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Introduction:

I sumbal asif,student of BS-PSYCHOLOGY V,conduct a test 16PFQ by RAYMOND


CATTELL under the supervision of MAM:SHAMAMA.The purpose of doing this test
is to go through the psychological testing and practically involving in the testing for the
first time.
I conduct this test under limited facilities,and unavailability of complete instruments of
the test,therefore there will be some short-comes in the final report,I hope these short
comes will not effect the test majorly.
This report is not for a clinical or research purpose but for academic purpose:
First I will mention about conduction of test,than we go through about subject,after
complete introduction to the test(16pfq),there will be results or in the end interpretation,
analysis and conclusion.
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Duration: 5 Days
Time: 11:00am --11:15 (daily 5 days)
Date: Oct 15, 2019
Day: Monday -- Friday
Test was conducted in a class room. Questionnaire was given to the subject and asked
to fill it for 15 minutes, as many questions she can, it took 5 days to complete the
questionnaire.
Identifying bio data of subject
Referral: self
Name: Sumbal Asif
Age: 21
Gender: female
Education: 14 years of education(completed)
Monthly income: student
Occupation: student
No of siblings: 2 brothers and 3 sisters
Birth order: last
Marital status: single
Religion: Islam
City: Rawalpindi
Family setup: single family
Family:
Father: alive
Education: BSC
Occupation: Civil army officer
Mother: alive
Education: BA
Occupation: house wife
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Introduction to the test

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire(16PF) is a comprehensive measure of


normal range personality found to be effective in a variety of settings where an
in-depth assessment of the whole person is needed. The 16PF traits, are the result of
years of factor-analytic research focused on discovering the basic structural elements
of personality .

 About Author:
Raymond Bernard Cattell, was a British and American psychologist, known for his
psychometric research into intra-personal psychological structure. His work also
explored the basic dimensions of personality and temperament, the range of cognitive
abilities, the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions
of abnormal personality and social behavior, applications of personality research
to psychotherapy and learning theory, predictors of creativity and achievement, and
many multivariate research methods including the refinement of factor analytic
methods for exploring and measuring these domains.

 Cattell’s different Questionnaires •


Cattell’s contribution in the assessment of personality through factor analysis is
Worth noting. He was far from the tradition and was totally factor-analytic. By the use
of factor analysis, he has produced large number of questionnaires to measure22
personality traits and abilities, some of which are enlisted here
 The 16 Personality Factor different Questionnaires:
1. The 3unior-Senior High School Personality Questionnaire
2. The Children’s Personality Questionnaire
3. The Early School personality Questionnaire
4. The Contact personality Factor Test
5. The Neurotic ism Scale Questionnaire
6. IPAT Anxiety Questionnaire
7. IPAT 8 para la lied- Form Anxiety Battery
8. The Objective-Analytic Anxiety Battery
9. The Objective-Analytic Personality Test Battery
10. The IPAT Music Preference Test of Personality
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11. The Motivation Analysis Test


12. The School Motivation Analysis Test and
13. The IPAT Culture Fair Intelligence Test

 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE 16PF


QUESTIONNAIRE :

The history of the 16PF Questionnaire spans almost the entire history of standardized
personality measurement. Instead of being developed to measure preconceived
dimensions of interest to a particular author, the instrument was developed from the
unique perspective of a scientific quest to try to discover the basic structural elements
of personality. Raymond Cattell’s personality research was based on his strong
background in the physical sciences; born in 1905, he witnessed the first-hand
awe-inspiring results of science, from electricity and telephones to auto-mobiles,
airplanes, and medicine. He wanted to apply these scientific methods to the uncharted
domain of human personality with the goal of discovering the basic elements of
personality (much as the basic elements of the physical world were discovered and
organized into the periodic table). He believed that human characteristics such as
creativity,authoritarianism, altruism, or leadership skills could be predicted from these
fundamental personality traits (much as water was a weighted combination of the
elements of hydrogen and oxygen). For psychology to advance as a science, he felt it
also needed basic measurement techniques for personality. Thus, through factor
analysis – the powerful new tool for identifying underlying dimensions behind
complex phenomena – Cattell believed the basic dimensions of personality could be
discovered and then measured.
Since its first publication in 1949, there have been four major revisions – the most
recent release being the 16PF fifth edition. The main goals of the latest revision were
to develop updated, refined item content and collect a large, new norm sample. The
item pool included the best items from all five previous forms of the 16PF plus new
items written by the test authors and 16PF experts. Items were refined in a four-stage,
iterative process using large samples. The resulting instrument has shorter, simpler
items with updated language, a more standardized answer format, and has been
reviewed for gender, cultural, and ethnic bias and ADA compliance. Psychometric
characteristics are improved, hand scoring is easier, and the standardization contains
over 10,000 people.

 Scales and sub-scales:


In addition to discovering the sixteen normal-range personality traits for which the
instrument is named, these researchers identified the five broad dimensions – a variant
of the ‘Big Five’ factors. From the beginning, Cattell proposed a multilevel,
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hierarchical structure of personality: the second-order global measures describe


personality at a broader, conceptual level, while the more precise primary factors
reveal the fine details and nuances that make each person unique, and are more
powerful in predicting actual behavior. In addition, this factor-analytic structure
includes a set of third-order factors.

 USES AND APPLICATIONS :


Because of its strong scientific background, the 16PF Questionnaire is used in a wide
range of settings, including industrial/organizational, counseling and clinical, basic
research, educational, and medical settings. The instrument’s ability to provide
comprehensive, objective information in an efficient manner makes it a particularly
powerful tool for industrial/organization applications, such as employee selection,
promotion, development, coaching, or outplacement counseling.
The questionnaire is also widely used in career counseling settings. Although the
16PF Questionnaire is a measure of normal-range personality, it can be used in
counseling/clinical settings to provide an in-depth, integrated picture of the whole
person. Many experts have promoted the use of normal-range measures in clinical
settings. For example, 16PF dimensions have proven useful in efficiently developing
a comprehensive picture of the whole person (including strengths and weaknesses),
facilitating rapport and empathy, helping clients develop greater self-awareness,
identifying relevant adjustment issues, choosing appropriate therapeutic strategies,
and planning developmental goals. Information about questionnaire interpretation can
be found in numerous 16PF resource books. These include the test manuals, clinically
oriented interpretive books, resource books for I/O settings and comprehensive
interpretive guidebooks, plus computer-generated interpretive reports.

 16 primary traits:
1. Warmth
2. Reasoning
3. Emotional Stability
4. Dominance
5. Liveliness
6. Rule-Consciousness
7. Social Boldness
8. Sensitivity
9. Vigilance
10. Abstractedness
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11. Privateness
12. Apprehensiveness
13. Openness to Change
14. Self-Reliance
15. Perfectionism
16. Tension
Each form of 16 PFQ measures 16 dimensions of personality which are totally
independent, factorially.
Sixteen dimensions of personality are given hare-under:

Dimensions of Personality
Number Factor
Low sten score High sten score
description description

1. A Reserved - Out going

2. B Less Intelligent more intelligent

3. C Affected by feelings emotionally stable


4. E Humble Assertive
5. F Sober Happy-go-lucky
6. G Expedient conscientious
7. H Shy venture some
8. I Tough minded tender minded
9. L Trusting suspicious
10. M Practical imaginative
11. N forthright shrewd
12. O Placed apprehensive
13. Q1 Conservative experimenting
14. Q2 Group dependent self-sufficient
15. Q3 UN-Disciplined controlled
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16. Q4 Relaxed tense

 Principles and mechanism of scoring:


Each answer 0, 1, 2 points, expect the factor B answers, which scores 0 or 1. the score
of each item contributes to only one factor total. Test can be either machine score, or
hand scored with a set of scoring stencils.
As I use hand scoring therefore, only hand scoring method is given below:
 Hand scoring:
Hand scoring is accomplished by key, easily, rapidly and in a standard manner. The
answers appear as pencil marks in the boxes on the given answer sheet. Two
cardboard stencil scoring keys are used: one cover factor A, C, F, H, L, N, Q1, and Q3,
and other factors B, E, G, I, M, O, Q2, and Q4.
Simply fit stencil 1 over the answer sheet and count the marks visible through the
holes for factor A. Allowing either 2 or 1 as indicates by the number printed adjacent
to the hole. Sum those scores, and enter the total in the space indicated by the arrow
on the stencil for factor A, but note that factor B is peculiar in that each correct mark
visible in a hole given a score 1 only.
This provides you raw scores:
Following are the raw score of subject:

Raw scores:
FACTOR SCORE
A 8
B 8
C 15
E 15
F 17
G 14
H 18
I 12
L 9
8

M 16
N 12
O 12
Q1 9
Q2 7
Q3 7
Q4 20

 Converting raw scores into stens scores:


The meaning of the raw scores from any form or combinations of forms of the 16PF
depends, of course, upon the particular form used. Consequently, for these raw scores
can be evaluated or interpreted, they must be converted into a system which places the
examines score in relation to scores obtain by other people in some defined
population. The standardization tables convert raw scores to what are called stens, a
practice consistent with best modern usage, aiming at a good, but not unrealistically
refined degree of accuracy in expression of results.

STENS SCORE
Stens scores, the term comes from stander d ten are distributed our ten equal interval
standard scores points from 1 through 10, with the population average fixed at 5.5.
stens 5 and 6 extends, respectively, a half standard deviation below and above the
mean, consisting the solid center of the population, while the outer limits for stens 1
and 10 are two half’s standard deviations below and above the mean one would
normally consider stens scores of 4 through 7 to b average, since they fall within one
standard deviation of the population mean and therefore represent approximately two
thirds of all the obtain scores. Sten scores of 1,2,3 and 8,9,10 are generally consider to
be of greater importance for profile interpretation since they are more extreme and
occur for less frequently in a normal population.
Following are the stens score of subject:

FACROR SCORE
A 3
B 5
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C 5
E 7
F 5
G 6
H 7
I 4
L 6
M 7
N 7
O 8
Q1 6
Q2 4
Q3 3
Q4 8

 Grouped into 4 Global Factors:


1. Extroversion:
Social orientation; the desire to be around others and be noticed by
them; the energy invested in initiating and maintaining social
2. Anxiety:
Emotional adjustment; the types of emotions experienced and the
intensity of these.
3. Tough-poise:
The way a person processes information; the extent to which they will
solve problems at an objective, cognitive level or by using subjective
or personal considerations.
4. Independence:
The role a person assumes when interacting with others; the extent
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to which they are likely to influence or be influenced by the views of


other people.
Global factors Contributing primary factors
Extroversion vs introversion A:Warmth
F: Liveliness
H: Social Boldness
N: Privateness (-)
Q2: Self-Reliance (-)
Subdued vs Independence E: Dominance
H: Social Boldness
L: Vigilance
Q1: openness to chande
Tough-Mindedness vs tough-poise A: warmth
I: sensitive
M: Abstractedness
Q1:openness to change
Low Anxiety vs high anxiety C: emotional stability
L: vigilance
O: apprehension
Q4: tension

 Converting stens scores into 5 global factors:

0-5 (below 5.5) 5-10 (above 5.5)


introversion Extroversion
Low anxiety High anxiety
Tough minded Tough- poise
subdued independence
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*Due to unavailability of scoring sheet of global factor also called second-order score,
I am unable to determine global factor. Therefore this interpretation report will lack
the global factor measurement.

INTERPRETATION
Factor A:
On Factor A subject scores low which indicates the Reversed, detached, critical, cool,
impersonal type of personality.
Scores indicates that subject like things rather than people. She likes to work alone
and avoid compromises of view points. She is likely to be precise and rigid in her way
of doing things and in their personal standards.

Factor B:
On factor B subject scores low which indicates less intelligent, concrete thinking.
The results indicates that subject tends to be slow to learn and grasp, dull, given to
concrete and literal interpretation. This dullness may b simply a reflection of low
intelligence.

Factor C:
On factor C subject scores low which indicates affected by feelings, emotionally less
stable, easily upset, changeable personalty
Results shows that subject may be low in frustration and have tolerance for
unsatisfactory conditions. Low scores also indicates that subject have symptoms of
neurotics and some psychotic disorders.

Factor E:
On factor E subject score high which indicates assertive, aggressive, authoritative
personality.
Results shows that subject have an authoritarian type of personality. She may acts in
the way disregarding the authority.

Factor F:
On factor F subject scores low which indicates the sober, prudent, serious type of
personality.
Result shows that subject is sober and dependable person. Subject may show
permissiveness, and some time consider smug and primly correct by observer.

Factor G:
On factor G subject scores high which indicates conscientious, persevering, moralistic
and rule-bound type of personality.
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Results shows that subject is mainly dominated by the sense of duty and responsibility.
The subject is moralistic and prefer hard working.

Factor H:
On factor H subject scores high which indicates venturesome, socially bold and
uninhibited type of personality.
Result shows that subject is sociable and bold. She often ready to try more things and
abundant in emotional responses. On the other hand they may sometime careless in
details, ignore danger signals and consume much time talking.

Factor I:
On factor I subject scores low which indicates tough minded, self-reliant, realistic
type of personality.
Results shows that subject is independent and responsible person, but skeptical of
subjective, cultural elaboration. She tend to keep a group operating on a practical and
realistic basis.

Factor L:
On factor L subject score high which indicates suspicious, self-opinionated, hard to
fool and questioning type of personality.
Results shows that subject is often behave in mistrusting and doubtful way. She may
involve in their own egos and self-opinionated and interesting in internal mental life.
Usually she may be unconcerned about other people.

Factor M:
On factor M subject scores high which indicates imaginative, careless of practical
matters and absent-minded type of personality.
Results shows that subject is self-motivated, unconcerned over every day matters
imaginatively creative. Her individuality sometimes leads to be rejected in group
activity.

Factor N:
On factor N subjects scores high which indicates calculating, socially alert and
insightful personality.
Results shows that subject is polished and an experienced person. Her approach to
people and problems is often perceptive and efficient.

Factor O :
On factor O subject scores high which indicates apprehensive, self-reproaching, and
troubled type of personality.
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Results shows that subject have a strong sense of obligation and expects high from her
self. She often feel worry and anxious, and guilty over difficulties.

Factor Q1:
On factor Q1 subject scores high which indicates experimenting, liberal and
analytical type of personality.
Results shows that subject often interested in intellectual matters and she have doubts
on fundamental issues. Usually she is more well informed. She is open to
inconvenience and change.

Factor Q2:
On factor Q2 subject scores subject scores low which indicates group oriented type of
personality.
Results shows that subject prefer to work and make decisions with other people and
like to depend on social approval and admiration. She likes to go along with the group
and lacks in individual resolution.

Factor Q3:
On factor Q3 subject score low which indicates undisicilplined, careless of protocol
and self-conflict type of personality.
Results shows that she is impetuous and not overly considerate and careful. She may
feel maladjusted in many situations.

Factor Q4:
On factor Q4 subject scores high which indicates tense, frustrated, driven and restless
type of personality.
Results shows that subject is tense, restless, impatient and hard driving. She is often
feel fatigued but unable to remain inactive in group she take a poor view of the degree
of unity and leadership.

CONCLUSION

Through all factors interpretation we can conclude that subject is more introverted
than most. She is not socially participative and probably do not enjoys activities
involving others. Generally, Ms. Female prefers to lead an independent and
self-directed life. she may often assert control or try to persuade others to her point
of view. She is realistic and try to operate on that level. Also she has a frustrated
personality. Often show emotionally unstable responses. She may do no operate well
in groups because of her individuality.
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 SUMMARY STATISTICS:

Number of a-responses = 97 out of 187 52%


Number of b-responses = 18 out of 187 10%
Number of c-responses = 69 out of 170 38%
Number of missing responses = 0 out of 187 0%

REFERANCES

1. IPAT staff, Administrator’s manual for 16 pf, IPAT Publishers.


2. Cattell & Schuerger, Essentials of 16 PF assessment, john Wiley & sons.
3. Kaplan& Saccuzzo(2004),Essentials of psychological testing(6th), Wads worth
publishers.
4. Urbina, Psychological Testing,john Wiley&sons.

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