Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2019 - 2020
Biology Investigatory Project
“OSTEOPOROSIS”
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Acknowledgement
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CERTIFICATE
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INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. RISK FACTORS
3. SYMPTOMS
4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
5. DIAGNOSIS
6. COMPLICATIONS
7. PRENVENTION
8. TREATMENT
9. CASE STUDY
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WHAT IS OSTEOPOROSIS
● Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones in the body. It is
caused by lack of calcium deposited in the bones. This
lack of calcium causes the bones to become brittle. They
break easily.
● Osteoporosis means "porous bones." Our bones are
strongest at about age 30, and then begin to lose
density.
● Bone is living, growing tissue. It is made mostly of
collagen, a protein that provides a soft framework, and
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● Osteoporosis occurs when there is imbalance between
the bone formation and bone resorption which usually
occurs in later stages of life.
Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle
— so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as
bending over or coughing can cause a fracture.
Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in
the hip, wrist or spine
● Osteoporosis develops when bone density decreases.
The body reabsorbs more bone tissue and produces less
to replace it.
● The most common injuries in people with osteoporosis
are:
● broken wrist
● broken hip
● broken spinal bones (vertebrae)
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RISK FACTORS
Factors that will increase the risk of developing
osteoporosis are:
1. Female gender, Caucasian or Asian race, thin and small
body frames, and a family history of osteoporosis.
(Having a mother with an osteoporotic hip fracture
doubles your risk of hip fracture.)
2. Cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol and caffeine
consumption, lack of exercise, and a diet low in calcium.
3. Poor nutrition and poor general health.
4. Malabsorption (nutrients are not properly absorbed
from the gastrointestinal system) from conditions such
as Celiac Sprue.
5. Low oestrogen levels such as occur in menopause or
with early surgical removal of both ovaries. Another
cause of low oestrogen level is chemotherapy, such as
for breast cancer. Chemotherapy can cause early
menopause due to its toxic effects on the ovaries.
6. Amenorrhea (loss of the menstrual period) in young
women also causes low estrogen and osteoporosis.
Amenorrhea can occur in women who undergo
extremely vigorous training and in women with very
low body fat (example: anorexia nervosa).
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7. Chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and
chronic hepatitis C, an infection of the liver.
8. Immobility, such as after a stroke, or from any condition that
interferes with walking.
9. Hyperthyroidism, a condition wherein too much thyroid
hormone is produced by the thyroid gland (as in Grave's
disease) or is caused by taking too much thyroid hormone
medication
10. Hyperparathyroidism, a disease wherein there is
excessive parathyroid hormone production by the
parathyroid gland (a small gland located near the
thyroid gland). Normally, the parathyroid hormone
maintains blood calcium levels by, in part, removing
calcium from the bone. In untreated
hyperparathyroidism, excessive parathyroid hormone
causes too much calcium to be removed from the bone,
which can lead to osteoporosis.
11. Vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D helps the body
absorb calcium. When vitamin D is lacking, the body
cannot absorb adequate amounts of calcium to prevent
osteoporosis. Vitamin D deficiency can result from lack
of intestinal absorption of the vitamin such as occurs in
celiac sprue and primary biliary cirrhosis.
12. Certain medications can cause osteoporosis. These
include heparin (a blood thinner), anti-seizure
medications phenytoin (Dilation) and Phenobarbital,
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and long term use of corticosteroids (such
as Prednisone). .
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OSTEOPOROSIS
osteoporosis occurs when there is imbalance between
new bone formation and old bone resumption. Two
essential minerals for normal bone formation are
calcium and phosphate.
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H OW IS OSTEOPOROSIS DIAGNOSED AND
EVALUATED ?
To diagnose osteoporosis and assess your risk of
fracture and determine your need for treatment,
your doctor will most likely order a bone density
scan.
This exam is used to measure bone mineral density
(BMD). It is most commonly performed using dual-
energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) or
bone densitometry. The amount of x-rays absorbed
by tissues and bone is measured by the DXA
machine and correlates with bone mineral density.
The following procedures can be performed to
determine bone fractures due to osteoporosis:
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C OMPLICATIONS OF OSTEOPOROSIS
In addition to making you more susceptible to
breaks and fractures, osteoporosis can lead to other
complications:
● L IMITED MOBILITY
● D EPRESSION
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● P AIN
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PREVENTION
● G ET THE R IGHT A MOUNT OF C ALCIUM
● D ON ’ T F ORGET V ITAMIN D
Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium and use
it to strengthen your bones. When your skin is
exposed to sunlight, your liver and kidneys are
responsible for making vitamin D
Your goal should be:
● A DULTS SHOULD :
Ensure a nutritious diet and adequate calcium
intake
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Treatment
Treating osteoporosis involves treating and preventing
fractures, and using medicines to strengthen bones
M EDICINES FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
A number of different medicines are used to treat
osteoporosis (and sometimes osteopenia).
B ISPHOSPHONATES
Bisphosphonates slow the rate that bone is broken
down in your body. This maintains bone density
and reduces your risk of a broken bone.
There are a number of different bisphosphonates,
including:
alendronic acid
ibandronic acid
risedronic acid
zoledronic acid
They're given as a tablet or injection.
Always take bisphosphonates on an empty stomach
with a full glass of water. Stand or sit upright for
30 minutes after taking them. You'll also need to
wait between 30 minutes and 2 hours before eating
food or drinking any other fluids.
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Bisphosphonates usually take 6 to 12 months to
work and you may need to take them for 5 years
or longer.
The main side effects associated with
bisphosphonates include:
irritation to the food pipe
swallowing problems
stomach pain
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P ARATHYROID HORMONE
Parathyroid hormone is produced naturally in the
body. It regulates the amount of calcium in bone.
Parathyroid hormone treatments (such as
teriparatide) are used to stimulate cells that create
new bone. They're given by injection.
Calcium and vitamin D supplements
Calcium is the main mineral found in bone, and
having enough calcium as part of a healthy,
balanced diet is important for maintaining healthy
bones.
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HRT (hormone replacement
therapy)
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CASE STUDY-1
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Treatment-
Medications
Ultracet tab.
D. rise sachet
Tab celol
Physiotherapy
Oxalgin gel locally
Slow walking
Knee Exercises
Quadriceps exercises
Freeze Precautions Advised Avoid brisk walking
Use Western toilet
Exposure to sun advised
Intake of calcium rich diet.
Flexion knee brace to be used.
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CASE STUDY - 2
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Treatment-
Plaster for 6 weeks with
use of sling
Medications
Diclofenac tab.
Shelcal tab.
60 k. tab.
Physiotherapy -
After removal of plaster
Precautions Advised-
Movement of fingers even on plaster.
Avoid heavy weight by hand
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CASE STUDY - 3
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CASE STUDY- 4
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Treatment Medications
Tramadol tab.
Celol D-3 tab.
Bed rest during acute pain
Physiotherapy
In acute pain no exercise
After the pain is recovered the
Patient can do exercises
1. Hamstring stretch
2. Knee to chest stretch
3. Back extension exercise
Precautions Advised
During acute back ache no exercise is allowed. Only
bedrest.
Avoid bending, lifting and prolonged sitting during
acute pain
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