9/27/2019

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Fall 2019

Ahsan Afzaal Malik

ahsan.malik@mail.au.edu.pk
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Institute of Avionics and Aeronautics (IAA) 1
Air University, E-9, Islamabad

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Review – Previous Lecture
Thermal
Efficiency  Introduction to Powerplants
 Review of Thermodynamics
Carnot Gas  Review of Heat Transfer
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
2
Solving

1
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Thermal Efficiency (Ratio of net work done to heat supplied)
Thermal
 For power cycles, net work done by the system is the desired output.
Efficiency

Carnot Gas  From previous lectures:

Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
3
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Carnot Cycle (Power Cycle)

 Specific example of a reversible power cycle operating between two thermal reservoirs
Thermal
Efficiency
 Most efficient cycle that can be executed between a heat source at temperature T H and sink at
Carnot Gas temperature TC (TL)
Cycle
 Either gas or vapor can be utilized as a working fluid
Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
4
Solving

2
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

 In a Carnot cycle, the system executing the cycle undergoes a series of four internally reversible
Review
processes
 Two adiabatic processes alternated with two isothermal processes
Thermal
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
5
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Carnot Cycle

Processes:
Thermal
Efficiency
 1-2 Reversible Adiabatic Compression
Carnot Gas  2-3 Reversible Isothermal Expansion (constant-temperature heat addition)
Cycle  3-4 Reversible Adiabatic Expansion
 4-1 Reversible Isothermal Compression (constant-temperature heat rejection)
Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
6
Solving p-v and T-s diagrams for a Carnot gas power cycle

3
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Carnot Cycle

Thermal Efficiency:
Thermal
Efficiency
𝑇𝐶 𝑇𝐿
Carnot Gas 𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 − =1−
Cycle 𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐻

Carnot Vapor i.e. dependent on only temperature of source and sink.

Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
7
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Carnot Cycle

 Carnot cycle consists of reversible processes (ideal)

Thermal
Efficiency
 Efficiency always higher than an actual, real-life cycle.
Carnot Gas
Cycle  Why use it then?
Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
8
Solving

4
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Carnot Vapor Cycle (Power Cycle)

Thermal
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem [Carnot vapor power cycle]

9
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review
Carnot Vapor Cycle (Power Cycle)

Thermal
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem [Carnot vapor power cycle]

10
Solving

5
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Review

Thermal
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
11
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Rankine Cycle
Review

Thermal  Standard cycle for steam power plants

Efficiency
 Working fluid is usually, but not always, H2O
Carnot Gas  Actual cycle is much more complex, we consider exclusively ideal Rankine cycle
Cycle
 Since it is a vapor-liquid mixture cycle, it is convenient to draw it on both p-v and T-s diagrams
Carnot Vapor along with the saturation dome
Cycle
 Consists of 4 reversible processes
Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
12
Solving

6
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Rankine Cycle – Steady-state analysis of components
Review

Thermal Turbine
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
13
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Rankine Cycle – Analysis of Components
Review

Thermal Condenser
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
14
Solving

7
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Rankine Cycle – Analysis of Components
Review

Thermal Pump
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
15
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Rankine Cycle – Analysis of Components
Review

Thermal Boiler
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
16
Solving

8
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Rankine Cycle – Analysis of Components
Review

Thermal Performance Parameters (Thermal Efficiency)

Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
17
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Rankine Cycle – Analysis of Components
Review

Thermal Performance Parameters (Back Work Ratio)

Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
18
Solving

9
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Regions on p-v and T-s diagrams
Review

Thermal
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
19
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Saturated RANKINE CYCLE (ideal) – Processes
Review
1-2, Turbine: Isentropic expansion
Thermal
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle
“Isentropic expansion of the working fluid through the turbine
Carnot Vapor
from saturated vapor at state 1 to the condenser pressure”
Cycle

Rankine 𝑷 𝑻
Cycle 1
1
Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat
2 2

Problem 𝒗 𝒔 20
Solving

10
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Saturated RANKINE CYCLE (ideal) – Processes
Review
1-2, Turbine: Isentropic expansion
Thermal 2-3, Condenser: Isobaric heat rejection
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle
“Heat transfer from the working fluid as it flows at constant
Carnot Vapor
pressure through the condenser with sat. liquid at state 3”
Cycle

Rankine 𝑷 𝑻
Cycle 1
1
Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat 3 3 2
2
Problem 𝒗 𝒔 21
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Saturated RANKINE CYCLE (ideal) – Processes
Review
1-2, Turbine: Isentropic expansion
Thermal 2-3, Condenser: Isobaric heat rejection
Efficiency 3-4, Pump: Isentropic compression

Carnot Gas
Cycle
“Isentropic compression in the pump to state 4 in the
Carnot Vapor
compressed liquid region”
Cycle

Rankine 𝑷 𝑻
Cycle 4 1
1
Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle
4
Superheat &
Reheat 3 3 2
2
Problem 𝒗 𝒔 22
Solving

11
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Saturated RANKINE CYCLE (ideal) – Processes
Review
1-2, Turbine: Isentropic expansion
Thermal 2-3, Condenser: Isobaric heat rejection
Efficiency 3-4, Pump: Isentropic compression
4-1, Boiler: Isobaric head addition
Carnot Gas
Cycle
“Heat transfer to the working fluid as it flows at constant
Carnot Vapor
pressure through the boiler to complete the cycle”
Cycle

Rankine 𝑷 𝑻
Cycle 4 1
1
Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle
4
Superheat &
Reheat 3 3 2
2
Problem 𝒗 𝒔 23
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Saturated vs Superheat Ideal Rankine Cycle
Review
1 − 2 − 3 − 4 − 𝐵 − 1: Saturated vapor enters turbine at state 1
Thermal 1′ − 2′ − 3 − 4 − 𝐵 − 1: Super-heated vapor enters turbine at state 1′
Efficiency

Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
24
Solving

12
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ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Analysis of Rankine Cycle
Review
Using steady-state open systems
Thermal
Efficiency
Boiler/Steam Generator
Carnot Gas
Cycle
Turbine

Carnot Vapor Condenser

Cycle
Pump
Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem *This analysis is based on a unit mass of vapor in the saturated cycle. To use for superheat cycle, substitute 1′ 25
Solving above instead of 1 i.e. 1 = 1′

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
26
Solving

13
 9/27/2019

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor Using Table A-3,

Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
27
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
28
Solving

14
 9/27/2019

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
29
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
30
Solving

15
 9/27/2019

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
31
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
32
Solving

16
 9/27/2019

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and
Review saturated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the cycle is 100 MW.
Determine:
Thermal a. Thermal Efficiency
Efficiency b. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑖𝑛
c. Rate of Heat Transfer 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
Carnot Gas
Cycle

Carnot Vapor
Cycle

Rankine
Cycle

Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle

Superheat &
Reheat

Problem
33
Solving

ME 462 – Powerplant Engineering

Externally Irreversible Rankine Cycle Reading assignment: Go through
Review
section 2-3 in M. M. El-Wakil’s
What are the primary source of external irreversibilities? book, Powerplant Technology.
Thermal  Identify effect of temperature
Efficiency differences.
 Interactions between system B and surroundings, like:  Identify pinch-point and pinch-
Carnot Gas point temperature difference.
Cycle
 Temperature differences between primary
Carnot Vapor heat source (combustion gases from steam
Cycle generator furnace) & the working fluid.

Rankine  Temperature differences between

Cycle condensing working fluid and heat sink
(condenser cooling water).
Ext. Irrev.
Rank. Cycle  Greater the temperature difference between
system and surroundings, greater the
Superheat & irreversibilities.
Reheat
 To improve powerplant performance,
Problem superheat and reheat is advantageous
34
Solving

17