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Chemical
Stoichiometry
Calculations with Chemical Formulas
and Equations
 Stoichiometry
is the study that examines
the quantitative relationships
among substances
in a chemical reaction.

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 2

 “Mass is conserved
in a chemical
reaction.”
Antoine Lavoisier (1734-1794)

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 3

 Fundamentals of Stoichiometry
 Chemical Formula
 Chemical Equations
 Stoichiometric Conversions

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 4

 Chemical Formula
- describes the identity and relative amounts of
each element making up the compound
through chemical symbols
- can be molecular, empirical and structural
formula

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 5

PAGE 6 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Percent Composition
Percent Composition
- reports the relative amount of each element
present in the compound usually expressed in
percent
- calculated using the equation:

%X= Mass of X x 100

Total mass
PAGE 7 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Percent Composition
For 1 mole of (NH4)2SO4:

2 moles of N x (14.001 grams/mole) = 28.002 grams

8 moles of H x ( 1.008 grams/mole) = 6.064 grams
1 mole of S x (32.065 grams/mole) = 32.065 grams
4 moles of O x (15.999 grams/mole) = 63.996 grams
Total mass = 132.127 grams
PAGE 8 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Percent Composition
For 1 mole of (NH4)2SO4:

%N= mass of N x 100 = 28.002 g

x 100 = 21.20%
Total mass 132.140 g/mol

%H= mass of H x 100 = 6.064 g

x 100 = 6.10%
Total mass 132.140 g/mol
PAGE 9 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Percent Composition
For 1 mole of (NH4)2SO4:

%S= mass of S x 100 = 32.065 g

x 100 = 24.27%
Total mass 132.140 g/mol

%O= mass of O x 100 = 63.996 g

x 100 = 48.44%
Total mass 132.140 g/mol
PAGE 10 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Percent Composition
Exercise
Calculate the percent composition of cupric sulfate
pentahydrate.
PAGE 11 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Percent Composition
Exercise
Calculate the percent composition by mass of the
following compounds that are important starting
materials for synthetic polymers:
a. C3H4O2 (acrylic acid, from which acrylic plastics are made)
b. C4H6O2 (methyl acrylate, from which Plexiglas is made)
PAGE 12 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Chemical Formula and Percent Composition

- calculated using these series of steps:

percent X mass X mole X

MF EF atom X
PAGE 13 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Chemical Formula and Percent Composition

A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen that is

87.42% nitrogen is 32.045 grams/mole. What is its EF
and MF?
percent X mass X mole X

87.42% N 87.42 g 6.244 mole N

12.58% H 12.58 g 12.480 mole H
PAGE 14 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Chemical Formula and Percent Composition

A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen that is

87.42% nitrogen is 32.045 grams/mole. What is its EF
and MF?
MF EF mole X

1 atom N 6.244 mole N

2 (NH2) 2 atoms H 12.480 mole H
N2H4 NH2
PAGE 15 GENERAL CHEMISTRY Lecture 04 _NMPanajon

Chemical Formula and Percent Composition

Exercise
A compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that
is 40.00% carbon and 6.71% hydrogen weighs 180.156
grams per mole. What are the corresponding EF and
MF of this compound?
 Chemical Equations

a quantitative description
of how reactants
changes to form the products

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 16

 Chemical Equations
Formation of water can be visualized as two
hydrogen molecules reacting with one oxygen
molecule to form two water molecules:
2H2 + O2  2H2O

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 17

 Chemical Equations

more examples:
CH4 + 2O2 b  CO2 + 2H2O

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 18

 Balancing Chemical Equations

Exercise: Balance the following reactions.

a. Fe(s) + O2(g)  Fe2O3(s)
b. C2H4(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)
c. Al(s) + HCl(aq)  AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 19

 Predicting the Products of
Chemical Equations
Exercise: Predict the product/s and balance
the following reactions.
a. Mg(s) + O2(g)  ???
b. PbCO3(s)  ???

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 20

 Predicting the Products of
Chemical Equations
Exercise: Predict the product/s and balance
the following reactions.
c. Na(s) + 2H2O(g)  ???
d. (NH4)2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ???

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 21

 Exercise
Balance the following reactions.
a. N2O5(g) + H2O (l)  HNO3(aq)
b. C5H10O2(l) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + H2O(g)
c. Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 22

 Stoichiometric conversions
A certain amount of
substance can be mass particle
:- MW -: AN
converted among mass, x MW x AN
mole, number of particles
as well as the volume it mole
occupied (for a gas as STP) x Vm :- Vm
using the chart:
volume
Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 23
 Stoichiometric conversions
Molecular Weights (MW)
– sum of all the atomic weights for all atoms
in the formula
For MWH2SO4:
MWH2SO4 = 2AW(H) + AW(S) + 4AW(O)
= 2(1.0 g/mole) + (32.0 g/mole) +
4(16.0 g/mole)
= 98.0 g/mole
Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 24
 Stoichiometric conversions
Molecular Weights (MW)
– sum of all the atomic weights for all atoms
in the formula
For MWC6H12O6:
MWC6H12O6 = 6(12.0 g/mole) + 12(1.0 g/mole)
+ 6(16.0 g/mole)
= 180 g/mole
Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 25
 Stoichiometric conversions
Mole (n)
– basic unit in describing the amount of
substance; convenient measure of
chemical quantities
– expressed in grams per mole

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 26

 Stoichiometric conversions
Mole (n)
– experimentally, 1 mole of 12C has a mass
of 12 grams
– for gases at standard temperature and
pressure (STP) conditions, a mole of the
gas would occupy 22.41 liters

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 27

 Stoichiometric conversions

Amado Avogadro (1776-1856)

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 28
 Stoichiometric conversions
1 mole of oxygen gas at STP would weigh 32 grams.

1 mole of liquid water would weigh 18 grams.

1 mole of solid sodium chloride would weigh 58.45

grams.

This photograph shows one mole

of solid (NaCl), liquid (H2O), and
gas (N2).
Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 29
 Stoichiometric conversions
Exercise:
1. Calculate the mass of glucose in 0.350
mole of C6H12O6.

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 30

 Stoichiometric conversions
Exercise:
2. How many CO2 molecules are there in 0.75
mole of carbon dioxide?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 31

 Stoichiometric conversions
Exercise:
3. How many moles of oxygen gas are
contained in a filled, 2.5-liter O2 tank at
STP?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 32

 Stoichiometric conversions
Exercise:
4. Calculate the number of hydrogen atoms
in 250 grams sucrose, C12H22O11?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 33

 Stoichiometry
– works similarly with the ratio of the
ingredients of a recipe or the parts
required to assemble a bike – which must
be constant at all times

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 34

 Stoichiometry
– relates a given substance to
the other substance in the
balanced chemical reaction
through the flowchart:
amount of the given amount of unknown/target
substance substance

flowchart flowchart
mole of the given stoichiometric mole of unknown/target
substance ratio substance

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 35

 Stoichiometry
– corollary, for the given reaction:
xA  yB
mole substance A given (y)
mole substance B sought =
x

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 36

 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
5. A gram of magnesium metal undergoes
complete combustion in excess oxygen
gas in the air to produce magnesium
oxide. How many grams of the product is
produced?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 37

 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
6. A mole of pure acetic acid in vinegar is
allowed to react completely with excess
sodium bicarbonate in baking soda. How
many moles of carbon dioxide gas is
produced?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 38

 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
7. Propane, C3H8, is a common fuel used for
cooking and home heating. How many O2
molecules is consumed in the complete
combustion of 1.00 g of propane?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 39

 Limiting and Excess Reactant
Limiting Reactant
– the starting material/s completely
consumed/used up after the
chemical change
Excess Reactant
– the starting material/s that would be
present in excess amount after the
chemical change
Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 40
 Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield
Theoretical Yield
– the expected amount of product that can
be computed from the reaction
Actual Yield
– the amount of product obtained in the
actual experiment

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 41

 Theoretical, Actual and Percent Yield
Percent Yield
– the ratio of the actual yield to the
theoretical yield; expressed in percent

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 1oo
Theoretical Yield

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 42

 Stoichiometry
Recall Exercise 5:
5a. A gram of magnesium metal undergoes
combustion in 0.01 mole oxygen
gas in the air to produce magnesium
oxide. How many grams of the product is
produced?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 43

 Stoichiometry
Recall Exercise 6:
6a. Two grams of pure acetic acid in vinegar is
allowed to react completely with 0.50
gram sodium bicarbonate in baking soda.
How many moles of carbon dioxide gas is
produced?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 44

 Stoichiometry
Recall Exercise 6:
6b. Two grams of pure acetic acid in vinegar is
allowed to react completely with 0.50
gram sodium bicarbonate in baking soda.
If the experiment only collected 3.0
millimoles of carbon dioxide gas, what is
the percent yield of the reaction?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 45

 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
8. The fizz produced when an Alka-Seltzer®
tablet is dissolved in water is due to the
reaction between sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3) and citric acid (H3C6H5O7):
NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq)  3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 46

 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
8.
NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq)  3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
In a certain experiment 1.00 g of sodium
bicarbonate and 1.00 g of citric acid are
allowed to react.
(a) Which is the limiting reactant?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 47

 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
8.
NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq)  3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
In a certain experiment 1.00 g of sodium
bicarbonate and 1.00 g of citric acid are
allowed to react.
(b) How many grams of carbon dioxide
form?
Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 48
 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
8.
NaHCO3(aq) + H3C6H5O7(aq)  3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) + Na3C6H5O7(aq)
In a certain experiment 1.00 g of sodium
bicarbonate and 1.00 g of citric acid are
allowed to react.
(c) How many grams of the excess reactant
remain after the reaction?
Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 49
 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
9. Hydrochloric acid was once prepared
commercially by heating NaCl with
concentrated sulfuric acid. How many
kilograms of 90.0% sulfuric acid is needed for
the production of 100o Kg of 42.0%
hydrochloric acid?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 50

 Stoichiometry
Exercise:
10. Caproic acid, responsible for the odor of
dirty socks, is composed of C, H, and O atoms and
has a molar mass of 116 grams per mole.
Combustion of a 0.225-g sample of this compound
produces 0.512 g CO2 and 0.209 g H2O. What is the
empirical and molecular formula of caproic acid?

Chemical Stoichiometry I NMPanajon page 51

References
Brown, Lemay, Bursten, Murphy & Woodward
© 2012. Chemistry: The Central Science (12th
edition). Prentice Hall: USA.

Chang, R. © 2010. Chemistry (10 th edition).

McGraw-Hill: USA
References
Petrucci, Herring, Madura & Bisonnette ©
2011. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern
th
Applications (10 edition). Pearson: Canada.

Zumdahl, S. & Zumdahl, S. © 2012. Chemistry:

th
An Atoms First Approach (10 edition). Brooks
Cole: USA