. RFID reader (MFRC522)

2. Jump wire male, female and male/female

3. Mifare card

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4. USB cable

3.5 DETAILS OF COMPONENT

3.5.1 MFRC522

The MFRC522 is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless


communication at 13.56 MHz. The MFRC522’s internal transmitter is able to
drive a reader/writer antenna designed to communicate with ISO/IEC 14443
A/MIFARE cards and transponders without additional active circuitry. The
receiver module provides a robust and efficient implementation for
demodulating and decoding signals from ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE
compatible cards and transponders[13].

3.5.2 Jump Wire

Jump wire is being used in this circuit. All three types of jump wire were
connected which are male, female, and male/female jump wire. The jump
wire is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or
other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or
components, without soldering.

3.5.3 Mifare Card

Mifare card is being used in this project representing the identification card
that will be used inside the hangar. Mifare cards are contactless integrated
circuit (IC) cards which are now widely used in a lot of countries including
Malaysia. Mifare cards are used as public transport cards, gated housing
access cards, employee access cards and so much more[14].

3.5.4 USB cable

Usb cable is used to for two different purposes. One is to supply temporary
power to Wemos D1 and the other function of usb cable is for the transferring
data such as coding from the computer to the Wemos D1.

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3.6 PROPOSED LOCATION

From what have been told by the hangar staff, the most common location of
pigeon drops are mainly at the entrance of hangar 2. Bird drops can be seen
all over the floor right in front of the entrance every morning that needs to be
cleaned by the cleaner. Below is the proposed location to install the device.

12396 mm

Figure3.7- 4: Hangar 2 entrance

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REFERENCES

[1] “Pigeon droppings health risk - should you worry? - BBC News.”
[Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-46964702.
[Accessed: 14-Nov-2019].
[2] “Human Health Dangers of Bird Droppings Associated with HVAC
Systems.” [Online]. Available: https://pureaircontrols.com/human-
health-dangers-bird-droppings-associated-building-hvac-systems/.
[Accessed: 14-Nov-2019].
[3] R. E. Harris and R. A. Davis, “EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF
PRODUCTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR AIRPORT BIRD CONTROL,” 1998.
[4] W. A. Erickson, R. E. Marsh, and T. P. Salmon, “Vertebrate Pest
Conference Proceedings collection 3-1-1992 FREQUENCY SOUND
DEVICES LACK EFFICACY IN REPELLING BIRDS,” 1992.
[5] P. Paul, " Effect Of, V. Ultrasonic, and A. S. D. O. P. N. I. A. V.
Building, “EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC, VISUAL, AND SONIC DEVICES ON
PIGEON NUMBERS IN A VACANT BUILDING,” 1988.
[6] S. Jenni-Eiermann, D. Heynen, and M. Schaub, “Effect of an
ultrasonic device on the behaviour and the stress hormone
corticosterone in feral pigeons,” Journal of Pest Science, vol. 87, no.
2, pp. 315–322, 2014.
[7] A. William, R. E. Marsh, and T. P. Salmon, “Vertebrate Pest
Conference Proceedings collection 3-1-1992 Part of the
Environmental Health and Protection Commons Erickson,” 1992.
[8] D. M. Hamershock, “ULTRASONICS AS A METHOD OF BIRD
CONTROL,” 1992.

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[9] S. Jenni-Eiermann, D. Heynen, and M. Schaub, “Effect of an
ultrasonic device on the behaviour and the stress hormone
corticosterone in feral pigeons,” Journal of Pest Science, vol. 87, no.
2, pp. 315–322, 2014.
[10] “BirdXPeller® PRO | Sonic Bird Control | Scare Birds | Bird-X.”
[Online]. Available: https://bird-x.com/bird-
products/electronic/sonic/birdxpeller-pro/. [Accessed: 16-Nov-2019].
[11] P. P. Woronecki, " Effect Of, V. Ultrasonic, and A. S. D. O. P. N. I.
A. V. Building, “EFFECT OF ULTRASONIC, VISUAL, AND SONIC DEVICES
ON PIGEON NUMBERS IN A VACANT BUILDING,” 1988.
[12] “B&K Precision Corporation.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.bkprecision.com/. [Accessed: 28-Nov-2019].
[13] N. Semiconductors, “MFRC522 Standard performance MIFARE and
NTAG frontend.”
[14] “Mifare Card Reader & Writer | Contactless Smart Card - Diginex.”
[Online]. Available: https://www.diginex.com.my/product-
categories/mifare-card-reader/. [Accessed: 18-Nov-2019].

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