SSC CGL Arithmetic Weightage

Arithmetic Weightage

Average 1-2

Boat & Stream 1

Compound & Simple Interest 2

LCM & HCF 1

Mixture & Alligation 1-2

Partnership 1

Percentages 1-2

Pipes & Cistern 1

Problem on Ages 1

Profit loss & Discount 2

Ratio Proportion 1

Speed, time, and work 1

Time work & wages 1-2

Miscellaneous 1-2

SSC CGL Advance Maths Weightage

Advance Maths Weightage
Geometry 3
Mensuration 1-2
Data Interpretation 4
Trigonometry 3
Standard Identities 1
Complementary angles 1
Heights and Distances 1
Algebra 3
Miscellaneous 2
What is Average?

The result obtained by adding several quantities together and then dividing
this total by the number of quantities is called Average.

The main term of average is an equal distribution of a value among all

which may distribute persons or things. We obtain the average of a number
using a formula that is the sum of observations divided by Number of
observations.

Here are average based some facts, formulas and shortcut tricks examples.
Given below are some more example for practising.

Formula:

 Average: = (Sum of observations / Number of observations).

Find the Average Speed

 If a person travels a distance at a speed of x km/hr and the same

distance at a speed of y km/hr then the average speed during the whole

journey is given by-

 If a person covers A km at x km/hr and B km at y km/hr and C km at z
km/hr, then the average speed in covering the whole distance

is- When a person leaves the group and another

person joins the group in place of that person then-

 If the average age is increased,

Age of new person = Age of separated person + (Increase in average
× total number of persons)
 If the average age is decreased,
Age of new person = Age of separated person - (Decrease in average
× total number of persons)
When a person joins the group-In case of an increase in average

 Age of new member = Previous average + (Increase in average ×

Number of members including new member)

In case of a decrease in average

 Age of new member = Previous average - (Decrease in average ×

Number of members including new member)

In the Arithmetic Progression, there are two cases when the number of
terms is odd and second one is when the number of terms is even.

 So when the number of terms is odd the average will be the middle
term.
 when the number of terms is even then the average will be the average
of two middle terms.

Question 1. The average of 8 numbers is 20. The average of first two

numbers is 15.5 and the average of next three number is If the

6th number is 4 and 7 less by the 7th and the 8th numbers respectively then
what will be the 8th number?

(1) 25

(2) 22

(3) 35

(4) 30

Solution:

Short Trick:

Sum of all = 160

Sum of first 5 = 95 coming from

sum of last 3 = 65

x + x + 4 + x + 7 = 65

18 + 22 + 25

Answer: 1

Question 2: The average temperature from Monday to Wednesday is 370C

while the average temperature from Tuesday to Thursday is 340C. The

temperature of Thursday is times to that of Monday. Find the temperature

of Thursday?

(1) 360C

(2) 330C

(3) 370C

(4) 340C

Solution:
Short Trick:

Mon + Tues + Wed = 111

Tues + Wed + Thurs + 102 (diff. = 9)

Thursday = Thursday =

Question 3: Of the three numbers whose average is 60, the first is one-fourth
of the sum of the others. The first number is

(1) 30

(2) 36

(3) 42

(4) 45

Solution:

x + y + z = 180 …………(i)

then 4x + y + z

Putting the value of y + z in

Equation …………….(i) x + 4x = 180

5x = 180 x = 36

Sum =

Question 4: The average of marks obtained by 120 candidates in a certain

examination is 35. If the average marks of passed candidates is 39 and that of
the failed candidates is 15, what is the number of candidates who passed the
examination?

(1) 100

(2) 120

(3) 140

(4) 160

Solution:

Let the number of passed candidates be x

Then total marks = 120 x 35 = 39x + (120 – x) x 15

Or, 4200 = 39x + 1800 – 15x

Or, 24x = 2400

x = 100

Number of passed candidates = 100

Short Trick:

Pass Fail

39 15

\ /

35

/ \

20 4

5 : 1

Hence, total number of passed candidates

Question 5: The average weight of 8 persons is increased by 2.5 kg when one
of them who weight 56 kg is replaced by a new man. The weight of the new
man is

(1) 73 kg

(2) 72 kg

(3) 76 kg

(4) 80 kg

Solution:

Aw2 – AW1 = 2.5

Total weight1 – Total weight2 = 20.0 kgs

This difference is because of the new man.

Hence the weight of the new man = 56 + 20 = 76 kgs.

Short Trick:

56 + 8 x 2.5

= 76 kgs

2.boat stream

Boat and Stream is one of the frequently asked topics in the exam. Before
learning the concepts of the exam one must be aware of the terms that are
used in the questions.
Upstream:

When the boat moves against the current of the river (i.e. in opposite
direction), then the relative speed of the boat is the difference of the speed of
the boat and stream. It is known as upstream speed.

Remember it with UP as going up the hill means against the direction of the
force (speed) of the river.

If the speed of boat or swimmer is x km/h and the speed of the stream is
y km/h then,

 Speed of boat upstream = (x − y) km/h

Downstream:

When the boat moves with the current of the river (i.e. in the same direction),
then the relative speed of the boat is the sum of the speed of the boat and
stream. It is known as downstream speed.

Remember it with DOWN as going down the hill means towards the direction
of the force (speed) of the river.

If speed of boat or swimmer is x km/h and the speed of the stream is y

km/h then,

 Speed of boat downstream = (x + y) km/h

Important Points

 When the speed of the boat is given then it means speed in the still
water, unless it is stated otherwise.

Some Basic Formulas

 Speed of boat in still water is

= ½ (Downstream Speed + Upstream Speed)

 Speed of stream is
= ½ (Downstream Speed – Upstream Speed)
Types of Questions asked in the Previous Exams By SSC

Type 1: When the distance covered by boat in downstream is same as the

distance covered by boat upstream. The speed of boat in still water is x and
speed of stream is y then ratio of time taken in going upstream and
downstream is,

Short Trick:

Time taken in upstream : Time taken in Downstream = (x+y)/(x-y)

Example:

A man can row 9km/h in still water. It takes him twice as long as to row up as
to row down. Find the rate of the stream of the river.

Solution:

Time taken in upstream : Time taken in Downstream = 2 : 1

Downstream speed : Upstream speed = 2 : 1

Let the speed of man = B, & speed of stream = S

B + S : B – S = 2/1

By using Componendo & Dividendo

B/R = 3/1, R = B/3

R = 9/3 = 3km/h
Type 2: A boat cover certain distance downstream in t1 hours and returns the
same distance upstream in t2 hours. If the speed of stream is y km/h, then the
speed of the boat in still water is:

Short Trick:

Speed of Boat = y [(t2 + t1) / (t2 – t1)]

Example
A man can row certain distance downstream in 2 hours and returns the same
distance upstream in 6 hours. If the speed of stream is 1.5 km/h, then the
speed of man in still water is

Solution:

By using above formulae

= 1.5 [(6+2) / (6-2)] = 1.5 * (8/4) = 1.5 * 2 = 3km/h

Type 3: A boat’s speed in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if

it takes it t hours to row to a place and come back, then the distance between
two places is

Short Trick: Distance = [t*(x2 – y2)]/2x

Example

A motor-boat can move with the speed of 7 km/h. If the river is flowing at 3
km/h, it takes him 14 hours for a round trip. Find the distance between two
places?

Solution: By using above formulae

= [14 * (72 – 32)]/2* 7 = [14 * (49-9)]/2*7

= 14*40/2*7 = 40km

Type 4: A boat’s speed in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h,

if it takes t hours more in upstream than to go downstream for the same
distance, then the distance is

Short Trick: Distance = [t*(x2 – y2)]/2y

Example

A professional swimmer challenged himself to cross a small river and back.

His speed in swimming pool is 3km/h. He calculated the speed of the river that
day was 1km/h. If it took him 15 mins more to cover the distance upstream
than downstream, then find the width of the river?

Solution: By using the above formulae

Distance = [t*(x2 – y2)]/2y

= [(15/60) (32 – 12)]/2*1

= [(1/4) * 8] / 2

= 2/2 = 1 km.

Type 5: A boat’s speed in still water at x km/h. In a stream flowing at y km/h, if

it cover the same distance up and down the stream, then its average speed is

Short Trick: Average speed = upstream * downstream / man’s speed in still

water

Note: The average speed is independent of the distance between the places.

Example

Find the average speed of a boat in a round trip between two places 18 km
apart. If the speed of the boat in still water is 9km/h and the speed of the river
is 3km/h?

Solution: Average speed = upstream * downstream / man’s speed in still

water

Average speed = 6 * 12 / 9 = 8km/h

3.compound and simple interest

Compund Interest is not as hard as we think. Calculation part in Compound

Interest makes it difficult to solve. If you learn these tips and tricks, you will be
able to avoid calculation in exam which results in saving of time.
Now, Let’s discuss the basic difference between Simple Interest and
Compound Interest.
Principal = 1000, rate of interest (r) = 10%, time = 3yrs
Simple Interest
SI for 1st yr = (1000×10×1)/100 = 100,
SI for 2nd yr = 100 (In SI it will be the same as 1st yr)
SI for 3rd yr = 100
Compound Interest:
CI for 1st yr = 100
CI for 2nd yr will not be same as 1st yr because principal for 2nd yr is the
amount of 1st yr.
So, CI (2nd yr) = (1100×10×1)/100 = 110
CI for 3rd yr will also not be the same as 1st yr and 2nd yr because principal for
3rd yr is the amount of 2nd yr.
principal (3rd yr) = Amount (2nd yr) = Principal(2nd yr)+Interest(2nd yr) =
1100+110 = 1210
CI (3rd yr) = (1210×10×1)/100 = 121
Hence total CI for 3yrs = 100+110+121 = 331
Amount after 3 yrs = 1331
Interest is always calculated on the Principal. But in case of CI, Principal is get
changed every year.
If we calculate it by net rate concept then the Principal will remain same.
Concept1: How to calculate net CI rate for 2 years?
Let rate is r% per annum for 2 years
Net CI rate for 2yrs can be calculated by = 2r+(r2/100)
If rate is 1%, net CI rate for 2yrs = 2×1+(12/100) = 2.01%
If rate is 3%, net CI rate for 2yrs = 2×3+(32/100) = 6.09%
If rate is 14%, net CI rate for 2yrs = 2×14+(142/100) = 29.96%
We suggest you to learn the table given below:

% Rate per Net CI rate % Rate per Net CI rate

annum for 2 yrs annum for 2 yrs
2% 4.04% 9% 18.81%
3% 6.09% 10% 21%
4% 8.16% 11% 23.21%
5% 10.25% 12% 25.44%
6% 12.36% 13% 27.69%
7% 14.49% 14% 29.96%
8% 16.64% 15% 32.25%

Concept2: How to calculate net CI rate for 3 years?

Let rate is r% per annum for 3 years
Net CI rate for 3yrs can be calculated = 3r+3(r2/100)+1(r3/10000)
If rate is 3% p.a., net CI rate for 3 yrs
= 3×3+3(9/100)+1(27/10000)
= 9+.27+.0027 = 9.2727
If rate is 12% p.a., net CI rate for 3 yrs
= 3×12+3(144/100)+1(1728/10000)
= 36+4.32+.1728
= 40.4928
Representation while calculating net rate %.
Let’s calculate it for the rate 3% p.a.
write, r/r2/r3 = 3/9/27
then,3r/3r2/1r3 = 9/27/27
= 9.2727
We suggest you learn the table given below:

% Rate per Net CI rate % Rate per Net CI rate

annum for 3 yrs annum for 3 yrs
1% 3.31% 6% 19.1016%
2% 6.1208% 7% 22.5043%
3% 9.2727% 8% 25.9712%
4% 12.4864% 9% 29.5029%
5% 15.7625% 10% 33.10%

Concept3: If the r% p.a. is in fraction:

Example: if rate is 16(2/3) % and principal is 216, then calculate CI for 2yrs
and 3yrs.
Solution: We can write 16(2/3)% = 1/6 (Discussed in percentage study notes)
For 2 years
216×(1/6)= 36, Now multiply 36 by 2 = 72
36× (1/6) = 6 , multiply 6 by 1 = 6
Add both the above value = 72+6 = 78
CI for 2yrs = 78
For 3 years
216×(1/6) = 36, Now multiply 36 by 3 = 108
36× (1/6) = 6, multiply 6 by 3 = 18
6× (1/6) = 1, multiply 1 by 1 = 1
Add all the above values = (108+18+1)= 127
CI for 3yrs = 127
Concept4: When r% is given p.a. and CI has to be calculated half-yearly or
quarterly basis.

r% (per Time (n
Yearly factor
annum) yrs)
 6months = Factor× r%
Half yearly 2n
(6/12) =1/2 = (r/2) %
3months= (1/4) × r% =
Quarterly 4n
(3/12) =1/4 (r/4) %
9months= (3/4) × r% =
9 months 4n/3
(9/12) = 3/4 (3r/4) %
8months= (2/3) × r% =
8 months 3n/2
(8/12) = 2/3 (2r/3) %

Example: If r% = 10% per annum. Find the CI on 5000 for 2 years if it is

compounded half-yearly.
Solution: Rate is calculated half yearly so new r% = (10/2)% = 5%
Given time is 2 yrs, acc.to half yearly, it will be 2×2 = 4
Now we have to calculate CI for 4yrs @ 5%
We know 5% = (1/20)
So, 5000×(1/20) = 250, multiply 250 by 4 = 1000
250× (1/20) = 12.5, multiply 12.5 by 6 = 75
12.5× (1/20) = 0.625, multiply 0.625 by 4 = 2.5
0.625× (1/20)= .03125 multiply .03125 by 1 = .03125
Add all the above values
(1000+75+2.5+0.03125)
= 1077.53125
Concept5: When different rates are given for 2 years.
If a% is given for 1st year and b% is given for 2nd year.
Net rate of CI for 2 yrs = (a+b+ab/100) % (discussed in percentage study
notes)
Note: The net CI rate will be the same if b% is given for 1st year and a% is
given for 2nd year.
Example: If principal is 1000 Rs and r(1st yr) = 4% and r(2nd yr) = 6%.
Calculate the CI after 2yrs.
Solution:
Net CI rate = 4+6+(4×6)/100
= 10.24%
Now CI = 1000×10.24% = 102.4 Rs
Concept6: When difference between CI and SI is given.
We know, net CI for 2yrs = 2r+(r2/100) %,
net SI for 2 yrs = 2r%
So, difference = (r2/100)%
Example: If difference between CI and SI is Rs.10 and the principal is
Rs.1000.Calculate the rate % per annum.
Solution: difference = 10 Rs.
So difference% = (10/1000)×100 = 1%
We know that, if rate of interest is 10%
then, net CI rate (2yrs) = 21%
net SI rate (2yrs) = 20%
difference = 1%
Definitely we can say r% per annum is 10%.
Example: Calculate the difference between CI and SI for 3 yrs if Principal =
8000 and r = 6% p.a.
Solution: Net rate CI(3yrs) = 19.1016%
Net rate SI (3yrs) = 18%
Difference = 1.1016%
So, difference = 1.1016% of 8000 = 88.128
Example: If difference between CI and SI is Rs.64 and r = 8% p.a.. Calculate
the Principal and Amount?
Solution: If r = 8% p.a.
then, net rate CI (2yrs) – net rate SI (2yrs)
= 16.64% -16% = 0.64%
Given, difference is Rs. 64
So, 0.64% = 64
100% = 10000
Hence, Principal is 10000 Rs.
Amount = principal× (116.64%)= 10000× 116.64% = Rs.11664
Concept7: Calculation of Instalment

Example: A man borrowed Rs.8,400 at 10% p.a. CI. He pays equal annual
repayment of X rs and clear off his debts in 2 yrs. What is the value of X?
For 3 yrs: If r% p.a. is given, convert it into fraction(a/b)

Example: A man borrowed Rs.1820 at 20% p.a. CI. He pays equal annual
repayment of X rs and clear off his debts in 3 yrs. What is the value of X?
5.Hcf and LCM

HCF & LCM are acronyms for words, Highest common factor and Lowest
common multiple respectively.

1. H. C. F

While we all know what multiplication is like 2 * 3 = 6. HCF is just the reverse
of multiplication which is known as Factorization. Now factorization is breaking
a composite number into its prime factors. Like 6 = 2 * 3, where 6 is a
composite number and 2 & 3 are prime number.

“In mathematics, the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more integers
is the largest positive integer that divides the numbers without a remainder.
For example, the HCF of 8 and 12 is 4.”

Calculation

- By Prime Factorizations

Highest Common Factor can be calculated by first determining the prime

factors of the two numbers and then comparing those factors, to take out the
common factors.

As in the following example: HCF (18, 42), we find the prime factors of 18 = 2
* 3 * 3 and 42 = 7 * 2 * 3 and notice the "common" of the two expressions is 2
* 3; So HCF (18, 42) = 6.

- By Division Method

In this method first divide a higher number by smaller number.

 Put the higher number in place of dividend and the smaller number in
place of the divisor.
 Divide and get the remainder then use this remainder as divisor and
earlier divisor as the dividend.
 Do this until you get a zero remainder. The last divisor is the HCF.
 If there are more than two numbers then we continue this process as we
divide the third lowest number by the last divisor obtained in the above
steps.
First, find H.C.F. of 72 and 126

72|126|1
72
54| 72|1
54
18| 54| 3
54
0

H.C.F. of 72 and 126 = 18

2. L.C.M

The Least Common Multiple of two or more integers is always divisible by all
the integers it is derived from. For example, 20 is a multiple of 5 because 5 ×
4 = 20, so 20 is divisible by 5 and 2. Because 10 is the smallest positive
integer that is divisible by both 5 and 2, it is the least common multiple of 5
and 4.

LCM cam also be understand by this example:

Multiples of 5 are:

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 ...

And the multiples of 6 are:

6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, ...

Common multiples of 5 and 6 are:

30, 60, 90, 120, ....

Hence, the lowest common multiple is simply the first number in the common
multiple list i.e 30.

Calculation

- By Prime Factorizations
The prime factorization theorem says that every positive integer greater than 1
can be written in only one way as a product of prime numbers.

Example: To find the value of LCM (9, 48, and 21).

First, find the factor of each number and express it as a product of prime
number powers.

Like 9 = 32,

48 = 24 * 3

21 = 3 * 7

Then, write all the factors with their highest power like 32, 24, and 7. And
multiply them to get their LCM.

Hence, LCM (9, 21, and 48) is 32 * 24 * 7 = 1008.

- By Division Method

Here, divide all the integers by a common number until no two numbers are
further divisible. Then multiply the common divisor and the remaining number
to get the LCM.

2 | 72, 240, 196

2 | 36, 120, 98
2 | 18, 60, 49
3 | 9, 30, 49
| 3, 10, 49

L.C.M. of the given numbers

= product of divisors and the remaining numbers
= 2×2×2×3×3×10×49
= 72×10×49 = 35280.

The relation between L.C.M. and H.C.F. of two natural numbers

The product of L.C.M. and H.C.F. of two natural numbers = the product of the
numbers.

For Example:
LCM (8, 28) = 56 & HCF (8, 28) = 4

Now, 8 * 28 = 224 and also, 56 * 4 = 224

HCF & LCM of fractions:

Formulae for finding the HCF & LCM of a fractional number.

HCF of fraction = HCF of numerator / LCM of denominator

LCM of Fraction = LCM of Numerator / HCF of Denominator.

6.MIXTURE AND ALLIGATION

Alligation

(i) To find the mean or average value of mixture when the prices of two or
more ingredients which may be mixed together and the proportion in which
they mixed are given.

(ii) To find the proportion in which the ingredients at given prices must be
mixed to produce a mixture at a given price.

Note:

(1) The word Alligation literally means linking. The rule takes its name from
the lines or links used in working out questions on the mixture.

(2) Alligation method is applied to the percentage value, ratio, rate, prices,
speed etc and not for absolute values. That is, whenever per cent, per hour,
per kg, per km etc, are being compared, we can use Alligation.

Rules of Alligation

if the gradients are mixed in a ratio, then

We represent it as under:

Then, (cheaper quantity) : (dearer quantity) = (d – m ) : (m – c)

Solved problems:

Ex1: In what proportion must rice at Rs3.10 per kg be mixed with rice at
Rs3.60 per kg, so that the mixture be worth Rs3.25 a kg?

Solution:
By the alligation rule :

they must be mixed in the ratio 7 :3.

Milk and Water

Ex2: A mixture of certain quantity of milk with 16 liters of water is worth 90 P
per liter. If pure milk be worth Rs1.08 per liter, how much milk is there in the
mixture?

Solution:

The mean value is 90 P and price of water is 0 P.

By the Alligation Rule, milk and water are in the ratio of 5 :1.

quantity of milk in the mixture = 5 ×16 = 80 liters.

Ex3: 300 gm of sugar solution has 40% sugar in it. How much sugar should
be added to make it 50% in the solution?

Solution:

The existing solution has 40% sugar, and sugar is to be mixed ; so the other
solution has 100% sugar. So, by alligation method;

the two mixture should be added in the ratio 5 :1

Therefore, required sugar =

Direct formula :

Quantity of sugar added =

In this case,
Ans =

7.PARTNERSHIP

Important Questions with Short Tricks on Partnership

Question 1: A starts a business with Rs 21,000/- and later B joins him with
Rs 36,000/-. After how many months did B join if the profit is distributed in the
equal ratio?

(1) 5

(2) 7

(3) 6

(4) 9

Solution:

A : B = 21000 x 12 : 36000 x x

Ratio = 1 : 1 (as profit is equal)

21000 x 12 = 36000 x x

X = 7 Months
B joins after 5 months

Short Trick:

A : B

7 : 12 (Amount)

12: 7 (Time must be)

So that ratio remains 1 : 1

B joined after = 12 – 7 = 5 months

Question 2 : Beena and Meena started a boutique investing amounts of Rs

35,000 and Rs 56,000 respectively. If Beena's share in the profit earned by
them is Rs 45,000, then what is the total profit earned?

(1) 81,000

(2) 1,27,000

(3) 72,000

(4) 1,17,000

Solution: Let the total profit earned be Rs x

Ratio of investment

Sum of ratio = 5 + 8 = 13

Profit of Beena =

1,17,000

Question 3 : A starts business with Rs. 3500 and after 5 months, B joins with
A as his partner. After a year, the profit is divided in the ratio 2 : 3. What is B's
contribution in the capital?
(1) Rs. 7500

(2) Rs. 8000

(3) Rs. 8500

(4) Rs. 9000

Solution:

Let B's capital be Rs. x.

Then, (3500 * 12)/7x = 2/3

14x = 126000

x = 9000

Question 4 :Four milkmen hires a pasture. A has 18 cows that graze for 4
months, B has 25 cows that graze for 2 months, C has 28 cows that graze for
5 months and D has 21 cows that graze for 3 months. If A pays Rs 360 then
what is the rent of the pasture?

(1) Rs 1625

(2) Rs 1240

(3) Rs 1340

(4) Rs 2260

Solution:

72 + 50 + 140 + 63 = 325

If 72x = 360/-

Then 325 x is the rent of the pasture

i.e. = Rs 1625/-

Other Method:

360 Rs 1625/-

Total Rent = 325 x 5 = Rs 1625 (A pays 360/

Total Rent = 325 x 5 = Rs 1625 (A pays 360/- which is 72 x 5

Question 5 :Two partners Rs 50,000 and Rs 70,000 respectively in a

business and agreed that 70% of the profits should be divided equally
between them and the remaining profit in the ratio of investment. If one
partner gets ` 90 more than the other, find the total profit made in the
business.

(1) Rs 1200

(2) Rs 1400

(3) Rs 1600

(4) Rs 1800

Solution:

50000 : 70000

5:7

According to the question

x = 3 x 50

x = 150

5x + 7x = 12x

12 x 150 = 1800

Short Tricks:

90

Total = 540 – 30%

Total Profit = 1800

8.PERCENTAGE

Concept 1

1. A+B+AB/100 When A and B both are a positive change

2. A-B-AB/100 When A is positive change and B is a negative change
3. -A+B-AB/100 When A is negative change and B is a positive change.
4. -A-B+AB/100 When A and B both are a negative change.
Important: There is no need to remember the above formulas, you have to just
remember
±A ± B ±AB/100 and put the sign of change, if negative, then (-) and positive
then, (+) but keep in mind that sign of AB is the product of signs of A and B.
Example1: The price of a book is reduced by 10% and the sale of the book is
increased by 15%. Find the net effect on revenue.
Example 2: If length and breadth of a rectangle is increased by 5% and 8%
respectively. Find the % change in area of the rectangle.

Concept 2:

New solution × new % = old solution × old %

This formula is applicable for the commodity which is constant in the solution
or mixture, its quantity doesn’t change after mixing in solution.
Example3: A mixture of sand and water contains 20% sand by weight. Of it
12 kg of water is evaporated and the mixture now contains 30% sand.
Solution: In this sand is constant in the mixture. So we will apply this formula
on sand not on water.
(a)Find the original mixture.
Let the original mixture is P kg, So new mixture = (P-12) kg
old% = 20 and new % = 30
new solution × new % = old solution × old %
(P-12)× 30% = P × 20%
3P – 36 = 2P
P = 36 Kg.
(b) Find the quantity of sand and water in the original mixture.
Quantity of sand in original mixture = 20% of 36 = 7.2 Kg
Quantity of water in original mixture = 80% 0f 36 = 28.8 Kg
OR = Quantity of mixture – quantity of sand = 36 -7.2 = 28.8 Kg
Example 4: 30 litres of a mixture of alcohol and water contains 20% alcohol.
How many litres of water must be added to make the alcohol 15% in the new
mixture?
Solution: only water is added to the mixture so, there is no change in
alcohol. We will apply the above formula on alcohol. Let water added is P
litres.
Old mixture = 30 litres, old % of alcohol = 20%
New mixture = 30+P litres, new % of alcohol = 15
using, new solution × new % = old solution × old %
(30+P) × 15% = 30 × 20%
P = 10 litres , hence 10 litres of water is added.

Concept 3

Example 5: If the price of milk increased by 25%, by how much per cent must
Rahul decrease his consumption, so as his expenditure remains the same.
Solution: Let the price of milk is 20 Rs/ litre and Rahul consumes 1-litre milk.
Expenditure of Rahul = price × consumption
Now the price of milk is increased by 25%, so the new price is (125/100)× 20
= 25 Rs.
but his expenditure remains the same
So, new consumption × new price = old price × old consumption
new consumption × 25 = 20 × old consumption
new consumption =(20/25) × old consumption
new consumption% = (20/25)× old consumption × 100
new consumption% = 80% of old consumption
decrease in consumption = 20 %
Using above trick: Given, price % is increased so sign will be (+) and
consumption % will decrease.
Decrease in consumption =(25/125) × 100 = 20%
Example 6: If the price of milk decreased by 25%, by how much per cent
must Rahul increase his consumption, so as his expenditure remains the
same.
Solution: Let the price of milk is 20 Rs/ litre and Rahul consumes 1-litre milk.
Expenditure of Rahul = price × consumption
Now the price of milk is decreased by 25%, so the new price is × 20 = 15 Rs.
but his expenditure remains the same
So, new consumption × new price = old price × old consumption
new consumption × 15 = 20 × old consumption
new consumption = (20/15)× old consumption
new consumption% = (20/15)× old consumption × 100
new consumption% = 133(1/3)% of old consumption
increase in consumption = 33(1/3) %
Using above trick: given price % is decreased so sign will be (-) and
consumption % will increase.
Increase in consumption = (25/75) x 100 = 33(1/3)%

Concept 4:

Example 7: The population of a town is 6000. It increases 10% during the

1st year, increases 25% during the 2nd year and then again decreases by 10%
during the 3rd year. What is the population after 3 years.
Example 8: The population of a village increases by 10% during the first year,
decreased by 12% during 2nd year and again decreased by 15% during the
3rd year. If the population at the end of the 3rd year is 2057.

Important formulas and shortcut to find percentage

Percentage(%)

Percentage is per-cent which means parts per hundred(1/100).

If we have to convert percentage into fraction then it is divide by 100.

Example 1:- If we write 45% then its equal to 45/100 or in fraction 9/20 or in
decimal 0.45
If we have to convert fraction into percentage we have to multiple with
100.

Example 2:- if we write 3/5 in fraction it is equal to 60% =3/5x100=60.

Convert Percentage into Decimal:

 20% = 20/100 = 0.5

Convert Decimal Into Percentage:

 0.25 = (0.25 × 100) % = 25%

 1.50 = (1.50 × 100) % = 150%

Majorly used values shown in Percent, Decimal and Fraction

This table will help you solve questions very fast and easily.Try to
remember these fractions because it will save lot of time in your
examination.
 Types of Formulas and Short Tricks

Type 1: Percentage Increase/Decrease:

If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in
consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is: [R/ (100 + R)] x
100%
If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in
consumption so as not to decrease the expenditure is: [R/ (100 - R)] x
100%

Type 2: Results on Population:

Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the
rate of R% per annum, then:
1.Population after n years = P(1 + R/100)n
2.Population n years ago =P/(1 + R/100)n

Type 3: Results on Depreciation:

Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the

rate of R% per annum. Then:

1.Value of the machine after n years = P(1 - R/100)n

2.Value of the machine n years ago = P/[(1 - R/100)]n

3.If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by= [R/ (100 + R)] x 100%

4.If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by= [R/ (100 - R)] x 100%

Note: For two successive changes of x% and y%, net change = {x + y

+xy/100}%

9.pipes and cistem

What a typical question looks like?

In such questions, basically a tank has to be filled by two (or more) pipes and
we are given:
1) Time is taken by each pipe to fill the tank.
2) Total time is taken to fill the tank

Inlet pipes are responsible for filling the tank. They, basically, bring the
water in. The work done by them is positive.
Then we an Outlet pipe, there can be any number of outlet pipes too. Outlet
pipes are responsible for emptying the tank. They, basically, put the water
out. The work done by them is negative.

Rules for solving such questions:

1. If a pipe can fill the tank in ‘x ’ hours then, the part filled in 1 hour = 1/x

2. If a pipe can empty the tank in ‘ y’ hours then, the part emptied in 1 hour =
1/y

3. If a pipe can fill the tank in ‘x ’ hours and another can empty it in ‘y’ hours
then, the net part filled in 1 hour = 1/x – 1/y; Total time is taken to fill such
tank = XY/y-x

4. A pipe can fill the tank in ‘x’ hrs. Due to leak, it is filled in ‘y’ hrs, time is
taken by a leak to empty the tank =xy/y – x hrs
5. If leak time > Inlet pipe then the tank will be filled; If leak time < Inlet pipe
then the tank will be emptied.

Sample Questions:

Qs. 1 – Pipe A can fill the tank in 20 hours while Pipe B alone can fill it in 30
hours and Pipe C can empty the tank in 40 hours. If all the pipes are opened
together, in how long will the tank be full?

Solutions – Net part filled in 1 hour = 1/20 + 1/30 – 1/40 (as work done by C
is negative)
= 7/120
⇒ A full tank will be full in 120/7 = 17 1/7 hours.

Q2. There’s a leak in the bottom of the tank. When the tank is thoroughly
repaired, it would be filled in 3.5 hours. It now takes half an hour longer. If the
tank is full, how long would it take to leak the tank?

Sol. Here, clearly the ‘leak’ is working as an Outlet pipe.

Done using rule 5)

We need to find the time taken to an empty tank by the leak (or outlet pipe) if
the tank is full

The repaired tank is filled in 3.5 hours ⇒ Inlet pipe takes 3.5 hours
Un-repaired tank takes 3.5+0.5 = 4 hrs ⇒ time taken 4 hours to fill the tank.

Total time taken to empty such tank = xy/y-x = 3.5 x 4 / 4 – 3.5 = 28 hrs.

A leak would empty the cistern in 28 hours.

Q3.Two pipes P and Q would fill the tank in 24 hours and 32 hrs respectively.
If both pipes are opened together, find when the first pipe must be turned off
so that the tank may be just filled in 16 hrs?

Sol. Suppose the pipe P is closed after ‘x’ hours.

Then, P pipe would fill in 1 hr = 1/24 and in x hrs = x / 24

Pipe Q would fill in 1 hour = 1 / 32 and in 16 hrs (as tank is full in 16 hrs) = 16
/32 = 1/2

Pipe P work in ‘x’ hr + Pipe Q work in 16 hrs = 1 (as they complete the 1 unit
of work) = x/24 + 16/32 = 1
⇒ x = 12 hours.

Q4. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a cistern in 6 hrs. After working together
for 2 hrs, C is closed and A & B fill it in 8 hrs. Then find the time in which
cistern can be filled by pipe C.

Sol: A + B + C work in 1 hr = 1/6 of cistern

A+B+C work in 2 hr = 1/6
A+B+C work in 2 hr = 1/6 × 2 = 1/3 of cistern
Unfilled part after 2 hrs = 1 – 1/3 = 2/3 of Cistern
This 2/3 of cistern is filled by A & B in 8 hrs.
⇒ A & B can fill the full cistern in = 8×3/2 = 12 hrs
We know that A+B+C = 6 hrs
C = (A+B+C) – (A+B) = (1/6) – (1/12) = 1/12
⇒ C alone would fill it in 12 hrs.

Q5. A tank has a leak that would empty it in 8 hrs. A tap is turned on which
admits 6 liters a minute into the tank, and it’s now emptied in 12 hrs. How
many liters does the tank hold?
Sol. Time by Outlet Pipe = 8 hrs
Tank emptied in = 12 hrs
Done using rule 5)

Time by Inlet pipe = (12×8)/(12 – 8) = 24 hrs.

Also given: Inlet pipe takes 6 liters in a minute ⇒ In 1 hr, intake = 6×60 = 360L
⇒ Intake in 24 hrs = 360×24 = 8640 liters
Hence, the total capacity of the tank is 8,640 L.

Note: If it’s given that tank takes 8 hrs to get full but with a leak, it takes 2 hrs
more, then 8 hrs is the time taken by Inlet pipe and 10 hrs is total time to fill
with the leak.

Qs. 6. A can fill the tank in 12 minutes, B in 15 minutes and C empties it in 6

minutes. A and B are opened for 5 minutes then C is also opened. At what
time is the tank empty?

Sol. A + B in 5 minutes = [1/12 + 1/15]×5 = ¾

⇒ 3/4th part of tank is filled in 5 minutes.
When C is also opened, work done by all pipes in 1 minute = 1/12 + 1/15 – 1/6
= 1/60

When all three are opened, the tank is emptied in 60 minutes.

So, 3/4 part will be emptied in = 60 x 3/4 = 45 minutes

Q7. Two pipes can separately fill a tank in 20 hrs and 30 hrs respectively.
Both the pipes are opened to fill the tank but when the tank is 1/3 full a leak is
developed in the tank through which 1/3 of water supplied by both the tank
leak out. What is the total time taken to fill the tank?

Sol. Time taken by two pipes to fill the tank = (20×30)/(20+30) = 12 hrs.
1/3rd tank is filled in = 12×1/3 = 4 hrs; Left time = 12 – 4 = 8 hrs.

Now, leakage develops which empties 1/3rd of water supplied (by both pipes)
⇒ Now, efficiency of Inlet pipes = 1 – 1/3 = 2/3rd .

Earlier, at 1 efficiency they were taking 8 hrs

now at 2/3rd efficiency they will take 8 ÷ 2/3 = 12 hrs

⇒ Total time taken to fill the tank= 4 + 12 = 16 hrs.

⇒ Time taken to fill after leakage = 12×3 = 36 hrs.

10.problems on ages

Ex. 1: The age of the father 3 years ago was 7 times the age of his son.
At present, the father’s age is five times that of his son. What are the
present ages of the father and the son?

Ex. 2: At present, the age of the father is five times the age of his son.
Three years hence, the father’s age would be four times that of his son.
Find the present ages of the father and the son.

Ex. 3: Three years earlier, the father was 7 times as old as his son. Three
years hence, the father’s age would be four times of his son. What are
the present ages of the father and the son?

Ex. 4: The sum of the ages of a mother and her daughter is 50 yrs. Also 5
yrs ago, the mother’s age was 7 times the age of the daughter. What are
the present ages of the mother and the daughter?

Ex. 5: The sum of the ages of a son and father is 56 yrs. After 4 yrs, the
age of the father will be three times that of the son. What is the age of
the son?

Ex.6: The ratio of the ages of the father and the son at present is 6: 1.
After 5 years, the ratio will become 7 : 2. What is the present age of the
son?

By the conventional method:-

Solution: 1. Let the present age of son = x yrs

Then, the present age of father = 5xyr

3 years ago,

7(x – 3)= 5x – 3

Or, 7x – 21 =5x – 3

Or, 2x =18

x = 9 yrs

Therefore, son’s age = 9 years

Father’s age = 45 years

Solution: 2. Let the present age of son = x yrs

Then, the present age of father = 5x yrs

3 yrs hence,

4(x+3)= 5x+3

Or, 4x + 12=5x +3

x= 9yrs.

Therefore, son’s age = 9 yrs and father’s age = 45 yrs

Solution: 3. Let the present age of son = x yrs and the present age of
father = y yrs

3 yrs earlier, 7(x – 3) = y – 3 or, 7x – y =18………….(i)

3 yes hence, 4(x+3) = y +3

Or, 4x +12 = y + 3 or, 4x – y = - 9 …………(ii)

Solving (1) & (2) we get, x = 9 yrs & y =45 yrs

Solution: 4. Let the age of the daughter be x yrs.

Then, the age of the mother is (50x – x)yrs

5 yrs ago, 7(x – 5) = 50 – x – 5

Or, 8x = 50 – 5 +35 = 80

x =10

Therefore, daughter’s age = 10 yrs and mother’s age = 40yrs

Solution: 5. Let the age of the son be x yrs.

Then, the age of the father is (56 – x) yrs.

After 4 yrs, 3(x+4) = 56 – x +4

Or, 4x =56 +4 – 12 = 48

x = 12 yrs

Thus, son’s age = 12 yrs.

Solutions: 6.

Father : Son

Present age = 6 : 1

After 5 yrs = 7 : 2

Son’s age =

Father’s age =

Other Method:-

Solution: 1.

Son’s age =

=9 yrs

and father’s age = 9 × 5 = 45 yrs.

Undoubtably you get confused with the above method, but it is very easy to
understand and remember. See the following form of question.
Question: t1 yrs earlier the father’s age was x times that of his son. At
present the father’s age is y times that of his son. What are the present
ages of the son and the father?

Formula

Solution 2: Son’s age =

= 9yrs and father’s age = 9 × 5 =45 yrs

To make more clear, see the following form:

Questions: The present age of the father is y times the age of his son.
t2 yrs hence, the father’s age become z times the age of his son. What
are the present ages of the father and his son?

Formula

Solutions.3:

Son’s age =

= 9 yrs

To make the above formula clear, see the following form of question.
Questions: t1 yrs earlier, the age of the father was x times the age of his
son. t2 yrs hence, the age of the father becomes z times the age of his
son. What are the present ages of the son and the father?

Formula

Solutions. 4:

Daughter ‘s age =

Thus, daughter’s age = 10 yrs and mother’s age = 40 yrs

Solutions. 5:

Son’s age =

Note : Do you get the similarities between the above two direct methods?
They differ only in sign in the numerator. When the question deals with ‘ago’,
a +ve sign exixts and when it deals with ‘after’, a –ve sign exists in the
numerator.

Solutions. 6: Then what formula comes?

 Father : Son

Present age = x : y

After T yrs= a : b

Then, Son’s age =

And, Father’s age =

Note:

1. While evaluating the difference of cross-product, always take +ve sign.

2. Both the above direct formulas look similar. The only difference you can
find is in the denominators. But it has been simplified as “difference of cross-
products” to make it easier to remember. So, with the help of one formula only
you can solve both the question.

3. We suggest you to go-through both the methods and choose the better of
the two.

Example 1. The ratio of A’s age 3 years ago and B’s age 5 years ago is 4:5. If
A is 4 years younger than B then what is the present age of B? (IBPS CLERK
PRE 2016)
Solution:
APPROACH 1: Let assume at present A’s age is X and B’s age is Y.
Given, (X-3):(Y-5) = 4:5 and X = Y-4
Solve both equations and then get X and Y.
Now, we have to equations and two variables. Generally, this type of
approach consumes more time and is not preferable.
APPROACH 2: In this type of question, assume only one variable i.e. called
base variable. Let A’s present age is X, then B’s present age is X+4. Students
often commit silly mistakes, they tick the option which have X value but
present age of B is asked in question.
So, (A’s 3yrs ago):(B’s 5yrs ago) = 4:5
(X-3): (X+4-5) = 4:5
(X-3): (X-1) = 4:5
5X-15 = 4X-4
X= 11 i.e. A’s Present age
and B’s present age is X+4 = 11+4 = 15yrs.

2. A is 3 years older than B while B is 2 years older than C. The ratio of age of
A 4 years hence and B 3years ago is 5:3. What was the age of C 6 years
ago? (IBPS PO 2016 Pre)
Solution: There are three variables in this question and students are often
confused about which variables should be assumed as base variable. You
can see in question relation of B with both A and C is mentioned. So, you can
assume B as base variable. If you assume another one as base variable,
there is a chance that calculation may become a little harder.
Let present age of B’s is X, then A’s age = X+3 and C’s age = X-2
(Age of A 4yrs hence): (Age of B 4yrs ago) = 5:3
(X+3+4): (X-3) = 5:3
(X+7): (X-3) = 5:3
3X+21 = 5X-15
2X = 36
X = 18
present age of C is X-2 = 18-2 = 16yrs
age of C 6yrs ago = 16-6 = 10yrs
Shortcut: (X+7): (X-3) = 5:3
difference of 5 and 3 is directly proportional to difference of (X+7)and(X-3)
So,(5-3) ∝ (X+7)-(X-3)
2 ∝ 10
1∝ 5
We can write X+7 = 5×5 , X = 18
Hence, age of C 6yrs ago = 10yrs
3. The average age of Atul, Jatin and Sonu is 24years. 2 year ago, average
age of Atul and Sonu was 23yrs. 2yrs hence average age of Jatin and Sonu is
26 years. Find the present age of Sonu? (IBPS PO 2016 Mains)
Solution: Given, average age of Atul, Jatin and Sonu = 24 yrs
∴ total age of Atul, Jatin and Sonu = 24×3 = 72 yrs ….(1)
2yrs ago, average age of Atul and Sonu = 23
2yrs ago, total age of atul and sonu = 46
∴ present total age of atul and sonu = 50 ….(2)
2yrs hence, average age of Jatin and Sonu = 26
2yrs hence, total age of Jatin and Sonu = 52
∴ present total age of Jatin and Sonu = 48 …….(3)
From equation 1, 2 and 3
Present age of Sonu is 26 years.

4. The average age of A and B is 25 years. If C were to replace A, the

average would be 24 and if C were to replace B, the average would be 26.
What are the ages of A, B and C respectively? (IPPB PO 2016 Pre)
Solution: Given, avg. of (A+B) = 25
∴ (A+B) = 50
Avg. of (C+B) = 24
∴ (C+B) = 48
Avg. of (A+C) = 26
∴ (A+C) = 52
Now , A+B+C = (50+48+52)/2
A+B+C = 75
C = 25, A = 27, B = 23

5. The ages of Sona and Mona are in the ratio of 15:17 respectively. After 6
years, the ratio of their ages will be 9:10. What will be the age of Mona after 6
years? (SBI Clerk 2016 Mains)
Solution: Let present age of Sona is 15X, then Mona = 17X
Given, (15X+6) : (17X+6) = 9 : 10
150X+60 = 153X+54
3X = 6
X = 2 yrs
Age of Mona after 6yrs is (17×2+6) = 40yrs.
Now, we will discuss questions which are asked by some of our
students.
1. The present ages of A,B and C in proportion 4:7:9, eight years ago, the
sum of their ages was 56. find their respective ages (in years)
Solution: Let ratio of present ages of A,B and C is 4x:7x:9x
sum of their ages eight years ago = 56
(4x-8)+(7x-8)+(9x-8) = 56
20x = 80
x=4
A = 4x = 16 years
B = 7x = 28 years
C = 9x = 36 years
2. The sum of the ages of Rinku and Gopal is 40 years. 5 years hence ratio of
their ages will be 3:7. Find the age of Rinku?
Solution: Given 5yrs hence ratio of ages of Rinku and Gopal is 3:7
let 5yrs hence, age of Rinku = 3X and Gopal = 7X
So, present age of Rinku = 3X-5 and Gopal = 7x-5
Sum of present ages of Rinku and Gopal = 40
(3X-5)+(7X-5) = 40
10X = 50
X=5
present age of Rinku = 3X-5 = 10yrs
3. The present age of Romila is one-fourth that of her father. After 6 years the
father’s age will be twice the age of Kapil. If Kapil celebrated fifth birthday 8
years ago. What is Romila’s present age?
Solution: Let present age of Romila is X, then Father’s age = 4X
6 years hence,
father’s age = 4X+6
2 (Age of Kapil) = 4X+6
Age of Kapil = 2X+3
Present age of Kapil = 2X+3-6 = 2X-3
Kapil celebrated his 5th bairthday 8 years ago
So, Present age of Kapil is 5+8 = 13 years
2X-3 = 13
2X = 16
X = 8years.
Shortcut approach: Kapil celebrated his 5th birthday 8 years ago.
Present age of Kapil = 13
After 6years, father’s age will be twice of the Kapil.
2x(13+6) = 4X+6
X= 8 years
4. A man’s age is 133(1/3)% of what it was 8 years ago, but 80% of what it will
be after 8 years. What is his present age?
Solution: Let the present age be X years.
Then 133(1/3)% of (X-8) = X and 80%(X+8) = X
So, 133(1/3)% of (X-8) = 80%(X+8)
4(X-8)/3 = 4(X+8)/5
5(X-8) = 3(X+8)
2X = 64
X = 32
Shortcut: You don’t need to solve both equation. Solve any equation you will
get the answer.
133(1/3)% of (X-8) = X
4(X-8)/3 = X
4X-32 = 3X
X = 32 years.
,11.profit and loss , discount

1. What is the MRP of the novel?

MRP: Marked Retail Price is the price which is printed on an object. So MRP
of the novel is 250.

2. What is the discount?

Discount is calculated on MRP, Raunak and vendor both agreed at 20%
discount.
So, Discount = 20% of MRP = 20% of 250
= (20×250)/100 = 50

3. What is the Selling Price of the novel for Vendor?

Selling Price (SP) is the price at which an object is sold.
SP = MRP – discount
SP = 250 – 50 = Rs.200

4. What is the Cost Price of the novel for Raunak?

Cost Price is the price at which an object is purchased.
Raunak purchased this novel at Rs.200.

5. What is the Selling Price of the novel for Raunak?

Raunak sold it at the MRP, so the SP for Raunak is 250.

6. What is the Cost Price of the novel for Manish?

Manish purchased it at the MRP. So, CP for Manish is Rs.250.
7. What is the profit for Raunak?
Raunak purchased it at Rs.200 and sold it at Rs. 250
So, Profit = SP – CP = 250 -200 = Rs.50

8. What is the SP for Manish?

He sold it to Navneet at Rs. 150. So, SP for Manish is Rs.150

9. How much discount Manish give to Navneet?

Discount = CP of Manish – SP of Manish
= 250 – 150 = 100

10. What is the discount% given to Navneet by Manish?

discount% = (Discount/ CP for Manish)× 100
= (100/250)× 100
= 40%

11. What is the Loss for Manish?

Loss = CP for Manish – SP for Manish
Loss = 250 – 150 = 100 Rs.

Cost Price

The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price,

abbreviated as C.P.

Selling Price

The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as
S.P.

 Profit/gain = SP – CP
 Profit % = Profit/(C P)×100
 S P = (100+gain % )/100 ×C P
 C P = 100/(100+gain %)×S P

Loss:

If the overall Cost Price exceeds the selling price of the buyer then he is said
to have incurredloss.

 Loss = C P – S P
  Loss % = LOSS/(C P)×100
 S P = (100-loss %)/100×C P
 C P = 100/(100-loss %)×S P

Profit and Loss Based on Cost Price

To find the percent gain or loss, divide the amount gained or lost by the
cost.

Now, we will discuss concepts by solving the questions based on this topic.

Example 1:

If a man purchases 12 toys for Rs.10 and sells 10 toys for Rs.12. How much
profit or loss does he make?
Approach:
You can see that the man purchases a number of toys at less price than
selling less number of toys at more price. So, definitely, we can say that he
makes the profit. In the exam the options which have the loss, you can easily
eliminate those options.
Solution: CP of 12 toys = Rs.10
SP of 10 toys =Rs. 12
So, SP of 12 toys = (12/10)× 12 = 14.4
Profit% = ((SP-CP)/CP)× 100 = (4.4/10)= %
Tricks for this type of questions:
Purchases: 12 toys for Rs.10
Sells: 10 toys for Rs.12
For profit% or loss% Cross multiply
profit% or loss% = ((12× 12 – 10× 10)/(10× 10))× 100
= 44%

Example 2:

If a man purchases 12 toys for Rs.10 and sells 10 toys for Rs.8. How much
profit or loss does he make?
Solution:
There will be loss using the same approach.
profit% or Loss% = ((12×8-10×10)/(10× 10))× 100
= -4% (Don’t be confused with negative sign, it represents loss)
So the loss is 4%.
SP = [(100±profit or loss)/100]× CP

Example 3:

A person sells an article for ₹890 at a loss of 11%. What will be the price of
the article when sold at a profit of 10%?
Solution:
SP1 = 890 , loss 11%
We know that loss% = [(CP-SP)/CP]×100
11CP =(CP-890)×100
11CP = 100CP – 890×100
89CP = 890×100
CP = 1000
If he had sold it at 10% profit,
then new SP = CP + 10%CP
New SP = 1000+100 = 1100
Approach: Loss is 11% and it is calculated on CP, So we can say loss = 11%
CP
New SP = [(100±new profit or loss %)/100]× CP….(1)
Old SP = [(100±old profit or loss%)/100]×CP….(2)
CP = Old SP/ [(100±old profit or loss%)/100]….(3)
Now, putting eqn 3 it in eqn 1.
New SP = Old SP [(100±new profit or loss %)/(100±new profit or loss %)]
Important: Put + sign for profit and – sign for negative.
New SP = 890 [(100+10)/(100-11)] = 1100

Example 4:

A shopkeeper sold an item for Rs.6080 after giving 20% discount on the
labelled price and made 18% profit on the cost price. What would have been
the percentage profit if he had not given the discount?
Solution:
SP = MP (100-discount)%
6080 = MP(80%)
MP = 7600
Also, SP = CP [(100+profit%)/100]
SP = CP(118/100)
CP = (6080×100)/118
CP = 5125.54
He sold it at MP. So New SP = MP
profit% = [(MP-CP)/CP]×100
= [(7600-5125.24)/5125.24]×100
=47.5%
Another approach:
Reqd. profit% = [(Discount±Profit or loss)/(100-discount%)]× 100
Reqd. profit% = [(20+18)/(100-20)]× 100
Reqd.profit% = 380/8 = 47.5%
Example5: A shopkeeper sells an object at a profit of 25% after giving a
discount of 20%. Find the ratio of Cost price, selling price and Marked price.
Solution: Let Cost price of object is Rs.100.
SP = (125/100)×100 = 125
SP = [(100-discount%)/100]MP
SP = (80/100)MP
MP= (125×100)/80
MP= 625/4
ratio CP : SP :MP
100: 125 : (625/4)
4: 5 : (25/4)
16: 20:25
Another approach: Let MP is 100 Rs
MP = 100
SP = 80
then, SP =125% of CP
So, CP = 64
ratio of CP:SP:MP = 64:80:100
= 16:20:25
Dishonest Shopkeeper Concept

Example 6:

A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price, but he uses a
weight of 900gm of weight for the kg. Find his gain percent.
Solution: Let price of 1kg is Rs.100 then, price for 900gm will be Rs.90
Hence, he sells 900gm instead of 1kg for Rs.100 but cost price of it is only
Rs.90.
So he earns a profit of Rs.10 on Rs.90 not on Rs.100
So, profit% = (10/90)×100
= 11(1/9)%
You can also use formula:
gain% = [Error/(true value-error)]×100
gain% = [100/(1000-100)]×100
= 100/9 = 11(1/9)%
Example7:

A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price, but he earns the
profit of 25%.Find the weight he has used instead of 800gm?
Solution:
Let cost price of 800gm goods is Rs. 100
He sells well at cost price i.e. Rs.100 but earns 25% profit.
So, CP of goods he sold = [SP/(100+profit)]× 100
CP of goods = (100/125)× 100 = 80
100Rs. costs for 800gm
80Rs. costs for (800/100)×80 = 640 gm.
He used 640gm instead of 800gm.

Example8:

A machine is sold for Rs.5060 at a gain of 10%. What would have been the
gain or loss if it had been sold for Rs.4370?
Solution:
SP = CP × [(100+10)/100]
SP = CP×(11/10)
CP = 4600
New SP = 4370
Loss% =(230/4600)×100 = 5%

Example9:

Ashish sold a pen at 5% loss and a book at 15% profit. In the whole business,
he earned Rs.7. If he had sold a pen of 5%profit and a book at 10% profit then
he has earned Rs.6 more. What are the cost price of a pen and a book?
Solution:
Let CP of a book is B and a pen is P. We know that profit or loss is calculated
on CP.
So, In case 1: loss for pen = 5%P, profit for book = 15%B
In case 2: profit for book = 10%B, profit for pen = 5%P
Use sign (-) for loss and (+) for profit.
In case 2 he earned Rs. 13(6 more than previous one)
15%B-5%P =7…..(1)
10%B+5%P =13…(2)
Adding eqn (1) and (2)
25%B = 20
B = 20×(100/25)
B = 80Rs.
Putting B=80 in Eqn(2)
5%P = 13-8
5%P = 5
P = Rs. 100

Type 1:

The cost price of 40 articles is the same as the selling price of 25

articles. Find the gain per cent. (CGL-2012)

(a) 65%

(b) 60%

(c) 15%

(d) 75%

Answer: (b) Gain per cent

=(40-25)/25×100

=15/25×100=60%

Type 2:

Bananas are bought at the rate of 6 for Rs. 5 and sold at the rate of 5 for
Rs. 6. Profit percent is: (CGL-2004)

(a) 36%

(b) 42%

(c) 44%

(d) 48%

Answer : (c) To avoid fraction, let the number of bananas bought

LCM of 5 and 6 = 30

CP of 30 bananas
= 5 x 5 = Rs. 25

SP of 30 Bananas = 6 x 6

= Rs. 36

Profit = Rs. (36-25) = Rs. 11

Profit %

= 11/25×100=44%

Type 3:

A man bought oranges at the rate of 8 for Rs 34 and sold them at the
rate of 12 for Rs. 57. How many oranges should be sold to earn a net
profit of Rs 45? (CGL-2011)

(a) 90

(b) 100

(c) 135

(d) 150

Answers: (a) Let the man buy 24 (LCM of 8 and 12) oranges.

C.P. of 24 oranges = 34/8 ×24 = Rs. 102

S.P. of 24 oranges = 57/12×24= Rs. 114

Gain = 114 – 102 = Rs. 12

Rs. 12 = 24 oranges

Rs. 45 = 24/12×45= 90 oranges

Type 4:

A shopkeeper earns a profit of 12% on selling a book at 10% discount on

printed price. The ratio of the cost price to the printed price of the book
is? (CGL-2013)
(a) 45 : 56

(b) 50 : 61

(c) 90 : 97

(d) 99 : 125

Answer: (a) C.P. of the book = Rs. x

Printed price = Rs. y

(y×90)/100=x × 112/100

x/y=90/112=45/56

Type 5:

A dealer sold two types of goods for Rs 10,000 each. On one of them, he
lost 20% and on the other he gained 20%. His gain or loss per cent in the
entire transaction was (CGL-2012)

(a) 2% loss

(b) 2% gain

(c) 4% gain

(d) 4% loss

Answer: (d) Here, S.P. is same, Hence there is always a loss. Loss per cent
=(20×20)/100=4%

Type 6:

On selling an article for Rs170, a shopkeeper loses 15%. In order to gain

20%, he must sell that article at rupees: (CGL-2013)

(a) 215.50

(b) 212.50

(c) 240
(d) 210

Answer (c) S.P. of article = (170/85)*120 = Rs. 240

Type 7:

An article is sold at a loss of 10%. Had it been sold for Rs. 9 more, there
would have been a gain of 12 1/2% on it. The cost price of the article
is (CGL – 2002)

(a) Rs. 40

(b) Rs. 45

(c) Rs. 50

(d) Rs. 35

Answers: (a) Let the cost price of the article = Rs. x

S.P. at 10% loss

= x×90/100= Rs. 9x/10

1. P. at 12 1/2 % gain

x × (100+12 1/2)/100 = Rs. 225x/200

According to the question

9x/10 + 9 = 225x/200

180x + 1800 = 225x

x = Rs. 40

Type 8:

A sells a suitcase to B at 10% profit. B sells it to C at 30% profit. If C

pays Rs 2860 for it, then the price at which a bought it is (CGL-2013)

(a) 1000
(b) 1600

(c) 2000

(d) 2500

Answer: (c) If the C.P. of the suitcase for A be Rs. x, then

x ×110/100×130/100=2860

x=(2860×100×100)/(110×130) = Rs. 2000

Type 9:

A tradesman sold an article at a loss of 20%. If the selling price had been
increased by Rs. 100, there would have been a gain of 5%. The cost
price of the article was: (CGL-2004)

(a) Rs. 200

(b) Rs. 25

(c) Rs. 400

(d) Rs. 250

Answer (c) Let the C.P. of the article be Rs. x.

105% of x - 80% of x = Rx. 100

25% of x = Rx. 100

x = Rs. (100×100)/25

= Rs. 400

12 Ratio and Proportion

The number of times one quantity contains another quantity of the same kind
is called the ratio of the two quantities.
Observe carefully that the two quantities must be of the same kind. There can
be a ratio between Rs.20 and Rs 30, but there can be no ratio between Rs 20
and 30 mangoes.

The ratio 2 to 3 is written as 2 : 3 or 2/3. 2 and 3 are called the terms of the
ratio. 2 is the first term and 3 is the second term.

Consequent

In the ratio 2 :3 , 2 is the antecedent and 3 is the consequent.

Note:

(1) The word ‘consequent ’ literally means ‘that which goes after’.

(2) since the quotient obtained on dividing one concrete quantity by another of
the same kind is an abstract number, the ratio between two concrete
quantities of the same kind is an abstract number. Thus, the ratio between Rs
5 and 7 is 5:7.

Compound Ratio

Ratios are compound by multiplying together the antecedents for a new

antecedent, and the consequents for a new consequent.

Ex: find the ratio compound of the ratio:

4:3, 9: 13, 26 : 5 and 2:15

Solution;

The required ratio =

Inverse Ratio

 If 2:3 be the given ratio, then 1/2: 1/3 or 3 :2 is called

its inverse or reciprocal ratio.
 If the antecedent = the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of
equality, such as 3:3.
  If the antecedent >the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of
greater inequality, as 4 :3
 If the antecedent < the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of less
inequality, as 3 : 4.

Ex. Divide 1458 into two parts such that one may be to the other as 2: 7.

Solution:

1st part =

2nd part =

Proportion

Consider the two ratios:

1st ratio 2nd ratio

6 : 18 8 : 24

Since 6 is one-third of 18, and 8 is one –third of 24, the two ratios are equal.
The equality of ratio is called proportion.

The number 6, 18, 8 and 24 are said to be in proportion.

The proportion may be written as

6 : 18 :: 8 : 24 (6 is to 18 as 8 is to 24)

Or, 6 :18 = 8:24 or

The numbers 6, 18, 8 and 24 are called the terms. 6 is the first terms, 18
the second, 8 the third, and 24 the fourth. The first and fourth terms, i.e. 6
and 24 are called the extremes (end terms), and the second and the third
terms, i.e., 18 and 8 are called the means (middle terms). 24 is called
the fourth proportional.
 1. If your quantities be in proportion, the product of the extremes is equal
to the product of the means.

Let the four quantities 3, 4, 9 and 12 be in proportion.

We have ,

2. Three quantities of the same kind are said to be in continued

proportion when the ratio of the first to the second is equal to the ratio
of the second the third.

The second quantity is called the mean proportional between the first and
the third ; and the third quantity is called the third proportional to the first and
second.

Thus, 9, 6 and 4 are in continued proportion for 9 :6 ::6 :4.

Hence, 6 is the mean proportional between 9 and 4, and 4 is the third

proportional to 9 and 6.

Ex1. Find the fourth proportional to the numbers 6, 8 and 15.

Solution:

If x be the fourth proportional, then 6 : 8 = 15:x

Ex2. Find the third proportional to 15 and 20.

Solution:

Here, we have to find a fourth proportional to 15, 20 and 20. If x be the fourth
proportional, we have 15 :20 = 20:x
Direct Proportion: consider the following example .

Ex. 1: If 5 ball cost Rs 8, what do 15 balls cost?

Solution:

It will be seen at once that if the number of balls be increased 2, 3, 4,….times,

the price will also be increased 2, 3, 4… times.

Therefore, 5 balls is the same fraction of 15 balls that the cost of balls is of the
cost of 15 balls.

5 balls : 15 balls :: Rs8 : required cost

the required cost = Rs =Rs 24

This, example is an illustration of what is called direct proportion. In this case,

the two given quantities are so related to each other that if one of them is
multiplied (or divided) by any number, the other is also multiplied (or divided)
by the same number.

Inverse Proportion: Consider the following example

Ex. 1: If 15 men can reap a filed in 28 days, in how many days will 10 men
reap it?

Solution:

Here, it will be seen that if the number of men be increased 2, 3,4,….times,

the number of days will be decreased 2, 3, 4…times. Therefore, the inverse
ratio of the number of men is equal to the ratio of the corresponding number of
days.

Or , 10: 15 :: 28 : the required number of days

the required number of days=

The above example is an illustration of what is called inverse proportion. In

this case, the two quantities are so related that if one of them is multiplied by
any number, the other is divided by the same number, and vice versa.

Ex 2: The employer decreases the number of his employees in the ratio 10 :9

and increase their ways in the ratio 11:12. What is the ratio of his two
expenditures?

Solution:

The required ratio = 10×11 : 9 ×12 = 55 : 54

Ex3: A vessel contains liquid A and B in ratio 5 :3. If 16 liters of the mixture
are removed and the same quantity of liquid B is added, the ratio becomes 3
:5. What quantity does the vessel hold?

Solution:

Quicker Method:

When the ratio is reversed (i.e., 5:3 becomes 3 :5), we can use the formula;

Total quantity = ×Quantity of A in the removed mixture

= liters.

Concepts of Ratio & Proportion

Example 1: If A: B = 2:5 and B:C = 7:3 then find A:B:C

Solution:
A:B=2:5
B:C=7:3
In this, value of B has to be same so to equate the value of B, we can take
LCM of both the values of B i.e. (5×7) = 35
So multiply (A : B) by 7 and (B : C) by 5
Hence, A : B : C = 14 : 35 : 15
Example 2: If ratio of A : B : C is given in reciprocals, then convert it.
Solution: Suppose, if A : B : C = (1/2): (1/3): (1/5)
take any number which is multiple of the product (2×3×5) = 30
Now multiply it in the numerator part
A:B:C = (30/2) : (30/3) : (30/5) = 15:10:6
Example 3: The sum of the ages of Akhil and Binay is 48 years. Akhil is 4
years older than Chetan. The ratio of the ages of Binay and Chetan is 4 : 7.
What was the age of Akhil 5 years back?
Solution:
Given Age of Akhil + Binay = 48 and Akhil is 4 yrs older than Chetan
So, Binay + Chetan = 44
and Binay : Chetan = 4 : 7
Comparing B + C = 11
So, 11 = 44
1=4
Binay = 4×4 = 16 yrs
Chetan = 7×4 = 28 yrs
Akhil = 32 yrs
Age of Akhil 5yrs back = 32-5 = 27 yrs
Example 4: The ratio of the ages of A and B is 6 : 5. The difference between
the ages of C and A is more than 3 years. The age of D is a prime number
between the ages of A and B. The ratio of the ages of B and C is 2 : 3. If the
ages of all four are integers, what is the difference between the ages of C and
D?
Solution: Given ratio of A : B = 6 : 5 and B : C = 2 : 3
So, A : B : C = 12 : 10 : 15
Now let’s use conditions given i.e.
(i) All ages of A, B, C and D should be integers.
(ii) difference of age between A and C should be more than 3 yrs but from the
above ratio difference is only 3 yrs.
So, we have to take A : B : C = 24 : 20 : 30
(iii) age of D lies between A and B and it should be prime number
Numbers between 24 and 20 are = 23, 22, 21 and 23 is the prime number. So,
the age of D is 23
Difference of C and D = 30 – 23 = 7yrs
Example 5: Ten years ago, the ages of Adam and Parker were in the ratio 6 :
7. After six years, Adam's age would be 9.09% less than Parker's age. What
would be age of Parker after 9 years?
Solution: In percentage topic we have learnt that 9.09% = 1/11, if age of
Parker after 6 yrs is X then age of Adam will be X – (1/11)X = (10/11)X hence
ratio of Adam and Parker = (10/11)X : X = 10 : 11
 adam : parker
10yrs ago 6 : 7
after 6yrs 10 : 11
Difference between both these are 16 yrs
So, 4 = 16
1=4
hence, age of parker after 6 yrs = 11×4 = 44
age of parker after 9 yrs = 44 + 3 = 47 yrs
Example 6: Five years ago, the ages of a father and son were in the ratio 7 :
2. After three years, their ages would be in the ratio 5 : 2. What was father's
age 7 years back?
Solution: Father : Son
5yrs ago 7 : 2
3yrs after 5 : 2
The difference between age of father at 5yrs ago and 3 yrs after should
be equal to the difference between age of son at 5yrs ago and 3 yrs. To
achieve this condition, we manipulate the ratio.
Father : Son
5yrs ago 21 : 6
3yrs after 25 : 10
now, we can see that 25-21 = 4 and 10-6 = 4
difference between 3yrs after and 5 yrs ago = 8yrs
So, 4 = 8 yrs
1 = 2 yrs
hence age of father’s 5 yrs ago is 42 yrs and 7yrs ago = 40 yrs.
Example 7: A stick is broken up into two parts. The ratio of the lengths of the
bigger part and the smaller part is equal to the ratio of the lengths of the full
stick and the bigger part. What is this ratio?
Solution: Let the length of bigger part of the rod is 1 m and the length of
smaller part of the rod is x m, then total length of the rod is (1+x) m
Given, ratio of bigger to smaller is equal to ratio of the length of full stick to
bigger part
So, 1/x = (1+x) /1
x2 + x = 1
x2 + x – 1 = 0
using quadratics x = (-1 ± √ 5)/2
but x = (-1+√ 5)/2 is the answer, because another will give the negative
answer.
Example 8: The contents of two vessels containing wine and water in the
ratio 2 : 3 and 5 : 6 are mixed in the ratio 10 : 7. What would be the ratio of
wine and water in the final mixture?
Solution: Wine Water
vessel 1 2 : 3
vessel 2 5 : 6
to make the total quantity same in both vessel we have to multiply ratio of
vessel 1 by (5+6= 11) and vessel 2 by (2+3 = 5)
Now, Vessel 1 22 : 33
Vessel 2 25 : 30
But, vessel 1 and vessel 2 are mixed in the ratio of 10 : 7.
So, wine = 22×10+25×7 = 395
water = 33×10+30×7 = 540
It is given that two vessels containing wine and water in the ratio 2 : 3 and 5 :
6 but both vessels have same quantity of total mixture.
So, ratio of wine and water in final mixture = 395 : 540 = 79 : 108
How to express data in a smarter way.
Wine : water
vessel 1 (2 : 3) × 11 × 10
vessel2 (5 : 6) × 5 × 7
vessel 1 (2 : 3) × 110 = (2 : 3)× 22 = 44 : 66
vessel2 (5 : 6) × 35 = (5 : 6)× 7 = 35 : 42
Hence, ratio will be (44+35) : (66+42) = 79 : 108
Example 9: A mixture contains wine and water in the ratio 3 : 2 and another
contains them in the ratio 4 : 5. How many litres of the former must be mixed
with 15 litres of the latter so that the resultant mixture contains equal
quantities of wine and water?
Solution: In this, after mixing of both different mixture , quantity of wine and
water becomes equal.
Let X litre of mixture 1 is mixed with 15 litres of mixture 2, then
(3/5)X + (4/9)15 = (2/5)X + (5/9)15
X/5 = 15/9
X = 75/9 = 25/3
How to do it by using ratio concept and above discussed methodology?
Ultimately we have to equal the ratio of wine and water in the final mixture.
Wine : Water
Mix 1 3 : 2
Mix 2 4 : 5
We have to make the sum of quantity of wine in mix 1 and mix 2 equal to sum
of quantity of water in mix 1 and mix2.
But in the above question it is already given so, we will mix it in the same
quantity.
If we mix 5 litres of mixture1 and 9 litres of mixture2, then the ratio of quantity
will be same.
So, if it is 15 litres of mixture2, then mixture1 = (15×5)/9 = 25/3 litres.
Example 10: A mixture contains wine and water in the ratio 3 : 2 and another
contains them in the ratio 7 : 3. In what ratio should the two be mixed to get a
resultant mixture with wine and water in the ratio 17 : 8?
Solution: Let these are mixed in ratio of 1:X , we will not assume a : b
because there will be two variables and will make the calculation harder.
Now, wine : water
mixture1 3:2
mixture2 7:3
First we will solve it as done in 8.
So,(3:2)×(10)×1 = (3:2)×2
(7:3)×(5)× X = (7:3)×X
ratio of wine and water in final mixture is (3×5+7X):(2×5+3X)
(6+7X) / (4+3X) = 17/8
solving it, X = 4
So, it will me mixed in the ratio of 1:4
Wrong Approach
Some of you will mark answer (1:2), why?
3:2×1=3:2
7 : 3 × 2 = 14: 6
So, (3+14): (2+6)= 17 : 8. this will not be applicable here because the quantity
of mixtures 1 & 2 are not equal.
Allegation Approach: we will discuss it in detail in the next article.
In this approach, allegation will be applied only on one object throughout the
solution.
So, let’s apply it on wine
in mixture1, % of wine is 60% in solution
In mixture2, % of wine is 70% in solution
In final mixture, % of wine is 68%
So, 60--------68-------70
60 8 68 2 70, you can see difference of 68 and 60 is 8 and 70
and 68 is 2.
For calculating the ratio of mixing, answer will be the reciprocal of ratio of
these differences.
ratio in which it is mixed = 2 : 8 = 1 : 4
 13 Important formulae and facts of Time and Distance

Speed is a very basic concept in motion which is all about how fast or slow
any object moves. We define speed as distance divided by time.
Distance is directly proportional to Velocity when time is constant.

 Speed Distance Time formula mathematically written as:- Speed =

distance/time

Formula of Time :-time = distance/ Speed

So Formula of time is, time is equal to distance upon speed.

 Formula of Distance:-Distance = (Speed * Time)

Distance = Rate x Time

 To find rate, divide through on both sides by time:

Rate = Distance/Time

 Rate is distance (given in units such as miles, feet, kilometers, meters,

etc.) divided by time (hours, minutes, seconds, etc.). Rate can always
be written as a fraction that has distance units in the numerator and time
units in the denominator, e.g., 25 miles/1 hour.

So distance is simply speed into time.

Note: All three formulae that formula of speed, formula of time and formula of
distance are interrelated.

 Convert from kph (km/h) to mps(m/sec)

For converting kph(kilometre per hour) to mps(meter per second) we
use following formula

x km/hr=(x∗5/18) m/sec

 Convert from mps(m/sec) to kph(km/h)

For converting mps(meter per second) to kph(kilometre per hour) we
use following formula

x m/sec= X *(18/5) km/h

  If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times
taken by then to cover the same distance is :1/a : 1/b or b : a
 Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal
distance at y km/hr. Then,
the average speed during the whole journey is :- 2xy/(x + y)

 Relation between time, distance and speed: Speed is distance covered

by a moving object in unit time: Speed= Distance covered/ Time
Taken

Rule : 1: Ratio of the varying components when other is constant: Consider 2

objects A and B having speed Sa, Sb.
Let the distance travelled by them are Da and Db respectively and time taken
to cover these distances be Ta and Tb respectively.
Let's see the relation between time, distance and speed when one of them is
kept constant

1. When speed is constant distance covered by the object is directly

proportional to the time taken.
ie; If Sa=Sb then Da/Db = Ta/Tb
2. When time is constant speed is directly proportional to the
distance travelled. ie; If Ta=Tb then Sa/Sb=Da/Db
3. When distance is constant speed is inversely proportional to the
time taken ie if speed increases then time taken to cover the
distance decreases. ie; If Da=Db then Sa/Sb= Tb/Ta

Rule 2: We know that when distance travelled is constant, speed of the

object is inversely proportional to time taken

1. If the speeds given are in Harmonic progression or HP then the

corresponding time taken will be in Arithmetic progression or AP
2. If the speeds given are in AP then the corresponding time taken is in HP

Distance Constant

 If distance travelled for each part of the journey, ie d1=d2=d3=...=dn=d,

then average speed of the object is Harmonic Mean of speeds.
Let each distance be covered with speeds s1,s2,...sn in t1,t2,...tn times
respectively.
Then t1 =d/s1
 t2 = d/s2
tn =d/sn

then, Average Speed= [(d + d + d+ ... ntimes)]/ [d/s1 + d/s2+ d/s3+ ... d/sn

Average Speed= (n)/[(1/s1 + 1/s2+ .... 1/sn)]

Time Constant

 If time taken to travel each part of the journey, ie t1=t2=t3=…tn=t, then

average speed of the object is Arithmetic

Let distance of parts of the journey be d1,d2,d3,...dn and let them be covered
with speed s1,s2,s3,...sn respectively.
Then d1=s1 t , d2=s2t, d3=s3t, ... dn=snt
then , Average Speed= [(s1/t+ s2/t+ .... sn/t)/(t + t+ ... ntimes)]

Average Speed=( s1+ s2+s3+ ... + sn)/n

Relative Speed

 If two objects are moving in same direction with speeds a and b then
their relative speed is |a-b|
 If two objects are moving is opposite direction with speeds a and b then
their relative speed is (a+b)

Some Question on Above formulas

Ques 1:- A man covers a distance of 600m in 2min 30sec. What will be the
speed in km/hr?
Sol:: Speed =Distance / Time
=Distance covered = 600m, Time taken = 2min 30sec = 150sec
Therefore, Speed= 600 / 150 = 4 m/sec
= 4m/sec = (4*18/5) km/hr = 14.4 km/ hr.

Ques 2:- A car travels along four sides of a square at speeds of 200, 400, 600
and 800 km/hr. Find average speed.?
Sol: Let x km be the side of square and y km/hr be average speed
Using basic formula, Time = Total Distance / Average Speed
x/200 + x/400 + x/600 + x/800= 4x/y
=25x/ 2400 = 4x/ y
= y= 384
Average speed = 384 km/hr

Ques 3: A motor car does a journey in 10 hrs, the first half at 21 kmph and the
second half at 24kmph. Find the distance?
Sol:

Distance = (2 x 10 x 21 x 24) / (21+24)

= 10080 / 45
= 224 km.

Ques 4:A boy goes to school at a speed of 3 kmph and returns to the village
at a speed of 2 kmph. If he takes 5 hrs in all, what is the distance between the
village and the school?

Sol : Let the required distance be x km.

Then time taken during the first journey = x/3 hr.
and time taken during the second journey = x/2 hr.
x/3 + x/2 = 5 => (2x + 3x) / 6 = 5
=> 5x = 30.
=> x = 6
Required distance = 6 km.

Ques 5: Walking ¾ of his speed, a person is 10 min late to his office. Find his
usual time to cover the distance?
Sol : Usual time = Late time / {1/ (3/4) - 1)
= 10 / (4/3 -1 )
= 10 / (1/3)
= 30 minutes.

14.TIME WORK AND WAGES

Example 1: A can do a piece of work in 8 days which B can destroy in 3 days.

A has worked for 6 days, during the last 2 days of which B has been
destroying. How many days must A now work alone to complete the
work? (SBI PO 2016 Prelims)
Solution:

η Persons Days Total Work

3 A 8
24
8 B 3 (LCM of 8 and 3)

We can say that if A do 3 units of work in 1 day, B can destroy 8 units in 1

day.
A worked for 6 days = 3x6 = 18
B destroyed in last 2 days = 2x8 = 16
So total work has been done till is 2 units, remaining 22 units work will be
done by A in (22/3) days.

Example 2: 4 men and 3 women finish a job in 6 days, and 5 men and 7
women can do the same job in 4 days. How long will 1 man and 1 woman
take to do the work? (SBI Clerk Prelims 2016)
Solution: Let time taken by 1 man and 1 woman to compete the work is X
days.
Example 3: Rahul can do a piece of work in 24 days, Amit can do the same
work in 16 days, and Ram can do the same job in (4/5)th time required by
both Rahul and Amit. Rahul and Amit work together for 6 days, then Ram
completes the job. How many days did Ram work? (IPPB PO Prelims 2016)
Solution:
efficiency days
2 Rahul 24 48
3 Amit 16 (total work)
5 Rahul+ Amit
Given, T(Ram) = 4/5 of T(Rahul+Amit)
so efficiency of Ram = 5/4 of efficiency of (Rahul+Amit)
efficiency of Ram = 25/4
Let Ram work for P days.
(Rahul+Amit)× 6 + Ram × P = 48
5 × 6 +(25/4)P = 48
(25/4)P = 18
P = (72/25) days

Example 4: 14 men can do a work in 18 days ,15 women can do a work in 24

days. If 14 men work for first three days and 10 women work after that for
three days find the part of work left after that? (IBPS PO Prelims 2016)
Solution:
14m × 18 = 15w × 24
7m = 10 w So, m = 10 and w = 7
total work = 14m × 18
= 14 × 10 × 18 = 2520
Now 14 men work first three days and 10 women work three days more
So work done is 14m × 3 + 10w × 3
= 14 ×10 × 3 + 10 × 7 × 3
= 420 + 210
= 630
part of work left = (2520-630)/2520 = 1890/2520 = 3/4
Questions asked in Bank Mains Exams

Direction (5-6): 24 men can do a work in X days and 32 women can do the
same work in (X + 8) days. The ratio of work done by 15 men and 12 women
in the same time is 3:1. (SBI PO 2016 Mains)
Example5: What is the value of x?
Solution:
Example 6: 10 men and 24 women works for 6 days on the same work and
the remaining work is done by 18 boys in 18 days. Then find the number of
days in which 12 boys completed the whole work.
Solution: We can see from example 5 that, m =12 and w =5. So,Work is 24m×
X = 24× 12× 10= 2880
Example 7: A and B together can complete a piece of work in 12 days. A
alone can complete in 20 days. If B does the work only half a day daily, then
in how many days A and B together will complete the work? (SBI Clerk Mains
2016)
Solution:

Now B will work only half a daily So, B=1 and from onwards A+B = 4
Now, A+B will take = (60/4) = 15 days.

Example 8: 2 men and 3 boys can do a piece of work in 10 days while 3 men
and 2 boys can do the same piece of work in 8 days. In how many days can 2
men and 1 boy do the same piece of work? (SBI Clerk Mains 2016)
Solution: Let (2m+1B) take X days
Example 9: The ratio of work done by 30 women to the work done by 25 men,
in the same time is 5:6. If 9 women and 10 men can finish a work in 3
(1/13)days. Then how many women can finish the work in 4.5 days? (IBPS
PO Mains 2016)
Solution: Let number of women is P.
Given, 30w = 25m
5 6
36w = 25m So, m=36 and w = 25
total work = (9w+10m) × 3(1/13)
P× w= total work
4.5
P = (9×25+10×36) × 40
4.5× w 13
P = (9x25+10x36)x40x2
9x25x13
P = 16
Hence, number of women is 16.

Wages:

1. A can do a work in 6 days and B can do the same work in 5 days. The
contract for the work is Rs 220. How much shall B get if both of them
work together?

Answer: Rs 120

Solution:

Total work to be done = 30 units

Efficiency of A=5 units

Efficiency of B=6 units

11 unit is equal to Rs 220, then 6 unit is equal to Rs 120

2. A, B and C contract a week for Rs 550. Together A and B are

supposed to do 7/11 of the work. How much does C get?

Answer: Rs 200

Solution:
Suppose the total work is 11 units ,

A and B does 7 units and the remaining work is done by C i.e. 4 units

11=550

4=Rs 200, so share of C is Rs 200

3. Wages for 45 women amount to Rs 15525 in 48 days. How many men

must work 16 days to receive Rs 5750 the daily wages of the man being
double of those of a woman?

Answer: 25 men

Solution;

45 women work for 48 days get Rs.15525

45 women work for 1 day get Rs 15525/48

1 woman one day paymen=15525/48* 45

Daily wage of 1 woman=Rs.115/16

Daily wage of 1 man= 2* daily wages of 1 woman

= 2* 115/16= Rs 115/8

Required number of men= Rs 5750*8/115*16= 25 men

4. A, B, and C together earn Rs 1350 in 9 days. A and C together earn Rs

470 in 5 days. B and C together earn Rs 760 in 10 days. Find the daily
earning of C.

Answer: RS 20

Solution:

A+B+C earns daily= 1350/9=Rs 150

A+C earn an amount of Rs 94 in a day

B+C earn an amount of Rs 76 in a day

C per day earning = (A+C)+(B+C)-(A+B+C)

= 76+94-150= Rs 20

5. Wages of 20 boys for 15 days is Rs 9000.If the daily wage of man is

one and half times that of a boy, how many men must work for 30 days
to earn Rs 13500

Answer: 10 men

Solution:

Wage of 20 boys for 15 days=Rs 9000

Wage of 20 boys per day= 600

Wage of 1 boy per day= Rs 30

Daily wage of 1 man = Rs 45

Required number of men= Rs 13500/ 45*30 = 10 men

6. If 3 men with 4 boys can earn Rs 2100 in 7 days and 11 men with 13
days can earn Rs 8300 in 8 days, in what time will 7 men with 9 boys
earn Rs 11000?

Answer: 16

GEOMETRY

CIRCLES

CIRCLE:
1. A circle is a set of point or locus of a point which are at a fixed distance
from a point called as a centre.
2. The distance of any point on the circumference of the circle from the
centre of the circle is equal.
Diameter:

Diameter is double of the radius .i.e. D=2R.

Diameter is the chord which passes through the centre of the circle.

Tangent: A line which touch the circle at only one point at its circumference.
Secant: A line which touch the circle at two distinct points.

Chord: A line Segment which lie inside the circle and its end points are
always lie on the circle.
Important theorem and results of the circle:

(1) Of the two chords of the circles, the one which is greater is nearer to the
centre.

(2) The perpendicular from the centre of the circle bisect the chord i.e. radius
always bisect the chord if perpendicular
(3) Any line segment joining the centre of the circle and the mid point of the
chord is perpendicular to the chord.

If AM=MB then OM is perpendicular to the AB.(reference to above fogure)

(4)Equal chord of the circle always subtends the equal angles at the centre of
the circle.

i.e. if AB=CD then ∠1=∠2

(5) If angle subtended by the two chord at the centre are equal then the
chords are always equal.

(3) Equal chords of the circle are at equal distance from the centre.

(6) Chords which are at equidistant from the centre of the circle are always
equal.

(7) Angle subtended by any arc at the centre of the circle is double the angle
subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.

∠x=2∠y
(8) Angle subtended by an arc in the same segment of the circle are equal.

∠ACB=∠ADB

(9) Angle in a semi circle is a right angle. i.e the angle subtended by the
diameter is always right angle.
(10) The circle drawn with hypotenuse of a right angle triangle as diameter,
passes through its opposite vertex.

(11) The sum of the opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is always 180°.

Cyclic quadrilateral is that quadrilateral whose all point lie on the

circumference of the circle.
∠A+∠C=∠B+∠D

(12) If a side of a cyclic quadrilateral is produced then the exterior angle

is equal to the interior opposite angle.
∠1=∠2

Some important points of tangents

(1)Tangent and radius always make the angle of 90 at the point of meeting of
tangent with the circle.

If AB is a tangent at P, then OP is perpendicular to AB.

(2) The length of the two tangent drawn from the same external point to a
circle is always equal.

AP=AQ

(3) If two chords AB and CD intersect internally or externally at point P then.

PA*PB=PC*PD
(4) If PAB is a secant which intersects the circle at A and B and PT be a
tangent at T, then
PT2=PA*PB

(5) If from the point of contact of tangent with circle, a chord is drawn ,then the
angles which the chord makes with the tangent line are equal respectively to
the angles formed in the corresponding alternate segment.

∠BAT=∠BCA=∠1

∠BAP=∠BDA=∠2
(6) If two circles touch each other internally or externally the point of contacts
lies on the line joining their centres.
Distance between the cntres

When touch internally, distance=AP-BP

When touch externally, distance =AP+BP

Some Important Results:

(1)If two tangent PA and PB are drawn from the external point P, then
∠1=∠2 and ∠3=∠4

OP is perpendicular to AB and AC=BC

(2) r1 and r2 are the radius of two circles and d is the distance between the
centres of the circle then the length of the common tangent of two circles is
given by

(3) If r1 and r2 are the two radius of the circle and "d" is the distance between
them then the length of the transverse common tangent is given by
(4) If a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral then the sum of
opposite pair of sides are equal.

i.e. AB+CD=AD+BC
(5) If two chords AB and AC of a circle are equal then the bisector of ∠BAC
passes through the centre O of the cirlcle.

(6) The equilateral formed by the angle bisector of a cyclic quadrilateral is

also cyclic.

(7) If a cyclic trapezium is isosceles then its diagonals are equal

i.e if AB parallel DC and AD=BC then AC=BD

(8) Angle in the major segment of a circle is acute and angle in minor
segment is obtuse.

(9) If two circles of same radius r are such that the centre of one lies on the
circumference of the other then the length of the common chord is given
by l=√3*r
(10) If 2a and 2b are length of two chords which intersects at right angle
and if the distance between the centre of the circle and intersecting point of
the chords is C then the radius of circle is given by]

(11) If three circles of radius r are bound by a rubber band then the length of
rubber band is given by

6r+2πr
 Important Short Tricks on Coordinate Geometry
1. Equation of line parallel to y-axis

X=a

For Example: A Student plotted four points on a graph. Find out which
point represents the line parallel to y-axis.

1. a) (3,5)

b) (0,6)

c) (8,0)

d) (-2, -4)

Solution: Option (C)

2. Equation of line parallel to x-axis

Y=b

For Example: A Student plotted four points on a graph. Find out which
point represents the line parallel to x-axis.

1. a) (3,5)

b) (0,6)

c) (8,0)

d) (-2, -4)

Solution: Option (B)

3. Equations of line

a) Normal equation of line

ax + by + c = 0
b) Slope – Intercept Form

y = mx + c Where, m = slope of the line & c = intercept on y-axis

For Example: What is the slope of the line formed by the equation 5y - 3x -
10 = 0?

Solution: 5y - 3x - 10 = 0, 5y = 3x + 10

Y = 3/5 x + 2

Therefore, slope of the line is = 3/5

c) Intercept Form

x/A + y/B = 1, Where, A & B are x-intercept & y-intercept respectively

For Example: Find the area of the triangle formed the line 4x + 3 y – 12 = 0,
x-axis and y-axis?

Solution: Area of triangle is = ½ * x-intercept * y-intercept.

Equation of line is 4x + 3 y – 12 = 0

4x + 3y = 12,

4x/12 + 3y/12 = 1

x/3 + y/4 = 1

Therefore area of triangle = ½ * 3 * 4 = 6

d) Trigonometric form of equation of line, ax + by + c = 0

x cos θ + y sin θ = p,

Where, cos θ = -a/ √(a2 + b2) , sin θ = -b/ √(a2 + b2) & p = c/√(a2 + b2)

e) Equation of line passing through point (x1,y1) & has a slope m

y - y1 = m (x-x1)

4. Slope of line = y2 - y1/x2 - x1 = - coefficient of x/coefficient of y

 5. Angle between two lines

Tan θ = ± (m2 – m1)/(1+ m1m2) where, m1 , m2 = slope of the lines

Note: If lines are parallel, then tan θ = 0

If lines are perpendicular, then cot θ = 0

For Example: If 7x - 4y = 0 and 3x - 11y + 5 = 0 are equation of two lines.

Find the acute angle between the lines?

Solution: First we need to find the slope of both the lines.

7x - 4y = 0

⇒ y = 74x

Therefore, the slope of the line 7x - 4y = 0 is 74

Similarly, 3x - 11y + 5 = 0

⇒ y = 311x + 511

Therefore, the slope of the line 3x - 11y + 5 = 0 is = 311

Now, let the angle between the given lines 7x - 4y = 0 and 3x - 11y + 5 = 0 is
θ

Now,

Tan θ = ± (m2 – m1)/(1+ m1m2) = ±[(7/4)−(3/11)]/[1+(7/4)*(3/11)] = ± 1

Since θ is acute, hence we take, tan θ = 1 = tan 45°

Therefore, θ = 45°

Therefore, the required acute angle between the given lines is 45°.

6. Equation of two lines parallel to each other

ax + by + c1 = 0

ax + by + c2 = 0
Note: Here, coefficient of x & y are same.

7. Equation of two lines perpendicular to each other

ax + by + c1 = 0

bx - ay + c2 = 0

Note: Here, coefficient of x & y are opposite & in one equation there is
negative sign.

8. Distance between two points (x1, y1), (x2, y2)

D = √ (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

For Example: Find the distance between (-1, 1) and (3, 4).

Solution: D = √ (x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2

= √ (3 – (-1))2 + (4 – 1)2 = √(16 + 9) = √25 = 5

9. The midpoint of the line formed by (x1, y1), (x2, y2)

M = (x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2

10. Area of triangle whose coordinates are (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)

½ I x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2) I

For Example: Find area of triangle whose vertices are (1, 1), (2, 3) and (4, 5).

Solution: We have (x1, y1) = (1, 1), (x2, y2) = (2, 3) and (x3, y3) = (4, 5)

Area of Triangle = ½ I x1 (y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) + x3 (y1 – y2) I

=1/2 I (1(3−5) +2(5−1) + 4(1−3)) I

=1/2 I(−2+8−8) =1/2 (−2) I = I−1I = 1

Lines and angles

Line Segment: The straight path between two points P and Q is called a line
segment.

Ray: A ray extends indefinitely in one direction. This is exhibited by ab arrow

i.e.

Line: In geometry, the word "line" refers to a straight line that extends without
end in both directions.

The part of the line from P to Q is called a line segment. P and Q are the
endpoints of the segment. The notation PQ is used to denote both the segment
and the length of the segment. The intention of the notation can be determined
from the context.

Collinear points: Three or more points are colinear if a single straight line
passes through them.

Non-Collinear points: Three or more points not lying on a single line are
called non-collinear points.
Intersecting lines: Two lines having a common point are called intersecting
lines. The common point is the point of intersection.
Concurrent Lines: Three or more lines intersecting at the same point are said
to be concurrent.
Parallel Lines: If there are two lines on the same plane and they do not
intersect when produced on the either side, they are called to be parallel.
Angles: A figure consisting of two rays with the same initial points is called an
angle.

Vertical Angles:If two lines intersect, the opposite angles are called vertical
angles and have the same measure.

∠PRQ and ∠ SRT are vertical angles and ∠QRS and ∠PRT are vertical angles.
Also, x + y = 180 since PRS is a straight line.

Reflex Angles: An angle greater than 180°, but less than 360° is called a reflex
angle.

Complementary angles: Two angles whose sum is 90° are called

complementary angles.

Supplementary angles: Two angles having a sum of 180° are called

supplementary angles

When two parallel lines are intersected by a third line then,

1. When two lines intersect, two pairs of vertically opposite angles are equal.
As per the above figure: 1 and 4, 2 and 3, 5 and 8, 6 and 7 are equal.

2. The sum of 2 adjacent angles is 180°. As per the above figure: 1°+2°=180°.
Similarly for: 3 and 4 , 5 and 6 , 7 and 8

3. Pairs of the corresponding angles are always equal. As per the above figure:
1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7, 4 and 8 are equal respectively.

4. Pairs of alternate interior angle are equal. As per the figure: Angles 3° and
6° are equal and 4° and 5° are also equal as they are alternate interior angles.

Conditions for two lines to be paralel:

 They are parallel to a 3rd

 They are opposite sides of a rectangle/square/rhombus/parallelogram.
  If they are perpendicular to a 3rd
 If one of them is a side of the triangle & other joins the midpoints of the
remaining two sides.
 If one of them is a side of a triangle & other divides other 2 sides
proportionately

Conditions for two lines to be perpendicular:

 They are arms of a right-angle triangle.

 If the adjacent angles formed by them are equal and supplementary.
 They are adjacent sides of a rectangle or a square.
 If they are diagonals of a rhombus.
 If one of them is a tangent & other is the radius of the circle through the
point of contact.
 If the sum of their squares is equal to the square of the line joining their
ends.

MENSURATION 2 D

Important Formulas on Quadrilateral and Circle

Rectangle

A four-sided shape that is made up of two pairs of parallel lines and that has
four right angles; especially: a shape in which one pair of lines is longer than
the other pair.

The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other and are equal.

Area of rectangle = length x breadth = l x b

OR Area of rectangle = if one sides (l) and diagonal (d) are given.
OR Area of rectangle = if perimeter (P) and diagonal (d) are given.

Perimeter (P) of rectangle = 2 (length + breadth) = 2 (l + b).

OR Perimeter of rectangle = if one side (l) and diagonal (d) are

given.

Square

A four-sided shape that is made up of four straight sides that are the same
length and that has four right angles.

The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at 900.

(a) Area (a) of a square

Perimeter (P) of a square

= 4a, i.e. 4 x side

Length (d) of the diagonal of a square

Circle
A circle is a path travelled by a point which moves in such a way that its
distance from a fixed point remains constant.

The fixed point is known as center and the fixed distance is called the radius.

(a) Circumference or perimeter of circle =

where r is radius and d is diameter of circle

(b) Area of circle

is radius

is circumference

circumference x radius

(c) Radius of circle =

Sector :

A sector is a figure enclosed by two radii and an arc lying between them.
here AOB is a sector

length of arc AB= 2πrΘ/360°

Area of Sector ACBO=1/2[arc AB×radius]=πr×r×Θ/360°

Ring or Circular Path:

R=outer radius

r=inner radius
area=π(R2-r2)

Perimeter=2π(R+r)

Rhombus

Rhombus is a quadrilateral whose all sides are equal.

The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at 900

Area (a) of a rhombus

= a * h, i.e. base * height

Product of its diagonals

since d22

since d22

Perimeter (P) of a rhombus

= 4a, i.e. 4 x side

Where d1 and d2 are two-diagonals.

Side (a) of a rhombus

Parallelogram

A quadrilateral in which opposite sides are equal and parallel is called a

parallelogram. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Area (a) of a parallelogram = base × altitude corresponding to the base = b

×h

Area (a) of a parallelogram

where a and b are adjacent sides, d is the length of the diagonal connecting

the ends of the two sides and

In a parallelogram, the sum of the squares of the diagonals = 2

(the sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides).

i.e.,

Perimeter (P) of a parallelogram

= 2 (a+b),

Where a and b are adjacent sides of the parallelogram.

Trapezium (Trapezoid)
A trapezoid is a 2-dimensional geometric figure with four sides, at least one
set of which are parallel. The parallel sides are called the bases, while the
other sides are called the legs. The term ‘trapezium,’ from which we got our
word trapezoid has been in use in the English language since the 1500s and
is from the Latin meaning ‘little table.’

Area (a) of a trapezium

1/2 x (sum of parallel sides) x perpendicular

Distance between the parallel sides

i.e.,

Where, l = b – a if b > a = a – b if a > b

And

Height (h) of the trapezium

Pathways Running across the middle of a rectangle:

X is the width of the path

Area of path= (l+b-x)x

perimeter= 2(l+b-2x)

Outer Pathways:
Area=(l+b+2x)2x

Perimeter=4(l+b+2x)

Inner Pathways:

Area=(l+b-2x)2x

Perimeter=4(l+b-2x)
Some useful Short trick:

 If there is a change of X% in defining dimensions of the 2-d figure then

its perimeter will also change by X%
 If all the sides of a quadrilateral are changed by X% then its diagonal
will also change by X%.
 The area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semicircle of
radius r is r2.
 The number of revolution made by a circular wheel of radius r in
travelling distance d is given by

number of revolution =d/2πr

 If the length and breadth of the rectangle are increased by x% and y%

then the area of the rectangle will be increased by.

(x+y+xy/100)%

 If the length and breadth of a rectangle are decreased by x% and y%

respectively then the area of the rectangle will decrease by:

(x+y-xy/100)%

 If the length of a rectangle is increased by x%, then its breadth will have
to be decreased by (100x/100+x)% in order to maintain the same area
of the rectangle.
 If each of the defining dimensions or sides of any 2-D figure is changed
by x% its area changes by

x(2+x/100)%

where x=positive if increase and negative if decreases.

MENSURATION 3D

Important Mensuration (3D) Formulas

Cube
  s = side
 Volume: V = s^3
 Lateral surface area = 4a2
 Surface Area: S = 6s^2
 Diagonal (d) = s√3

Cuboid

 Volume of cuboid: length x breadth x width

 Total surface area = 2 ( lb + bh + hl)

Right Circular Cylinder

 Volume of Cylinder = π r^2 h

 Lateral Surface Area (LSA or CSA) = 2π r h
  Total Surface Area = TSA = 2 π r (r + h)

Hollow-Cylinder

r1 = outer radius

r2 = inner radius

Right Circular Cone

 l^2 = r^2 + h^2

 Volume of cone = 1/3 π r^2 h
  Curved surface area: CSA= π r l
 Total surface area = TSA = πr(r + l )

Important relation between radius, height and slant height of similar

cone.

Frustum of a Cone

 r = top radius, R = base radius,

 h = height, s = slant height
 Volume: V = π/ 3 (r^2 + rR + R^2)h
 Surface Area: S = πs(R + r) + πr^2 + πR^2

Sphere
  r = radius
 Volume: V = 4/3 πr^3
 Surface Area: S = 4π^2

Hemisphere

 Volume-Hemisphere = 2/3 π r^3

 Curved surface area(CSA) = 2 π r^2
 Total surface area = TSA = 3 π r^2

Quarter-Sphere

Let 'r' is the radius of given diagram. You have to imagine this diagram, this is
1/4th part of Sphere.
Prism

 Volume = Base area x height

 Lateral Surface area = perimeter of the base x height

Pyramid
  Volume of a right pyramid = (1/3) × area of the base × height.
 Area of the lateral faces of a right pyramid = (1/2) × perimeter of the
base x slant height.
 Area of whole surface of a right pyramid = area of the lateral faces +
area of the base.

Important:
1.From a solid cylinder no. of maximum solid cone of same height and radius
as cylider are 3.
2.From a solid sphere, no. of maximum solid cone having height and radius
equal can be made are 4.
3.From a solid hemisphere, no. of maximum solid cone having height and
radius equal can be made are 2.

TRIANGLE PROBLEM IN MENSURATION

AREA

The area of any figure is the amount of surface enclosed within its bounding
lines. Area is always expressed in square units.

UNITS OF MEASURING AREA

 100 sq Millimeters = 1sq centimeter

 100 sq centimeter = 1sq decimeter
 100 sq decimeters = 1sq meter
 100 sq meters = 1sq decameter or arc
 10,000 sq meters =1 hectare
 1,000,000 sq meters = 100 hectares = 1 sq kilometer

Perimeter

The perimeter of a geometrical figure is the total length of the sides enclosing
the figure.
Triangles and their formulas

A triangle is a closed figure bounded by three sides. ABC is a triangle.

The sides A B, BC and AC are respectively denoted by c, a and b.

Area of a triangle (A)

(a) A 1/2 (base x height)= (1/2) a x h

(b)

where formula is known as Hero’s formula. Perimeter (P) = a +b +c =2s.

2. Right Angled Triangle

A triangle having one of its angles equal to 90° is called a right-angled
triangle. The side opposite to the right angle is called the hypotenuse.
In a right angled triangle,

(Hypotenuse)2 = sum of squares of sides

i.e h^2 = a^2 + b^2

Area (a)= 1/2(product of the sides containing the right angle)

i.e. A = (1/2) ab

3. Equilateral Triangle
A triangle whose all sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
Example: Height of an equilateral triangle is 4 3 cm. Find its area.

Sol: Area of equilateral triangle

4. Isosceles Triangle
A triangle whose two sides are equal is an isosceles triangle.
5. Isosceles Right-angled Triangle
An isosceles right-angled triangle has two sides equal with equal sides
making 90° to each other.
If the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is P and the base is b, then the length
of the equal sides is ( pb/2)

If the perimeter of an isosceles triangle is P and the length of the sides is a,

then base is (P−2a).

Example: If the base of an isosceles triangle is 10 cm and the length of equal

sides is 13 cm, find its area.
Sol: Area of the isosceles triangle

Data Interpretation is a major part of Quantitative Aptitude section for any

banking exam. Now, first and foremost, What does Data Interpretation exactly
mean?
Interpretation is the process of making sense of numerical data that has
been collected, analysed, and presented. Interpreting data is an important
critical thinking skill that helps you comprehend textbooks, graphs and tables

Majority of the questions asked in the Data Interpretation Section are based
on the following topics of the Arithmetic Section -

1. Ratios
 2. Averages
3. Percentages

If the basics of these topics are clear, attempting DI in the exams becomes
comparatively easy.

Now, let us go through the types of DI graphs/charts that you may encounter
in the exams -

1. Pie Charts
2. Line Charts
3. Bar Graphs
4. Tabular Charts
5. Mixed Graphs

We shall now have a look at the types of questions that are asked under these
Data Interpretation Graphs -

Consider the following data presented in the bar graph -

Percentage of Students who like different sports in two different years is

provided in the following graph. Total number of Students is 1000 for both the
years.

Year 2011 and Year 2012

Now the following types of questions may be asked from this data -

1. Sum or Difference based -

These are the most basic questions that may be asked in a DI set. For
instance,

What was the sum of the total number of students who like Badminton and
Cricket in both the years?

Now for such questions, first find the number of students who like the two
sports in the two years -

2011 - Badminton = (12/100) * 1000 = 120

Cricket = (45/100) * 1000 = 450

Total = 570

2012 - Badminton = (20/100) * 1000 = 200

Cricket = (37/100) * 1000 = 370

Total = 570

Sum = 570 + 570 = 1140

2. Averages based Questions -

Average based questions are very commonly asked in the Data Interpretation
sets. For instance,

What is the average number of students who like badminton, cricket and
football in 2011?

Total students who like badminton, cricket and football in 2011 = (12 + 45 +
22) = 79% of 1000

Required average = 790/3

3. Ratio based question -

Another arithmetic operation based question that may be asked is Ratio

based.

Now, these questions may be asked directly or in combination with the above.
For instance,

What is the ratio of the students who like football and tennis in 2011 and those
who like volleyball and squash in 2012?

Students who like football and tennis in 2011= (22 + 4) = 26% of 1000

Students who like volleyball and squash in 2012 = (10 + 5) = 15% of 1000

Remember for such questions, you do not need to do the entire

calculation, because such numbers will eventually cancel out while
calculating the ratios.

Required ratio = (26% of 1000) : (15% of 1000) = 26 : 15

4. Percentage based question -

These are yet other arithmetic problems that are usually asked in DI
questions.

These problems again may be asked individually or in combination with the

sum or difference based problems. For instance,

The students who like badminton and squash in 2011 is what per cent of the
students who like football and swimming in 2011?

Students who like badminton and squash in 2011 = (12 + 2) = 14% of 1000

Students who like football and swimming in 2011 = (22+7) = 29% of 1000

Here again, do not calculate the entire value.

Required % = (14% of 1000) / (29% of 1000) * 100 = 1400/29%

Same data may be presented in the form of other graphs as well,

however, the approach to attempt the questions would remain the
same. You may find numbers in place of percentages or vice - versa, so do
read the question carefully before proceeding.

Line Graph -

Year 2011 and Year 2012

Tabular Chart -

Pie Chart -
One more variety of question that may be asked in pie charts is the angle
based. For instance,

What is the central angle corresponding to football and volleyball together for
2012?

Angle = (20 + 10)% * 360 = (30/100) * 360 = 108

How to solve Table Chart Questions

Introduction

Table chart is simplest method used for data. In a table, data is arranged
systematically in columns and rows. The first row and the first column are
generally used to indicate the titles. It is one of the easiest and most accurate
way of presenting the data.

Important Points

1. Read the data very carefully and try to understand what you are being
asked to do. To prevent wasting time in calculation and find out what is
required.

2. Check the data and information carefully before jumping to answer the
questions. Be sure you are looking at the right part of column and
tables.

3. Carefully check the units, Be sure you are taking same unit as you have
given like in thousand, millions etc. A mistake in units and your answer
may be different.

Sample Question

Direction: Refer to the following table and answer the given questions.

Number of cars sold by 6 Stores in 5 different months

The above Table shows:

 The number of cars sold by store P (In Jan = 133, Feb = 183, March =
278, April = 178, May = 264)

Like this we can see the others. Lets do solve some questions.

1. Number of cars sold by store T in march is what percent less then number
of cars sold by Store P in may? (Rounded off to nearest integer)

(a) 29%

(b) 31%

(c) 37%

(d) 33%

Solution:

Number of cars sold by Store T in March = 178

Number of cars sold by store P in May = 264

Required percentage = (264 - 178 /264) * 100 (in question asked less then
number that’s why we deducted) = (86/264) * 100 = 32.57%

So rounded figure it will be 33%, Answer D

2. What is the average number of cars sold by all the given stores in Feb?

(a) 207

(b) 211

(c) 219

(d) 223

Solution:

To find average we have to add all the figures of Feb month and then divided
by 6

= 183 + 123 + 277 + 176 + 239 + 268 / 6 = 1266/6 = 211, Answer B

3. Total number of cars sold by store Q during all the given months together
is what percent of the total number of cars sold by store S during all the given
month together?

(a) 82%

(b) 88%

(c)92%

(d) 86%

Solution:
Total number of cars sold by store Q during all the given months together =
161 + 123 + 154 + 272 + 107 = 817

Total number of cars sold by store S during all the given months together =
225 + 176 + 98 + 284 + 167 = 950

Required percentage = (817/950) * 100= 86%, Answer D

4. What is the difference between total number of cars sold by all the given
stores together in Jan and total number of cars sold by all the given stores
together in April?

(a) 353
(b) 379

(c) 363

(d) 347

Solution:

Total number of cars sold by all the given stores together in Jan = 133 + 161 +
213 + 225 + 282 + 196 = 1210

Total number of cars sold by all the given stores together in April = 178 + 272
+ 269 + 284 + 293 + 277 = 1573

Required difference = 1573 - 1210 = 363, Answer C

5. What is the respective ratio between total number of cars sold by stores P
and R together in March and total number of cars sold by stores T and U
together in May?

(a) 9:11

(b) 11:13

(c) 5:7

(d) 13:17

Solution:

Total number of cars sold by stores P and R together in March = 278 + 226 =
504

Total number of cars sold by stores T and U together in May = 379 + 237 =
616

Ratio= 504 : 616 = 9 : 11, Answer A

Bar Graphs

Introduction
In this article, we are discussing the Bar Graphs in a manner which is
comparatively lucid. Don’t worry, the rest of the types we will cover in the
upcoming articles. If you want to fully understand the techniques, you will
have to pay attention to each and everything that’s been taught here.

Reading Bar Graphs

A bar graph looks like the following:

Along the X-axis (horizontal axis) we have some numbers. Along the Y-axis
(vertical axis) we have some other numbers. And in between the area, we
have some Bars. Try to understand the data that’s been presented here.

Finding it a bit difficult? Of course it’s difficult because you don’t know what
these bars represents.

Now, try to understand the same bar chart, but with the headings.
Number of players participating in three different games from six
different countries:

This won’t be difficult. From the above bar graph we conclude that:

 Three different bars represent three different games: Football, Cricket,

and Badminton.
 On the X-axis, we have a number of countries from 1 to 6.
 On the Y-axis we have the number of players.
 The length of the Bars denotes the number of players.

CONCEPT 1: Before you solve any of the questions, first you have to
understand what the Bar Graph is trying to say. Make a habit of scanning
the headings first. You have to understand what’s on the X-axis, what’s on
the Y-axis, what’s the relation between these two in terms of the length of
Bars.There will be five questions based on one Bar Graph and that
means you can get five full marks if and only if you understand the
format of data that’s presented in the question. That’s what Data
Interpretation actually means!!

Let’s proceed to solving five questions based upon this Bar Graph.

Sample Questions

Question 1: The number of players participating in Cricket from country–4 is

what percentage of the number of players participating in Badminton from
country–1?

A. 177.77%
B. 176.78%
C. 178.87%
D. 180.82%

CONCEPT 2: From this question we conclude that: data in Bar Graph tell us
so many things. But it’s pointless to waste time interpreting all the
data. It’s not necessary to know how many Football players or Badminton
players are from Country-4 or from Country-6. Interpret what’s necessary!

Just point out Cricket players from Country-4 = 80 players. Number of

Badminton players from Country-1 = 45 players. The rest is just the
application of percentage formula.
Percentage = 80/45 * 100 = 177.77%

Question 2: What is the total number of players participating in Cricket from

country 4, 5 and 6 and the number of players participating in Football from
country 1, 2 and 3?

A. 335
B. 635
C. 435
D. 535
Applying Lesson number two, Number of Cricket players from Country 4, 5
and 6 = [80 + 70 + 60] = 210.

Number of Football players from Country 1, 2 and 3 = [65 + 70 + 90] = 225.

And 210 + 225 = 435

Question 3: The number of players participating in Badminton from all the

country is what percentage of the total number of players participating in all
the games from country–3?

A. 134%
B. 164%
C. 126%
D. 157%

Badminton players from all countries = [45+40+95+85+95+65] = 425. Total

players from all games from Country-3 = [90+85+95] = 270. Required
Percentage = [425/270]*100 ≈ 157%

Question 4: In which country is the number of players participating in Football

is the highest and the number of players participating in Badminton is the
lowest?

A. Country 3 & 2
B. Country 4 & 6
C. Country 3 & 4
D. Country 5 & 1

CONCEPT 3: These sort of questions are pretty easy to solve. Just

interpret the data in your mind. Check the length of the Bars. The answer
will surely come.

Football highest = 90 = Country-3 and Badminton lowest = 40 = Country-2

Question 5: 60% of players participating in all game from country-5 are male
and 30% players participating in all game from country-3 are female. What will
be their ratio?
 A. 127:170
B. 13:7
C. 49:27
D. 87:55

Number of players from all games of Country-5 = [80+70+95] = 245. 60% of

245 = 147

Number of players from all games of Country-3 = [90+85+95] = 270. 30% of

270 = 81

Number of players from all games of Country-3: we already have calculated

this number before in Question 3.

CONCEPT 4: Sometimes the calculation of one questions helps in the

calculation of some other question.

In this question, the ratio is = 147:81 = 49:27

Combination chart
1. Table and Line Graph: In this type of graph we are given a Line graph
and a Table Graph and we have to solve the questions using the
information given in both graphs together.

2. Table and Bar Graph: In this type of graph we are given a Bar graph
and a Table Graph and we have to solve the questions using the
information given in both graphs together.

3. Table and Pie chart: In this type of graph we are given a Pie
Chart(circular chart) and a Table Graph and we have to solve the
questions interpreting the data given in both graphs together.

4. Bar graph and Pie chart: In this type of graph we are given a Pie
Chart(circular chart) and a Bar Graph and we have to solve the
questions interpreting the data given in both graphs together.

5. Pie chart and Line Graph: In this type of graph we are given a Pie
Chart(circular chart) and a Line Graph and we have to solve the
questions interpreting the data given in both graphs together.
 6. Bar graph and Line Graph: In this type of graph we are given a Bar
Graph and Line Graph and we have to solve the questions interpreting
the data given in both graphs together.

Sometimes it looks complicated but it’s not like that if use the information
given in graphs correctly we can solve the questions easily.

Sample Question:

Number of candidates appeared (in thousand) and percentage of

candidates qualified in a competitive examination over the years(in
thousand)
Here we have given two charts one is Bar Chart which shows the candidates
appeared in examination and other graph is Line graph which shows
percentage of qualified candidate in this examination.

Before solve the questions we will do one thing. We will draw a table and will
get the number of candidates who are qualified. After that it will be easy for us
to solve the questions. Let’s do that.
1. In which of the following years, was the number of candidates qualified the
lowest among the given years?

(a) 2007
(b) 2008

(c) 2004

(d) 2005

Solution: Above the table we can see that number of candidates qualified the
lowest in 2008=1500,Answer B

2. What was the ratio between the number of candidates appeared in 2001 to
appeared in 2006?

(a) 3 : 4

(b) 5 : 6

(c) 1 : 2

(d) 7 : 8

Solution:

The number of candidates appeared in 2001= 10000

The number of candidates appeared in 2006= 20000

Required ratio= 10000 : 20000= 1 : 2, Answer C

3. How many candidates qualified in the year 2004 ?

(a) 7500

(b) 4500

(c) 3000

(d) 2000

Solution: Above the table we can see that number of candidates qualified in
2004 is = 7500, Answer A

4. The number of candidates qualified in 2003 was what percent of the

number of candidates appeared in 2007?
(a) 10%

(b) 30%

(c) 40%

(d) 20%

Solution:

The number of candidates qualified in 2003=3000

The number of candidates appeared in 2007=15000

Required percentage= 3000/15000 X 100= 20%, Answer D

5. What was the total number of candidates qualified over the years?

(a) 35000

(b) 33500

(c) 40000

(d) 32500

Solution: Above table we can see that total number of candidates

qualified, =3000 + 3000 +2000+ 7500 + 4500 + 8000+ 3000 +
1500 =32500, Answer D

Radar Chart

In this article, we are discussing the Radar Chart . Radar chart also
known as a Spider Chart because its shape like spider and its has zero
central point.

In this diagram, every value is represented with respect to a central point. All
the changes in the values are expressed in the form of distance from the
central point. Radar chart is not used for identifying the accuracy in data, but
rather generalized relationships between data.
Sample Question:

In this question you have given number of mobile phones manufactured(in

thousand) by 6 different companies in the years 2001 and 2002. Lets see this
first from Table and Bar chart.

Number of mobile phones manufactured(in thousand) by 6 different

companies in the years 2001 and 2002

Table chart
 Bar chart

Radar Chart

We have seen the data through Table and Bar chart. Now we calculate this
data through Radar chart.

Number of mobile phones manufactured(in thousand) by 6 different

companies in the years 2001 and 2002
As you can see Blue lines indicate year 2001 and Red line indicates year
2002.

Let’s Solve the problems.

1. In 2002,Which company manufactured the maximum number of Mobile

Phones?

(a) Nokia

(b) Sony
(c) Apple

(d) Samsung

Solution:

From the Chart you can clearly see the maximum number of Mobile Phones
manufactured by Apple in 2002= 30,000 , Answer C

2. What is the average number of Mobile phones (in thousand) manufactured

by all companies taken together in 2001?

(a) 17.5

(b) 18.5

(c) 20

(d) 22

Solution:

In 2001 Mobile manufactured,

Nokia= 20000, Micromax=10000, Samsung=5000, Apple= 10000,

Sony=35000,HTC=25000

Total=20+10+5+10+35+25/6=105/6=17.5 Thousand, Answer A

3. The respective ratio between the number of Mobile Phones manufactured

by Micromax in 2001 and that by Samsung in 2002 is ?

(a) 3 : 4

(b) 4 : 5

(c) 1 : 2

(d) 7 : 8

Solution:

The number of Mobile Phones manufactured by Micromax in 2001= 10000

The number of Mobile Phones manufactured by Samsung in 2002= 20000

Required Ratio= 10000 : 20000= 1 : 2, Answer C

4. The difference between the number of Mobile Phones manufactured by

Nokia, Micromax and Samsung in 2001 and that by Apple , Sony and HTC in
2002 is ?

(a) 20000

(b) 30000

(c) 22000

(d) 25000

Solution:

The number of Mobile Phones manufactured by Nokia, Micromax and

Samsung in 2001, = 20 +10 +5=35000

The number of Mobile Phones manufactured by Apple , Sony and HTC in

2002, =30 +20 +10=60000

Required difference= 60000-35000= 25000, Answer D

5. What is the percentage increase in production of Mobile Phones by Apple

in 2001 in comparison to that in 2002?

(a) 200%

(b) 100%

(c) 300%

(d) 250%

Solution:

Production of Mobile Phones by Apple in 2001= 10

Production of Mobile Phones by Apple in 2002= 30

Percentage increase= 30-10/10 X 100% = 200%, Answer A

Line Graph is the innovative version of Bar Graph representation. If we

connect the upper point of the first Bar to the upper point of the second Bar
and then tie these dots, we will get a line. Repeating the procedure gives us
the Line Graph representation. A Line Graph looks like this:
 Important Points

While solving the line chart questions, some points are very crucial to
follow, which are mentioned below -

 Read the question along with the instruction carefully

 Understand and analyze the Data given in Line Graph Carefully.
 Understand the usage of Percentage to Fraction Conversion. Also, learn
the fraction values in percentage form to use them quickly.
 Try to avoid unnecessary calculation.
 Do not assume anything other than the data provided.
 When it comes to long addition, subtraction, multiplication and division,
discover your own methods to arrive at the answer in minimum time.
You can go through calculation tricks.
 Clear fundamentals of Data Interpretation. Data Interpretation questions
are based on Average, Percentage and Ratio and Proportion concepts.
 Learn tables from 1-30, squares upto 40 and cubes upto 20 to speed up
your calculation during the exam.

Important Formulae :
 Average = (Sum of all the values/Number of values)
 Ratio = Comparison of like terms in its simplest terms.
 x is what percentage of y = x/y *100
 Percentage Change = (Final Value - Initial Value)/Initial Value *100
 X is what per cent more or less than y = (x-y)/y * 100

Now, let's understand the topic with the help of the following examples:

Example 1

Following line graph shows the ratio of expenditure to income of three

companies A, B and C during the period 2008–2013.
As mentioned above - Reading the instructions is important otherwise you will
not be able to understand what these lines are all about.

Please observe that - Along Y-Axis are the ratios; Along X-Axis are the
years; In between are the lines.

Following Line Graph shows the ratio of expenditure to income of three

companies A, B and C.

Understand a few things from the question given above:

(1) For Company A in 2008, if Expenditure is Rs 0.9, then Income will be Rs 1,

and so on.

(2) Expenditure to Income Ratio is expressed as E: I and not Income to

Expenditure.

(3) To gain Profit, Expenditure has to be less than Income. For 'loss', the
reverse is true.
(4) Profit and Loss percentages are calculated using the formulae mentioned
below -

 Profit = Income – Expenditure

 Profit Percentage = [Profit/Expenditure]*100
 Loss = Expenditure – Income
 Loss Percentage = [Loss/Expenditure]*100

(5) The lower is the E: I ratio, the higher is the profit.

The questions of Expenditure and Income seem difficult to solve. But, let’s
apply the above-mentioned points to solve the following questions in minimum
time.

Steps to Solve

Question 1: In which of the following years is the percentage loss/profit of

Company C the maximum?

[1] 2008
[2] 2009
[3] 2010
[4] 2011
[5] 2012

Hint: From point no. 5, we can conclude that profit is maximum when E: I is
the minimum which is 0.3 in 2011.
Hence the answer is [4].

Question 2: If the expenditure of Company A in 2008 and 2009 together is Rs

60 lakhs, then what is its income in 2008 and 2009 together?

[1] Rs 120 lakhs

[2] Rs 150 lakhs
[3] Rs 66.66 lakhs
[4] Data inadequate
[5] None of these

Hint: E: I for Company A in 2008 and 2009 is 0.5 and 0.4. This means for Rs
0.5 Expenditure in 2008, Income is Rs 1 in 2008 and for Rs 0.4 Expenditure in
2009, Income is Rs 1 in 2009. But combined Expenditure of 60 lakhs is
given. So, ratios being different, it’s not possible to calculate the Income
from the combined expenditure. So, the answer is [4].

Question 3: If the expenditure of Company B in 2008 and 2012 together is Rs

60 lakhs then what is its income in 2008 and 2012 together?

[1] Rs 66.66 lakhs

[2] Rs 75 lakhs
[3] Rs 48 lakhs
[4] 96 Rs lakhs
[5] Data inadequate

Hint: E:I for 2008 and 2012 is 0.8 and 0.8. Ratios being same, combined
Income from the combined Expenditure can be calculated. Income =
E/0.8 = 60/0.8 = 75 lakhs.
The answer is [2].

Question 4: In which of the years does Company C gain 100% profit?

[1] 2008
[2] 2009
[3] 2010
[4] 2011
[5] None of these

Hint: For 100% profit, E:I ratio must be 0.5 so that I = E/0.5 = 2E. It’s in
2009. The answer is [2]

Question 5: What is the percentage decrease in the percentage profit of

Company C from 2009 to 2010?

[1] 75%
[2] 300%
[3] 62.5%
[4] 160%
[5] None of these

Hint: E:I of Company C in 2009 = 0.5:1

Profit = 1-0.5 = 0.5
Percentage profit of profit of Company C in 2009 =[0.5/0.5]*100 = 100%
E:I of Company C in 2010 = 0.8:1
Profit = 1-0.8 = 0.2
Percentage profit of profit of Company C in 2009 =[0.2/0.8]*100 = 25%
Percentage decrease = 75%. The answer is [1].

Question -

Direction: Study the graph and answer the given questions:

Number of mobiles sold from three online portals in a festival sale over the
years -

Question 1. What is the difference between the total number of mobiles

sold by Amazon & Flipkart in 2004 together and the total number of
mobiles sold by Flipkart & Snapdeal in 2006 together?

From the graph,

The no. of mobiles sold by Amazon in 2004 = 3500
The no. of mobiles sold by Flipkart in 2004 = 4250
So, the total no. of mobiles sold by Amazon & Flipkart in 2004 = 3500 + 4250
= 7750
The no. of mobiles sold by Flipkart in 2006 = 5050
The no. of mobiles sold by Snapdeal in 2006 = 3500
So, the total no. of mobiles sold by Flipkart and Snapdeal in 2006 = 5050 +
3500
= 8550
∴The required difference = 8550 – 7750 = 800.

Question 2 The number of mobiles sold by Snapdeal in 2003 is

approximately what per cent of the number of mobiles sold by Flipkart in
2007?

From the graph,

The no. of mobiles sold by Snapdeal in 2003 = 3600
The no. of mobiles sold by Flipkart in 2007 = 5250
∴The required percentage = [(3600/5250) ×100]% = 68.57% ≈ 69%

Question 3 What is the ratio of the total number of mobiles sold by

Amazon and the total number of mobiles sold by Snapdeal in 2003, 2005
& 2007?

From the graph,

The total no. of mobiles sold by Amazon in 2003, 2005 & 2007
= 3250 + 3000 + 4200 = 10450
And, the total no. of mobiles sold by Snapdeal in 2003, 2005 & 2007
= 3600 + 4050 + 3600 = 11250
∴The required ratio = 10450 : 11250 = 209 : 225.

Question 4 What is the average number of mobiles sold by Flipkart in

the given years?

From the graph,

Total no. of mobiles sold by Flipkart in the given years
= 4500 + 4250 + 4800 + 5050 + 5250 = 23850
∴ The average no. of mobiles sold by Flipkart in the given years = 23850/5 =
4770.
Mixed Graphs

Introduction

Candidates often opine that those question where a question on DI consists of

a pie chart, bar graphs or line graphs, all in one question, is rather too
complicated and difficult. This, however, isn't true. Mixed Graph, if interpreted
correctly, is the simplest form of data representation. In Mixed Graphs, we
encounter a combination of two (or sometimes more) types of data
representation, which are :

1. Pie Chart and Data Table

2. Data Table and Line Graph
3. Bar Graph and Line Graph
4. Pie Chart and Line Graph
5. Pie Chart and Pie Chart

The above-mentioned types are the most common ones.

Sample Question

Directions: Five different companies A, B, C, D and E make two items I and

II. The total number of items produced by these five companies is 80
thousand. The cost of production of each item is Rs 5000. The distribution of
the total production by these companies is given in the following pie-chart and
the table shows the ratio of production of Item I to that of Item II and the
percentage profit earned by these companies on each of these items.
Question 1: What is the profit earned by Company C on Item II?

[1] Rs 57.6 lakhs

[2] Rs 55.4 lakhs
[3] Rs 56.8 lakhs
[4] Rs 54 lakhs
[5] None of these

Being good at dealing with ratios helps much in solving these sorts of
questions. Let’s realize the final answer step by step.

Number of items produced by company C = [72/360]*80000 = X

Cost of production = X*5000 = Y
Cost of production of Item II = [3/5]*Y = Z
Percent profit earned on Item II = 12% of Z = [12/100]*Z
= [3/5]*[12/100]*Y = 5000*[3/5]*[12/100]*X
= [72/360]*80000*[3/5]*5000*[12/100] = 5760000 = 57.6 lakh. Answer [1] is
correct.

NOTE: With adequate practice, you can easily compute all this in just a
single step!

Question 2: What is the total cost of production of Item I by companies A and

B together?
[1] Rs 5 crores
[2] Rs 6 crores
[3] Rs 8 crores
[4] Rs 9 crores
[5] None of these

Using the approach as mentioned above:

Cost of producing Item I of company A = [90/360]*80000*[2/5]*5000

Cost of producing Item I of company B = [108/360]*80000*[1/3]*5000
Total = 80000*5000*[(90/360)*(2/5) + (108/360)*(1/3)] = 80000*5000*[1/5] = 8
crores.
Answer [3] is correct.

Question 3: What is the total of the profit earned by Company E on the

production of Item I and the profit of Company D on the production of Item II?

[1] Rs 1.56 crores

[2] Rs 2.2 crores
[3] Rs 1.3 crores
[4] Rs 2.6 crores
[5] None of these

Using a similar approach:

Total = 80000*5000*[(36/360)*(4/5)*(30/100) + (54/360)*(2/5)*(25/100)] =

1.56 crores.
Answer [1] is correct.

Question 4: What is the ratio of the cost of production of Item II by Company

A to the cost of production of Item I by Company E?

[1] 17:12
[2] 4:5
[3] 7:4
[4] 15:8
[5] 1:2

Solution :

[90/360]*[3/5] : [36/360]*[4/5] = 90*3 : 36*4 = 30:16 = 15:8.

Answer [4] is correct.
Question 5: The cost of production of Item II for Company E is what per cent
of the cost of production of Item I for Company A?

[1] 80%
[2] 20%
[3] 60%
[4] 75%
[5] 40%

the required percentage is:

{([36/360]*[1/5]) / ([90/360]*[2/5])}*100 = [36/180]*100 = 20 percent.

Answer [2] is correct.

Trigonometry

Short Tricks to find Max and Min Value of Trigonometric identity

Type-I

In case of sec2x, cosec2x, cot2x and tan2x, we cannot find the maximum
value because they can have infinity as their maximum value. So in question
containing these trigonometric identities, you will be asked to find the
minimum values only. The typical question forms are listed below:
Example: -1

Find the Minimum value of 9 cos 2x + 2 sec 2x

sol - this equation is a typical example of our type-3 so apply the formula
2√ ab so,

 Minimum Value = 2√ 9 x 2= 2√ 18

Example:-2

Find the Minimum value of 8 tan 2x + 7 cot 2x

sol - this equation is a typical example of our type-3 so apply the formula
2√ ab so,

 Minimum Value = 2√ 8 x 7= 2√ 56

Type -II
Example -1

Find the Maximum and Minimum Value of 3 sin x + 4 cos y

Sol- If you find the question of this kind, apply the above formulae.

 Maximum Value = √ 9 + 16 = √ 25 = 5
 Minimum Value = - √ 9 + 16 = - √ 25 = - 5

Example-2

Find the Maximum and Minimum Value of 3 sin x + 2 cos y

Sol- If you find the question of this kind, apply the above formulae.

 Maximum Value = √ 9 + 4 = √ 13
 Minimum Value = - √ 9 + 4 = - √ 13

Type III
Example -1

Find the maximum and Minimum Value of 3 sin 2x + 4 cos 2x

Sol- Here the 4> 3 so

 Maximum Value = 4
 Minimum Value = 3

Example –2

Find the maximum and Minimum Value of 5 sin 2x + 3 cos 2x

Sol - Here 5>3

 Maximum Value = 5
 Minimum Value = 3

Type-IV

Find the Minimum Value of Sec 2x + cosec 2x

Sol - 1 + tan 2x + cosec 2x --------------------------------------------(Sec 2x = 1 +

tan 2x)

= 1+ tan 2x + 1 + cot 2x ------------------------------------------------(cosec 2x = 1 +

cot 2x )

=2 + tan 2x + cot 2x---------------------------------------------------apply type-3

formula

=2 + 2 √ 1 x 1 = 2 + 2 =4

Limit of the values of Trigonometric Functions :

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

(5)

(6)

QUESTIONS

(1)The greatest value of is

(a)1

(b)1/2

(c) 0

(d)

Ans.(a)

(2)What is the minimum value of

(a) 0

(b)3/4

(c) 2
(d) 1/4

Ans. (b)

(3)Find the maximum value of

(a)

(b) 1

(c)

(d)

Ans. (d) The maximum value of

The maximum value of

(4)Find the minimum value of

(a) 81

(b)41

(c)82

(d)90

Ans. (a)

minimum value of

(5) is maximum when is:

(a)150

(b)300

(c)450

(d) 600

Ans. (a)

The maximum value occurs when

(6)What is the maximum value of

(a)1/2

(b)1/4

(c) 1

(d) None of these

Ans. (b)

(7)The greatest value of is

(a)35

(b)34

(c)3

(d)33
Ans.(a)

For maximum value

maximum and maximum value is

Important Short Tricks on Trigonometric Identities

Pythagorean Identities

 sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
 tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
 cot2 θ + 1 = csc2 θ

Negative of a Function

 sin (–x) = –sin x

 cos (–x) = cos x
 tan (–x) = –tan x
 csc (–x) = –csc x
 sec (–x) = sec x
 cot (–x) = –cot x

If A + B = 90o, Then

 Sin A = Cos B
 Sin2A + Sin2B = Cos2A + Cos2B = 1
 Tan A = Cot B
 Sec A = Csc B
For example:

If tan (x+y) tan (x-y) = 1, then find tan (2x/3)?

Solution:

Tan A = Cot B, Tan A*Tan B = 1

So, A +B = 90o

(x+y)+(x-y) = 90o, 2x = 90o , x = 45o

Tan (2x/3) = tan 30o = 1/√3

If A - B = 90o, (A › B) Then

 Sin A = Cos B
 Cos A = - Sin B
 Tan A = - Cot B

If A ± B = 180o, then

 Sin A = Sin B
 Cos A = - Cos B

If A + B = 180o

Then, tan A = - tan B

If A - B = 180o

Then, tan A = tan B

If A + B + C = 180o, then

Tan A + Tan B +Tan C = Tan A * Tan B *Tan C

sin θ * sin 2θ * sin 4θ = ¼ sin 3θ

cos θ * cos 2θ * cos 4θ = ¼ cos 3θ

For Example:What is the value of cos 20o cos 40o cos 60o cos 80o?

Solution: We know cos θ * cos 2θ * cos 4θ = ¼ cos 3θ

Now, (cos 20o cos 40o cos 80o ) cos 60o

¼ (Cos 3*20) * cos 60o

¼ Cos2 60o = ¼ * (½)2 = 1/16

If a sin θ + b cos θ = m & a cos θ - b sin θ = n

then a2 + b2 = m2 + n2

For Example:

If 4 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 2 , then find the value of 4 cos θ - 3 sin θ:

Solution:

Let 2 cos θ - 3 sin θ = x

By using formulae a2 + b2 = m2 + n2

42 + 32 = 22 + x2

16 + 9 = 4 + x2

X = √21

If

sin θ + cos θ = p & csc θ - sec θ = q

then P – (1/p) = 2/q

For Example:

If sin θ + cos θ = 2 , then find the value of csc θ - sec θ:

Solution:

By using formulae:
P – (1/p) = 2/q

2-(1/2) = 3/2 = 2/q

Q = 4/3 or csc θ - sec θ = 4/3

If

a cot θ + b csc θ = m & a csc θ + b cot θ = n

then b2 - a2 = m2 - n2

If

cot θ + cos θ = x & cot θ - cos θ = y

then x2 - y2 = 4 √xy

If

tan θ + sin θ = x & tan θ - sin θ = y

then x2 - y2 = 4 √xy

If

y = a2 sin2x + b2 csc2x + c

y = a2 cos2x + b2 sec2x + c

y = a2 tan2x + b2 cot2x + c

then,

ymin = 2ab + c

ymax = not defined

For Example:

If y = 9 sin2 x + 16 csc2 x +4 then ymin is:

Solution:
For, y min = 2* √9 * √16 + 4

= 2*3*4 + 20 = 24 + 4 = 28

If

y = a sin x + b cos x + c

y = a tan x + b cot x + c

y = a sec x + b csc x + c

then, ymin = + [√(a2+b2)] + c

ymax = - [√(a2+b2)] + c

For Example:

If y = 1/(12sin x + 5 cos x +20) then ymax is:

Solution:

For, y max = 1/x min

= 1/- (√122 +52) +20 = 1/(-13+20) = 1/7

Sin2 θ, maxima value = 1, minima value = 0

Cos2 θ, maxima value = 1, minima value = 0

Here are some important questions of Trigonometric identities.

(1)Value of is

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)None of these

Ans.(a)
 is equal to

(2)If is acute and then is equal to

(a)

(b)3

(c) 2

(d) 4

Ans. (c)

If sum of the inversely proportional value is 2

i.e if . then

so =2

or we can put = 45°

(3)The simplified value of is

(a)-1

(b)0

(c)sec2x
(d)1

Ans. (d)

The simplified value of

is obtained by putting x=y=45°

(4) Find the value of

(a) 1

(b) -1

(c) 2

(d) -2

Ans. (c)

put

(5) If then is equal

(a)7/4

(b) 7/2

(c)5/2
(d)5/4

Ans. (d)

as we know that

on solving we get sec = 5/4

Note:if x+y=a

and x-y=b

then x=(a+b)/2 and y=(x-y)/2

Polygon

A closed figure in a plane with 3 or more sides and common endpoints.

Polygons are two-dimensional geometric figures with these characteristics:

 They are made of straight line segments.

 Each segment touches exactly two other segments, one at each of its
endpoints.
 They are closed they--divide the plane into two distinct regions, one
"inside" and the other "outside" the polygon.

These shapes are polygons:

 These shapes are not polygons:

 Types of polygons based on the number of sides
 Quadrilateral: 4 sides

 Pentagon: 5 sides

 Hexagon: 6 sides

 Heptagon: 7 sides

 Octagon: 8 sides

 Nonagon: 9 sides
  Decagon: 10 sides

 N-gon: n sides

Polygons with more than 10 sides are not usually given special names. A
polygon with 11 sides is described as an 11-gon, a polygon with 12 sides as a
12-gon, and so on. Each of the polygons below is a 17-gon.

 A regular polygon is a convex polygon with all sides and angles

congruent.

Convex pentagon Concave pentagon

A. Area of a regular polygon =

B. Area of a Hexagon =

C. Area of an Octagon =
Example 1: Find the area of a regular hexagon whose side measures 9
cm.

Solution:

Area of a regular hexagon=

Here, a = 9 cm

sq. cm = 210.4 sq. cm approx

Example 2: Find the nearest metre the side of a regular octagonal

enclosure whose area is 1 hectare.

Solution:

Now, hectare

sq.m or, 2071 sq. approx.

a=46 metres approx

 The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180o. What is the sum of the
angles of a quadrilateral? Break polygon up into triangles to get
formula:

Sum of angles = 180(n - 2)

 What is the sum of the angles of a pentagon? = (540)

 What is the sum of the angles of a nonagon? = (1260)
 If a pentagon is regular what is the measure of each interior
angle?= (108)

Short Tricks on Height & Distance

Angle of Elevation: Let AB be a tower/pillar/shell/minar/pole etc.) standing at

any point C on the level ground is viewing at A.
The angle ,which the line AC makes with the horizontal line BC is called angle
of elevation .so angle ACB is angle of elevation.

Angle of Depression: If observer is at Q and is viewing an object R on the

ground ,then angle between PQ and QR is the angle of depression .so angle
PQR is angle of depression.
Numerically angle of elevation is equal to the angle of depression.

Both the angles are measured with the horizontal.

Previous year Questions based on Height & Distance asked in SSC CGL
Exam and SSC CGL Tier II Exam.
 1. The thread of a kite is 120 m long and it is making 30° angular
elevation with the ground .What is the height of the kite?

Solution:
Sin 30° = h/120

1/2 = h/120

h = 60m

2. A tree bent by the wind .The top of the tree meets the ground at an
angle of 60°.If the distance between the top of the foot be 8 m then
what was the height of the tree?

Solution:
tan 60° = x/8

√3 = x/8

x = 8 √3

y cos 60° = 8/y

1/2 = 8/y

y = 16

therefore height of the tree = x+y

= 8√3+16

= 8(√3+2)

3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the

ground is 30° . On walking 100m towards the tower the angle of
elevation changes to 60° . Find the height of the tower.

Solution:
In right triangle ABD,

tan 60° = h/x

√3 x = h

x = h/√3

Again , in right triangle ABC ,

tan 30 = h/x+100

1/√3 = h/x+100

√3 h = x+100

√3 h = h/√3 + 100

√3 h – h/√3 =100

3 h - h/√3 =100

2 h = 100√3

h = 50√3

By short trick:

d = h (cot Ɵ1 - cot Ɵ2)

h = 100/(√3-1/√3) = 100*√3/2 = 50√3

Ɵ1 = small angle

Ɵ2 = large angle

d = distance between two places

h = height

4. From the top of a temple near a river the angles of depression of

both the banks of river are 45° & 30°. If the height of the temple is
100 m then find out the width of the river.

Solution:
tan 45° = AB/BD

1 = 100/BD

BD = 100
tan 30 ° = AB/BC

1/√3 = 100/BC

BC = 100 √3

Width of the river , CD = BC - BD = 100 (√3-1)

When height of tower is 1 m then width of river is √3-1

Since height of tower is 100 m

Therefore ,

Width of river is 100(√3-1)m

By short trick:

Same formula can be used in this question too i.e.

d= h (cot Ɵ1 - cot Ɵ2)

5. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point is 30 °. On

walking 40 m towards the tower the angle changes to 45°.Find the
height of the tower?

Solution:
tan 45° = AB/BD
1 = AB/1

Therefore AB = 1

tan 30° = AB/BC =>1/√3 = 1/BC

therefore BC= √3

Now CD =√3-1 m and height of tower is 1 m

1 m = 1/√3-1

Therefore 40 m = 1/√3-1.40 = 40/√3-1

= 20 (√3+1)m

By trick:

40 = h(√3-1)

H = 40/(√3-1) = 20 (√3+1)m

Here are some ratio figure which you have to remember

Important short tricks are :

Note: only when the sum of angle i.e

 Some Important question are as follows:

Example 1:The angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a distance of 500 m

from its foot is 30°. The height of tower is :

(a)

(b)

(c)500

(d)

Ans. (d)
Short trick:

Solve it with ratio , as the angle of elevation is 30° then ratio between P:

B: H is 1:√3:2 so √3= 500 then 1= 500/√3 and height is equal to

Example 2: The banks of a river are parallel. A swimmer starts from a point
on one of the banks and swims in a straight line inclined to the bank at
450 and reaches the opposite bank at a point 20 m from the point opposite to
the starting point. The breadth of the river is :

(a) 20 m

(b) 28.28 m

(c) 14.14 m

(d) 40 m

Ans. (c) 14.14 m

Solution:

Let A be the starting point and B, the end point of the swimmer. Then AB =
20m &
Short Method;

AS the angle of elevation is 45° then the ratio of P: B : H i.e. 1:1:√2

here √2 =20 then 1 =20/√2

Question 3: A man from the top a 50m high tower, sees a car moving
towards the tower at an angle of depression of 300. After some time, the angle
of depression becomes 600. The distance (in m) travelled by the car during
this time is –

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Ans. (c)

Solution:

AB = AC – BC
Example 4:A person standing on the bank of a river observes that the angle
of elevation of the top of a tree on the opposite side of the bank is 600. When
he moves 50m away from the bank, the angle of elevation becomes 300. The
height of the tree and width of river respectively are :

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) None of these

Answer: c)

Solution:
Ratio value original value

height of the tree= h (ratio value = )=

and width of the river = x (ratio value = 1) = 25 m

Example 5: From the top of a pillar of height 80 m the angle of elevation and
depression of the top and bottom of another pillar are 300 and
450 respectively. The height of second pillar (in metre) is:

(a) m

(b)

(c)

(d)

Answer: (c)
Solution:

Let AB and CD are pillars.

Let DE = h

In

Required height

(1)Two poles of equal height are standing opposite to each other on either
side of a road, which is 28m wide. From a point between them on the road,
the angles of elevation of the tops are 300 and 600. The height of each pole is:

(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

Ans. (d)

Let AB and CD be the pole and AC be the road.

Let AE = x, then EC = 28-x and AB = CD = h. Then let AB = CD=√3

then, EC =1 and AE = 3

AC (ratio value) = 3 + 1 = 4

4 = 28 then 1 =7

and √3=7√3 so height of tower is 7√3.

(2)There are two vertical posts, one on each side of a road, just opposite to
each other. One post is 108 metre high. From the top of this post, the angles
of depression of the top and foot of the other post are 300 and
600 respectively. The height of the other post is :

(a)36

(b)72

(c)76

(d)80
Ans (b)

The height of greater Lower i.e. AB = 108 = H

so height of tower is 72

(3)An aeroplane when flying at height of 5000 m from the ground passes
vertically above another aeroplane at an instant, when the angles of elevation
of the two aeroplanes from the same point on the ground are 600 and
450 respectively. The vertical distance between the aeroplanes at that instant
is:

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)4500 m

Ans (c)
In this question we have two triangle ABC and triangle DBC. In triangle ABC
we apply the ratio according to 60° and in triangle DBC we apply ratio
according to the 45°. That why we take AB=√3 and DB =1.

(4)A boy standing in the middle of a field, observes a flying bird in the north at
an angle of elevation of 300 and after 2 minutes, he observes the same bird in
the south at an angle of elevation of 600. If the bird flies all along in a straight
line at a height of then its speed in km/h is:

(a) 4.5

(b) 3

(c) 9

(d) 6

Ans.(d)
In ABO

According to ratio method

From triangle DCO

DO cot AO = 150 + 50 = 200 m

Speed =

(5)A tree is broken by the wind. If the top of the tree struck the round at an
angle of 300 and at a distance of 30 m from the root, then the height of the
tree is :

(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)

Ans. (b)

√3=30

1= 10√3 & 2 =20√3

so total height is 1+2 =10√3+20√3= 30√3

(6)The angle of elevation of a cloud from height h above the level of water in a
lake is a and the angle of the depression of its image in the lake is b. Then,
the height of the cloud above the surface of the lake is :

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Ans. (d)

Let P be the cloud at height H above the level of the water in the lake Q its
image in the water
 ,

B is at a point at a height AB = h, above the water, Angle of elevation of P and

depression of Q from B are respectively

In triangle PBM

From equations (i) and (ii),