RajivGandhi UniversityofHealth Science,Karnataka

Bangalore

PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL

A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF ANTENATAL WOMEN

REGARDING PERMANENT METHOD OF CONTRACEPTIONWITH A VIEW TO
DEVELOP INFORMATION BOOKLETIN SELECTED PRIMARY HEALTH
CENTRE, BANGALORE

SUBMITTED BY
MISS. SHELEEJA. S
I YEAR M.SC., NURSING,
ROYALCOLLEGE OF NURSING,
UTTARAHALLI,
BANGALORE – 61
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE

PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1 Name of the Candidate and Address Miss Sheleeja. S

1year M.Sc., Nursing,
RoyalCollege of Nursing,
RoyalCollege of Nursing,
7th Main, 1st Block, Uttarahalli,
Bangalore-560061
2 Name of the Institution RoyalCollege of Nursing, Bangalore.
3 Course of Study and Subject I year M.Sc., Nursing
Obstetrics and
GynaecologicalNursing
4 Date of Admission to Course 01/06/2012
5 Title of the Topic:
“A Study To Assess Knowledge And Attitude Of Antenatal Women Regarding
Permanent Method Of ContraceptionWith A View To Develop Information
Booklet In Selected Primary Health Centre, Bangalore”
6 Brief Resume of the Intended Work
6.1. Need for the Study Enclosed
6.2. Review of Literature Enclosed
6.3. Objectives of the Study Enclosed
6.4. Operational Definitions Enclosed
6.5. Hypothesis of the Study Enclosed
6.6. Assumptions Enclosed
6.7. Delimitations of the Study Enclosed
6.8. Pilot Study Enclosed
6.9. Variables Enclosed
7 Material and Methods:
7.1. Source of Data: Data will be collected from antenatal womenin selected
primary health centre, Bangalore.
7.2. Method of Collection of Data;Structured Knowledge Questionnaire and
Check list
7.3. Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on
clients or other human or animals? Yes
7.4. Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution? Yes, Ethical
committee’s report is enclosed here.
8 List of References Enclosed
 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE
PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1 Name of the Candidate and Address Miss Sheleeja. S

1year M.Sc., Nursing,
RoyalCollege of Nursing,
RoyalCollege of Nursing,
7th Main, 1st Block, Uttarahalli,
Bangalore-560061

2 Name of the Institution Royal College of Nursing, Bangalore

3 Course of Study and Subject I year M.Sc., Nursing

Obstetrics and
GynaecologicalNursing

4 Date of Admission to Course 01/06/2012

5 Title of the Topic:

“A Study To Assess Knowledge And Attitude Of Antenatal Women Regarding
Permanent Method Of ContraceptionWith A View To Develop Information
Booklet In Selected Primary Health Centre, Bangalore”
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

A small family is a Happy Family

It is rightly said ‘The greatest shortcoming of the human race is our inability to
understand the exponential function’. For countries like Spain, Canada and Italy,
where the population is decreasing, population explosion might be considered as a
boon. But for developing country like India, population explosion is nothing but a
curse which is damaging the development of the country and its society. With 16% of
world’s population, India is the second most populated country in the world. A
developing country already faces a lack in their resources and needs. With the rapidly
escalating population, the resources available per person are further plummeting,
leading to increased poverty, malnutrition and other large population related
problems. Therefore, predicament is much more severe here in India because of the
escalating pressure on the limited resources of the country.1

According to the provisional population count released within four weeks of

completing the Census, India’s total population in 2011 was 1.21 billion, up from 1.03
billion in 2001, thus adding 181 million people in one decade.General’s office that
projected that India is now expected to become the most populous country of the
world by 2030 overtaking China sooner than earlier expected. But the horrible
situation conveniently forgotten is that while China is the world’s third-largest
country after Russia and Canada and is the second largest country by land area, India
is about only a third of China’s size. In terms of population, China tops India at 1.35
billion people, India is just a step behind, with 1.21 billion.2

Even though in, the 2001-2011 decadal growth rate has reduced to 17.6 %,
compared to 21.5 recorded during 1991-2001, suggests slowing down of growth, there
is an urgent need for the XII Five Year Plan to further accelerate the stabilization of
India’s population by repositioning family planning within the broader framework of
reproductive health and primary health care.3

1
 India has a long history of addressing the population question. Beginning with
the launch of the largely clinic-based National Family Planning Programme in 1952,
the latest National Population Policy (NPP) of 2000 is much more embedded in the
framework of women’s empowerment and reproductiverights.4

India’s sustained efforts over the years to achieve population stabilization are
finally beginning to yield the desired results. Preliminary results from the Census of
India 2011 reveal several positive trends in India’s population growth. Despite the
many achievements on the population front, many worry, somewhat unnecessarily,
about the ‘serious problem of rising numbers’ and the lack of conviction to contain or
stabilize India’s population exist. Ultimately it is only by repositioning family
planning within a rights based framework can India ensure planned and healthier
families, a positive outcome for every pregnancy, and most importantly, that every
child is a wanted as well as a healthy child.3

Hence spreading the awareness for adopting one or the other method for
family planning and encouraging for permanent method of contraception will
contribute an immense role in improve maternal and child survival and stabilizing the
population of India at large.

2
6.1 NEED FORTHE STUDY

The rapid growth of the world's population over the past one hundred years
results from a difference between the rate of birth and the rate of death. It took the
entire history of humankind for the population to reach 1 billion around 1810. Today
the world has a population of 6 billion and the population of India stands at over 1.2
billion. This only means that more people are now being added each day than at any
other time in human history which poses as a major problem.5

Thus India has more than a sixth of the world's population.Already containing
17.5% of the world's population, India is projectedto be the world's most populous
country by 2025, surpassing China,its population exceeding 1.6 billion people by
2050.6

The general thinking at the time of Independence of India was that the massive
population of the country and its unchecked growth was detrimental to accelerated
social and economic progress and, therefore, efforts should be made to check
population growth through curtailing fertility.7

An important answer for controlling this problem of increasing population lie

in a principles adopted by almost all the world’s nations at a 1994 UN conference
held in Cairo. An operating assumption of this program is that when women have
access to the information and means that allow them to choose the timing of
pregnancy, the intervals between births lengthen, average family size shrinks, and
teen births become less frequent. All of these improve maternal and child survival and
slow population growth.8

A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among the eligible couples
residing in Rajshahi City Corporation for three months with a view to collect
information about the acceptance of contraceptive methods from 366 respondents
with 50 male and 316 female. In this study 93.67% of female respondents & 20% of
male respondents were currently using contraceptive methods. The modern methods
were oral pill 21.6% IUCDs 14.9%, injection 35.14%, Norplant 12.16%, condom

3
16.0%, safe period 6.76%, Tubectomy 9.46%, Vasectomy 4.0% and 6.13% were non
acceptors of contraceptives. Permanent methods were adopted by 9.5% female and by
4% male only. Study shown that percentage of the contraceptive method users
increased with the level of education. The major causes for not accepting
contraceptive methods were fear of complications (46.7% among female and 23%
among male), opposition of the elderly (13% among female and 6.4% among male)
and 55% male said about female partner's preference as user, so they did not use
methods by them. Major causes for not accepting permanent methods were fear of
operation (43% among female and 55.6% among male), religious barrier (31.9%
among female and 42.2% among male), fear for decreased physical ability (12.5%
among female and 2.2% among male) and lastly familial pressure (among 12.5%
female).9

A cross sectional study was carried out in 10 villages of a rural area of

Ludhiana, Punjab among 2465 married females. There were 12.9% non-users, 49.5%
were using spacing methods and 37.6% had accepted permanent method. A highly
statistical significant association was observed between parity and contraceptive
usage. Education of husband and education of study subjects significantly effects the
choice of family planning method. The acceptance for permanent methods of family
planning was higher in subjects having 1or 2 male children. Only 1.2% couples
accepted sterilization without having a male child while the acceptance of sterilization
was 52.9% among subjects having two living sons.10

A study was designed to investigate contraceptive knowledge and practice in

Pakistani women attending a tertiary care hospital. A total of 204 married women of
reproductive age were interviewed by a registrar to record their knowledge about
contraceptive methods, attitudes and practices of contraception. Of the women, 67%
were para 2 – 5; 68% had some sort of awareness regarding contraception. The
majority knew about the pill (68%) and IUCD (55%). Only 47% were using some sort
of contraception. The most common method chosen was the barrier method (15%),
followed by IUCD (10%) and the pill (10%). The least common methods were
sterilisation (2%) and the rhythm method (2%); 85% of the women and 74% of the
men in the study group had a positive attitude toward contraception.11

4
 A study was done to enhance contraceptive acceptance among currently-
married women through empowerment training of female community health
volunteers. Seventeen FCHVs, who were working in Kakani Village Development
Committee in the hills of central Nepal, attended an empowerment training that used
participatory action research and reinforcement mechanisms. Following the training,
the FCHVs were expected to empower the currently-married women to increase their
contraceptive use. The impact of the intervention was assessed in a sample of 241
who were neither pregnant nor using contraceptives at the time of selection, by
interviewing them before and six months after the intervention. The implementation
of the intervention significantly increased the proportion of currently-married women
knowing at least one contraceptive method. The use of modern contraceptives among
the currently-married women from none before the intervention increased to 52.3%six
months following the intervention.12

The above studies clearly indicate that in order to improve contraceptive use
there is need to educate couples regarding contraceptive services also to recommend
family planning and to create awareness among women to have their rights and
opinions about the size of family. The concept of differentiation between sons and
daughters should be discouraged. It is high time to control our growth rate for
economic stabilization of the country and to raise the living standards of our
people.Hence the researcher felt that a study determining the knowledge and attitude
of antenatal women, in order to develop an information booklet would be useful in
bringing more awareness and motivate the antenatal women to adopt permanent
methods of contraception.

5
6.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature is a broad, comprehensive, in depth, systematic and

critical review of scholarly publication, unpublished scholarly print materials, audio-
visual materials and personal communications. A literature review is a written
summary of the state of existing knowledge on a research problem. The task of
reviewing research literature involves the identification, relation, critical analysis and
written description of existing information on a topic.13

Review of Literature is mainly divided into two headings.

Review related to contraceptive methods

Review related to knowledge of contraceptive methods

Review related to attitude of contraceptive methods

Review related to contraceptive methods

A study assessed the family planning methods adopted among 540 the married
women of reproductive age (15- 45yrs) residing in urban slums of, Lucknow. The
study revealed that acceptance of family planning methods both temporary and
permanent methods increased with level of literacy of women. About 53.40 %
adopted I.U.C.D, 38.83% O.C pills & only 7.77% of their partners used condoms.
66.6% have undergone laparoscopic & 33.4% mini-lap sterilization. Vasectomy was
not done for even a single partner. More number of illiterate and primary educated
accepted permanent method after 3 or more children than higher educated who
accepted it after 1 or 2 children. The study concluded that acceptance in family
planning is associated with increasing age, nuclear family & level of literacy. This
study highlights the necessity to inform and motivate married women to adopt
permanent method of contraception earlier.14

Across-sectional study was conducted in rural and urban areas of Allahabad

district in Uttar Pradesh to find out the knowledge, attitude, and practices of
contraceptives among the currently married women (15-45 years) and the number of
children after which permanent method was used. This study included 1,063 and

6
1,082 eligible women in rural and urban areas, respectively. No significant difference
was found in the awareness level of women regarding contraception in rural (71.9%)
and urban areas (92.9%). Only 13 per cent of rural women were using some method
of contraception as compared to 47.1 per cent urban women. The most commonly
used contraception method was permanent method (tubectomy) in both the areas
(57.2% and 52% in rural and urban areas, respectively). The study concluded
thatpermanent method of contraception method was used after one or two children
only by 11.3 per cent and 18.3per cent of women in rural and urban areas,
respectively, therebydefeating the purpose of family planning to control population.
Malesterilization accounted for only around 2 per cent of permanent methods.15

A study determined prevalence of unmet need for family planning in an urban

resettlement colony of East Delhi and the factors associated with it are investigated in
this study, using a sample size of 1051 married females aged 15- 49 years who were
fecund and sexually active. The findings reveal that (i) Amongthe subjects, 562
(53.5%) were currently using contraceptives, 130 (12.4%) were pregnant and 359
(34.1%) were not using any contraception; (ii) The overall unmet need for family
planning was 25.4 per cent, of which 6.7 per cent was need for spacing and 18.7 per
cent was need for limiting the family. Unmet need was highest among the illiterate
group.16

A cross sectional study determined the prevalence of contraceptive

acceptance, the type of contraceptive used and the reasons for not accepting
contraceptive methods at village Chanai, Ambajogai,Maharashtra Dt., India. Data was
collected by house to house survey using predesigned and pretested questionnaire
inall the married women between 15-49 years. Out of 512 married women 48.63%
were contraceptive acceptors; 64.66%women were accepted permanent method of
contraception. Among the temporary methods most commonly accepted was IUD by
19.28% women. Commonest reason for not accepting contraceptives was desire of
children in 25.85% women followed by fear of side effects in 16.34% women.17

7
Review related to knowledge of contraceptive methods

A 2-weeks cross-sectional survey was carried out to identify women’s level of

knowledge toward FP and identify possible barriers to using FP. At all maternity units
in Butembo of post-partum women, 572 women were interviewed. FP knowledge was
high (76%), perception good (80%). Majority used traditional methods (65%), mostly
Calendar method (72%). Barriers to using modern FP included lack of knowledge,
fear of side effects, religious considerations and husband opposition. Unmet need for
spacing and limiting was high (21 & 31%). Promotion of FP was poor (42%). The
study recommended training of health workers, advocating modern contraception,
improving FP services in all public health facilities and promoting FP on each contact
of women.18

A quasi-experimental study provided group training of contraceptive methods

to 53 women, and then evaluated the effect of training on the dependent variable of
husbands’ participation in family planning. The data was gathered using a
questionnaire and a checklist and then was analyzed.The results indicated that the
mean score of knowledge level of the case group members and their husbands
changed significantly after the training program (p < 0.001). Also, it was found that
51% of the participants and their husbands used contraceptive methods after the
training program. Considering the results, providing training for couples to increase
the participation rate of men in family planning programs will be beneficial.19

A cross-sectional observational study assessed the knowledge, attitude

regarding family planning and the practice of contraceptives among 100 rural women
between the ages 15-45, living with their husbands and coming from rural area were
interviewed. The mean age of 29.7 years, 81(81%) had some knowledge about family
planningmethods. Regarding the usage ofcontraceptive methods, only 53 (53%) of the
respondents were using some sort of contraception. Barrier method(condoms) was in
practice by 18 (33.9%) and 12 (22.6%) of women had already undergone tubal
ligation. The womenusing injectables and intrauterine contraceptive devices were 10
(18.8%) and 7 (13.2%) respectively. Six were using oralcontraceptive pills (11.3%).

8
Positive attitude towards contraception was shown by 76 (76%) of them, while
41(41%) statedtheir husbands’ positive attitude towards contraception.20

Review related to attitude of contraceptive methods

A prospective study was conducted to know the attitude of women regarding

use of family planning methods and to find out the factors that restricts its use.
Using convenient sample method, families were selected starting from a point in the
selected block (Block G). 40 women of childbearing age group (15- 49 years) were
enrolled. All women were followed for a period of one year. More than 70% women
told that irregular menstruation from Oral Contraceptive pills and ill health from
tubectomy as the other side effects. Demands for more children and for son
preferences were the leading reason for not using any methods followed by afraid of
side effects and health problems. The study concluded that effective family planning
methods use should be advocated through adequate counseling about the correct use,
side effects and their proper management and their benefit in the back ground of
custom and belief.21

A study aimed at determining the awareness about family planning amongst

pregnant women presenting to the antenatal clinic of Federal Medical Centre, Owo,
Ondo State, Nigeria. The study was conducted between December, 2007 and
February, 2008 at the antenatal clinic of the hospital. The information was obtained
from the respondents with the aid of a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The
study findings indicated that most respondents (89%) were aware of family planning.
The majority of the respondents 42 (47.2%) received information about family
planning from health workers while 21(23.6%)received the information through the
media. The level of education significantly affected the awareness about family
planning with a p value of 0.017. The study concluded that most respondents were
aware of family planning.22

A descriptive approach was adopted with non-probability purposive sampling

technique to assess attitude on permanent family planning method among female
eligible couples in selected hospitals at Madurai was used to collect data from 30
9
female eligible couples by using. The major findings of the study showed that
19(63%) female eligible couple have favorable attitude regarding physical factor on
permanent family planning method, 11(37%) of them have moderately favorable
attitude regarding physical factor on permanent family planning method, 29(97%)
have favorable attitude regarding psychosocial factor and 1(3%) have moderately
favorable attitude regarding psychosocial factors on permanent family planning
method.23

6.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the antenatal womenknowledge regarding permanent method of

contraception

2. To assess the antenatal women attitude regarding permanent method of

contraception.

3. To find out the association between antenatal women’s knowledge regarding

permanent method of contraception and selected demographic variables.

4. To find out the association between women’s attitude regarding permanent

method of contraception and selected demographic variables

5. To prepare an information bookleton permanent method of contraception

6.4. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Assess:Assess refers to process of determiningclient’sknowledge and attitude

regarding permanent method of contraception.

2. Knowledge:Knowledge refers to the mother’s intellect regardingpermanent

method of contraception.

10
 3. Attitude:Attituderefers to assertiveness of the antenatal women regarding
adoption of permanent method of contraception.

4. Antenatal Women:Antenatal women refers to all pregnant women who are

attending the antenatal clinic in selected primary health centres.

5. Antenatal Clinic:Antenatal Clinic refers to the clinic conducted for providing

antenatal services in selected primary health centres

6. Permanent Method of Contraception: Permanent Method of Contraception

refers to the method of contraception adopted for preventing pregnancy
permanently either by male or by female.

7. Primary Health Centre : The Primary Health Centre refers is the basic
structural and functional unit of the public health services providing accessible
and affordable primary health such as antenatal, intranatal and postnatal
services etc.

8. Information Booklet: It is a small book with a paper cover containing

information aboutpermanent method of contraception.

6.5ASSUMPTIONS
 Antenatal women will possess some knowledge regarding permanent method
of contraception.
 Antenatal women’s knowledge regarding permanent method of contraception
can be measured by structured questionnaire.
 Antenatal women will possess some attitude regarding permanent method of
contraception.
 Antenatal women’s knowledge regarding permanent method of contraception
can be improved by an information booklet

11
6.6. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study is limited only to antenatal womenattending antenatal clinic, in
selected primary health centre, Bangalore.

6.7. PILOT STUDY

The study will be conducted with 6 samples. The purpose of the pilot study is
to find out the feasibility for conducting the study and design onplan on statistical
analysis.

6.8 VARIABLES
A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called a variable.

 Dependent Variable:Knowledge and attitudeof antenatal women regarding

permanent method of contraception
 Extraneous Variable: Age, type of family, religion, education,
occupation,parity status etc.

7. MATERIALS AND METHODS

7.1.1 SOURCES OF DATA

Antenatal womenattending antenatal clinic, in selected primary health centre,
Bangalorewill be the source of data.

7.1.2RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design adopted for this study is descriptive research design in
nature. One group pretest posttest design.

7.1.3 RESEARCH APPROACH

Descriptive surveyapproach

12
7.1.4. SETTING OF THE STUDY
The study will be conducted in selected primary health centre, Bangalore,
amongantenatalwomen who meet the inclusion criteria.

7.1.5. POPULATION
Antenatal women attending antenatal clinic, in selected primary health centre,
Bangalore.

7.2. METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA (INCLUDING SAMPLING

PROCEDURE)
The data collection procedure will be carried out for a period of one month.
This study will be conducted after obtaining permission from the concerned
authorities.
The investigator will collect data from the antenatalwomenby using a structured
questionnaire. Data collection instrument consists of following sections:
Section A:Demographic data
Section B:Questions to assess the knowledge ofantenatalwomen regarding permanent
method of contraception.
Section C:Check list to assess the attitude of antenatalwomen regarding permanent
method of contraception.

7.2.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Non-probability convenience sampling will be adopted for selection of samples.

7.2.2. SAMPLE SIZE

Sample consists of 60 antenatalwomen attending antenatal clinic, in selected primary
health centre, Bangalore.

SAMPLING CRITERIA

7.2.3 INCLUSION CRITERIA

 Antenatal women attending antenatal clinic, in selected primary health centre,
Bangalore.
 Antenatal women who are willing to participate in the study.

13
  Antenatal women who are available at the time of study.
 Antenatal women who know Kannada or English

7.2.4.EXCLUSION CRITERIA
 Antenatal women who were selected for pilot study.
 Antenatal women with unsound mind.

7.2.5. TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION

A structured knowledge questionnaire and a check list is used to collect the
data from antenatal women regarding permanent method of contraception, in selected
primary health centre, Bangalore.

7.2.6. DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

The data collected will be organized, tabulated and analyzed by using
descriptive and inferential statistics.

 Descriptive Statistics:Frequency and percentage for analysis of demographic

data and mean, mean percentage and standard deviation will be used for
assessing the level of satisfaction.

 Inferential Statistics:Chi-square test will be used to find out the association

between knowledge score and demographic variables of the antenatalwomen
and attitude score and demographic variables of the antenatal women
respectively.

7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR

INTERVENTIONS TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIETNS OR OTHER
HUMAN ORANIMALS?
Since the study design is descriptive in nature, interventions is not required but
investigation is required.

14
7.4.ETHICAL CLEARANCE
Yes, ethical committee’s clearance has been obtained from the institution. The
purposes and details of the study will be explained to the study subjects and assurance
will be given regarding the confidentiality of the data collected.

15
8. LIST OF REFERENCES: (VANCOUVER STYLE FOLLOWED)

1. Shreyosi Pal Population Explosion - How can we tackle this problem? Civil
service India. Available from: http://www.civilserviceindia.com
2. SRS bulletin sample registration system registrar general, India Census and
Vital Statistics.Jan 2011; 45(1). Available from: http://www.censusindia.gov.
3. PoonamMuttreja Family Planning : The Need to Reposition in context of
Maternal and Child Health Yojana; July 2011; 1 (55)
4. LeelaVisaria India’s 15th Population Census: Some Key Findings YOJANA
July 2011; 55; p 16 – 20
5. Shreyosi. Population Explosion - How can we tackle this problem?
Palhttp://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Essay/population.html
6. BBC - India's population 'to be biggest' in the planet
Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3575994.stm)
7. AalokRanjanChaurasia. Population in India’s Development Historical
Perspective, Future Options. Studies in Population and Development 2005.
8. The Health Benefits of Family Planning (World Health Organization, Geneva,
1995).
9. S Sultana, M SarwarJahan, M MofakharulIslamContraceptive Acceptance
among Eligible Couples Residing in Rajshahi City CorporationTAJ: Journal of
Teachers Association; 2007; 20(1).
Available from Sultanahttp://www.banglajol.info/index.php/TAJ
10. SangeetaGirdhar, AnuragChaudhary, Ravinder Kumar Soni , R.K. Sachar
Contraceptive Practices And Related Factors Among Married Women In A
Rural Area Of Ludhiana The Internet Journal of Health The Internet Journal of
Health. 2010; 12 (1).
11. Khawaja NP, TayyebR and Malik N. Awareness and practices of
contraception among Pakistani women attending a tertiary care hospital;
Health Care; 2004; 24(5), P 564-567.
Available from: http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs

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12. Shrestha S. Increasing Contraceptive Acceptance through Empowerment of
Female Community Health Volunteers in Rural Nepal; Journal of health,
population and nutrition; Jun 2002;20 (2).
Available from http://www.jhpn.net/index.php/jhpn/article/view/140
13. Polit D.F, Hungler BP. Nursing Research, Principles and Methods.
Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. 2003
14. Kumar A, Bhardwaj P, P Srivastava j, Gupta P. A Study On Family Planning
Practices And Methods Among Women Of Urban Slums Of Lucknow City;
23 (2), July - December 2011 Indian Journal of Community Health
15. Masood A, Dwivedi S, Singh G, Gupta S and Mishra P. A study on
distribution of permanent methods of Contraception acceptors by select
variables; Health and Population: Perspectives; 2009;. 32 (1), 54-58, 2009
16. Saini NK, Bhasin SK, Sharma R and Yadav G. Health and Population-
Perspectives;2007; 30 (2): p 124-133
17. Sujata K. Murarkar SK, Soundale SG and Lakade RN. Study of contraceptive
practices and reasons for not accepting contraceptives in rural India: Chanai
village as a case study. Indian Journal of Science and Technology; 2011; 4 (8);
p 915-916
18. Mathe JK, Kasonia KK, Maliro AK. Barriers to Adoption of Family Planning
among Women in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. African Journal of
Reproductive Health; 2011; 15(1)
Available from; http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JIOM/articl
19. Hosseini H, Naji H, MashhadizadehA,Rezaei A. Evaluation of men's
participation in group training of their wives in family planning programs.Iran
J NursMidwifery:2010; 15(1): p292–295
Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3208945
20. Rozina Mustafa, UzmaAfreen and Haleema A. HashmiContraceptive
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Rural Women; Journal of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan; 2008, 18 (9): p 542-545
21. Kumar S, Priyadarshni A, Kant S, Anand K, Yadav BK. Attitude of women
towards family planning methods and its use--study from a slum of Delhi.
Kathmandu University Medical Journal. 2005 Jul-Sep; 3(3): p 259-62.

17
22. OmolaseCO, FaturotiSO, OmolaseBO. Awareness of family planning amongst
antenatal patients in a Nigerian community: an exploratory study; Annals of
Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine; 2009; 7(1): p134 - 39
23. Metilda NJ. Attitude on permanent family planning method among female
eligible couple in selected hospitals at Madurai. J. Acad. Indus. Res. Oct
2012; 1(5); p 243 - 46

18
9 Signature of the Candidate

10 Remarks of the Guide

11 Name and Designation of

11.1 Guide

11.2 Signature

11.3 Co-Guide

11.4 Signature

11.5 Head of Department

11.6 Signature

12 12.1 Remarks of the Chairmen and

Principle

12.2 Signature

19