AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

VASUNDHARA, SECTOR-6

PHYSICS PROJECT

‘TO DESIGN AN APPROPRIATE LOGIC GATE

COMBINATION FOR A GIVEN TRUTH TABLE’

LOGIC GATES

BY
NAME :
CLASS :
ROLL NO.:
 INDEX

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Acknowledgement 1
2 Certificate 2
3 Aim 3
4 Apparatus 4
5 Theory & Principle 5
6 Construction 8
7 Combinations Of Gates 11
8 Bibliography 12
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

Mere words would not be able to express my gratitude and

thankfulness for the various people without whose involvement this
project could not have been completed successfully.

I would like to express my hearty gratitude to my teacher Mr.Vikram

Kasana as well as my principal Ms.Sunila Athley who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic – Logic
Gates, which also helped me in doing a lot of research about digital
signals, electronic devices and their realization.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents as well as my friends

who helped me so much in completing this project within the limited
time frame
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “To design an appropriate

logic gate combination for a given truth table” was completed by
“Mukul Jain”, student of class: XII- B, Amity International School,
Vasundhara Sector-6 under the guidance of Physics Teacher Mr.
Vikram Kasana and Lab Assistant, Mr. Pramod.

_____________
Mr.Vikram Kasana
Physics Teacher
 AIM

“To design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth

table”
 APPARATUS

A battery of 6V, two switches, torch bulb, connecting wires

 THEORY & PRINCIPLE
The signal in the form of continuous, time-varying voltage or current
is called a continuous or analogue signal. Whereas a binary number
has only 2 digits namely 0(say 0 V) and 1(say 5 V), in digital
electronics we use only these two levels of voltage. Such signals are
known as digital signal.

Analogue Signal

Digital Signal

A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical

relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a digital
circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as stop, it is called
a gate.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are
used in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage)
into another (output voltage) according to some logical statement
relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one output.
The relationship between the possible values of input and output
voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table or table of
combinations.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and
output possibilities for the logic gate.
Boolean algebra is based on the binary nature of logic gates.
Simple basic gates include – NOT Gate, AND Gate, OR Gate
Complex gates formed from their combinations include NAND Gate
and NOR Gate and various other gates such as XOR Gate and XNOR
Gate which are beyond the scope of study at the moment.

NOT Gate

It is the most basic gate with 1 input and 1 output. It produces an

inverted version of input as output and hence called an inverter
In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (-) is referred as the NOT. The
Boolean expression: A=Y, indicates Y equals NOT A.

OR Gate
It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The OR
gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic gate of OR gate
with A and B input and Y output is shown

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as the OR. The

Boolean expression: A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.
AND Gate
It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The
AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic gate of
AND gate with A and B input and Y output is shown:
In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign ( x )or( ) is referred as the
AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.
 CONSTRUCTION AND REALIZATION
OR Gate
An OR gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. Here the negative
terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and
the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present
case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C with respect
to earth. Here D1 and D2 are 2 p-n junction diodes.

The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of

electrical circuit is:
 If switch A & B are open lamp does not glow (A=0, B=0),
hence Y=0.
 If Switch A is open & B is closed then (A=0, B=1) lamp glows,
hence Y=1.
 If switch A is closed & B is open then (A=1, B=0) lamp glows,
hence Y=1.
 If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) lamp glows, hence
Y=1.
AND Gate
An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. The resistance R is
connected to the positive terminal of a 5V battery permanently. Here
the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C
with respect to earth. Here D1 and D2 are 2 p-n junction diodes.

The following interference can be easily drawn from the working of

electrical circuit is:
 If switch A & B are open lamp does not glow (A=0, B=0),
hence Y=0.
 If Switch A is open & B is closed then (A=0, B=1) lamp does
not glow, hence Y=1.
 If switch A is closed & B is open then (A=1, B=0) lamp does
not glow, hence Y=1.
 If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) lamp glows, hence
Y=1.
NOT Gate
A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of n- p-n
transistor as shown in the figure.
The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A through a
resistance R b and the emitter E is earthed. The collector is connected
to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage at C with respect to earth.

The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of

the electrical circuit:
If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lamp glows, hence Y=1.
If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lamp does not glow, hence Y=0.
 COMBINATION OF GATES
NOR Gate

It has 2 or more inputs and 1 output. It is simply a NOT operation

applied to OR gate giving NOT-OR gate or NOR Gate. It is
considered to be a universal gate because one can obtain all the gates
like AND, OR, NOT by using only NOR gate.

NAND Gate

It has 2 or more inputs and 1 output. It is simply a NOT operation

applied to AND gate giving NOT-AND gate or NAND Gate. It is
considered to be a universal gate because one can obtain all the gates
like AND, OR, NOT by using only NAND gate.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
I would like to acknowledge the following sources through which I
obtained vital information which contributed in the completion of this
project:
 Kupdf.net
 Wikipedia.org
 Physics NCERT Class XII
 Comprehensive Practical Physics