RETNO BUDIATI

P051190041

The molecular bases of plant resistance and defense

responses to aphid feeding: current status
C. Michael Smith* & Elena V. Boyko
Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-4004, USA

ABSTRACK
Plant genes participating in the recognition of aphid herbivory in concert with
plant genes involved in defense against herbivores mediate plant resistance to aphids.
Several such genes involved in plant disease and nematode resistance have been
characterized in detail, but their existence has only recently begun to be determined
for arthropod resistance. Hundreds of different genes are typically involved and the
disruption of plant cell wall tissues during aphid feeding has been shown to induce
defense responses in Arabidopsis, Triticum, Sorghum, and Nicotiana species. Mi-
1.2, a tomato gene for resistance to the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae
(Thomas), is a member of the nucleotidebinding site and leucine-rich region Class II
family of disease, nematode, and arthropod resistance genes. Recent studies into the
differential expression of Pto - and Pti1 -like kinase genes in wheat plants resistant
to the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), provide evidence of the
involvement of the Pto class of resistance genes in arthropod resistance. An analysis
of available data suggests that aphid feeding may trigger multiple signaling pathways
in plants. Early signaling includes gene-for-gene recognition and defense signaling
in aphid-resistant plants, and recognition of aphidinflicted cell damage in both
resistant and susceptible plants. Furthermore, signaling is mediated by several
compounds, including jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid,
giberellic acid, nitric oxide, and auxin. These signals lead to the development of
direct chemical defenses against aphids and general stress-related responses that are
well characterized for a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. In spite of major plant
taxonomic differences,similarities exist in the types of plant genes expressed in
response to feeding by different species of aphids. However, numerous differences
in plant signaling and defense responses unique to specific aphid plant interactions
have been identified and warrant further investigation.
ETHICS AS A FOUNDATION OF MANAGEMENT – A
VALUABLE RESOURCE OR A RELIC IN THE TIMES OF
CRISIS?
Joanna Hernik1Marcin Gębarowski21
Faculty of Economics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in SzczecinZołnierska str. 47, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland

ABSTRACK
Following rules of activity, resulting from ethical norms accepted in given
society, may be one of sources of a competitive advantage. Though, it can be
presumed that not everybody is aware of the necessity as well as of advantages
connected with activity running this way. In this aspect, the aim of the article to show
Polish businessmen attitude towards challenges lowing from handling business in
accord with ethics. All theoretical issues discussed herein pertain to the topic of
business ethics. Empirical data presented in this paper were gathered by the authors
during 410 interviews about ethics that were conducted with businessmen running
small and middle irms. The main intention was to determine if obeying ethic rules is
a real value for entrepreneurs. From obtained results the conclusion, that Polish
businessmen declare the importance of ethics in their activity, but in practice the bulk
of them does not remember any rules and does not recognize ethics as a footing of
business, can be draw out.