EM.ES.

13 Electrical Fundamentals ‫ مختبر االسس الكهربائية‬31

Lab.

Experiment N0.(1)

Ohm`s Law in Linear Resistance

1-1) Object:-
Ohm's law confirmation.
1-2) Apparatus:-
D.C. power supply, Voltmeter, ammeter, ohmmeter, wires and connection
board.
1-3) Theory:-
In {1826A.D}, the scientist George Ohm discovered the relationship of the
voltage, current and resistance of the electrical circuit. Ohm's law states that
the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistance to the current flowing
through that resistance is constant. This ratio is equal to the value of the
resistance.
Writing this as formula

= a constant = Resistance Current

Or in symbols

=R
Where R is the resistance of the material Note that if E is in volts and I in
amperes, then R is in ohms. It will be seen that this formula relates current,
Voltage and resistance, so that if two of these quantities are known the third
may be calculated by suitably rearranging the formula in the following ways:
….. (1)

…..(2)
 ….(3)

Resistance & Conductance:-

Different materials may be compared as conductors by measuring the
resistance of samples of the materials of the same size and shape The
resistance {in ohm} of conducting material of one centimeter in length and
one square centimeter in cross-sectional area is called the specific resistance
or resistivity of the material. Specific resistance is quoted as {x} ohms per
centimeters cube or more simply as {x} ohm-cm. If the specific resistance of
a material is known, the actual resistance of a piece of wire made from that
material can be calculated since the resistance of a wire increases
proportionally with its length & inversely with its cross section area. If the
length of a wire is 1 cm, its cross-sectional area a sq.cm, & its specific
resistance ρ ohm-cm, its actual resistance will be given by the formula
R=ρ ohms .................... (4)
Approximate specific resistance of typical conductors used in radio
equipment is given in table (1). At radio frequencies the resistance of a wire
may be very much greater than its direct-current value because radio-
frequency currents only travel along the Surface shell of the wire & not
through the whole body as in the case of direct current. This is called the
skin effect.
The reciprocal of the resistance is the conductance. The unit of the
conductance is the mho &conductance is usually denoted in formulae by the
symbol G.
The relation between resistance & conductance is therefore:-
G = 1/ R Or conversely R = 1/G

Thus for example a resistance of 10 Ω has a conductance of 0.1Ω-1

Table (1)

Silver 1.6×10-6 ohm-cm

Copper 1.7×10-6 =

Aluminum 3×10-6 =

Brass 7×10-6=

Iron 12×10-6 =

Linear resistance:-

Most resistors encountered in electronic circuits are linear, that is their

resistance is constant & so obeys the law

v = Ri

Where v and i are potential difference and current as illustrated in figure (1)

Figure
(1)

Resistance in series & parallel:-

Resistances may be joined in series or parallel to obtain some special desired

value of resistance.

When in series, resistance are connected as shown in figure (2) and the total
resistance of the resistors is equal to the sum of the separated resistances
 R=R1 + R2+R3+etc

Figure (2)

The parallel connection is shown in figure (3) and with this arrangement the
reciprocal of the total resistance is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of the
separate resistances.

1/R=1/R1 +1/R2+1/R3+etc

Figure (3)

If R is the total resistance, these formulae can be written as follows Series

connection

R = R+ R2 + R + etc

Parallel connection

Considering the case of only two resistor in parallel

Which by inverting gives:-

This is a useful formula, since with it the value of two resistors in parallel
can easily be calculated without the use of reciprocals.

Electrical power:-

When a current of electricity flows through a resistance, the resistance gets

hot & electrical energy is turned into heat. The actual rise in temperature
depends on the amount of power dissipated in the resistance & the shape &
size of the resistance. Sometimes the power dissipated is so small that the
temperature rise is not very noticeable, but nevertheless whenever an electric
current flow through a resistance power is dissipated therein. The unit of
electrical power is the watt, usually denoted in formulae by the symbol (W).
The amount of electrical power dissipated in a resistance is equal to the
product of the voltage across the resistance & current flowing through the
resistance. Thus
Power (watts) =voltage (volts) x current (amperes) W = E x I
Since from ohm's law

E=IXR

And I= E/R

The formula for the power dissipated in a resistance may also be written in
tow farther:-

W = E2/ R

W= I2 R
1-4) Procedure:-
1- Connect the circuit shown in figure (4).
2- Connect a jumper wire across the diode.
3- Vary the D.C power supply from (0 volt) to (10 volts).
4- Record the ammeter reading for each voltage setting.
5- Measure the resistance of R by the ohmmeter (what is the best measuring
range of the ohmmeter must be used and explain why?).

1-5) Results & Discussion:-

1- Plot Voltage setting as abscissa (X-axis) against the corresponding values
of the current as ordinates (y-axis), a straight line through the origin will be
obtained.
2-From the graph calculate the slope of the straight line, what is this slope
represents?
3-Compare the value of the resistance obtained from the graph with the
measured value of the resistance.
4-Discuss the reasons of the difference between the actual value of
theresistance & the calculated value from the graph.
 5.5

I (mA)
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
V (volt)

- Resulls & Discussion :-

1- Plot voltage setting as abscissa ( x-axis ) against the corresponding values

of the current as ordinates ( x-axis ) , a straight line thrugh the origin will be
obtained .

2- Form the graph calculate the slope of the straight line , what is thes slop
represents ?

Slop = ΔI / ΔV = Y2 – Y1 / X2 – X1 = 96.6 – 48.3 / 10 -5 = 48.3 / 5 = 9.66

3- Compare the value of the resistance obtained from graph with the
measured value of the resistance .

The value of the resistance obtained from the graph is smaller from the
value of the resistance .

4- Discuss the reasons of the diff erence between the actual value of the
resistance & the calculator value from the graph .
The reasons of difference between the actual value of the resistance and
the calculated value from the graph because difference between the values
of voltage and current between them .

--------------------------------------------------------

Thus

Power ( watts ) = Voltage ( volts ) x current ( amperes )

W=ExI

Since from ohm's law

E=IxR

And

I=E/R

The formula for the power dissipated in a resistance may also be written in
tow farther :-

W = E2 / R

W = I2 / R
 Experiment No. (2)

KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
OBJECT
Kirchoff's current &voltage laws confirmation.
APPARATUS
D.C power supply, measurement instrument (voltmeter & ammeter), wires
& Connection board.

THEORY

Kirchoff'S current law (kcl)

This law States:-
In any branching network of wire the algebraic Sun of the current in a the
wires that meet in any point (node) is zero.
Or mathematically

Where

in is the curent entering or leaving the node.

N is the No. of nodes.
In its matheratical expression, this law assumes that all currents are of the
same polarity, whether entering or leaving the node, i.e. using either the
conventional or electron concept of flow consistently. If the assumption is
that a current entering the node is positive as shown in figure (1), then a
current leaving the node will have a negative sign as shown in figure (2)
 i1+i2 +i3+i4+i5=0 i1+i2 +i3+i4+i5=0

Figure (1) Figure (2)

It is simpler to state which currents are entering the node & which are -
leaving, & then equate those entering with those leaving as shown in figure
(3)

i1 + i2 = i3+i4 +i5

Figure (3)

As an example, figure (6) show's that the nodes are assigned by the letters a,
b, c & d, the branches are assigned by the numbers 1, 2,3,4,5 & 6.
SOapplying Kirchhoff's current law to the nodes

Node (a) i1 – i2 – i3 = 0

Node (b) i3 + i4 – i5 = 0
Node (c) - i1 – i4 – i6 = 0

Node (d) i2 + i5 + i6 = 0

Where the current entering the node is positive & the current leaving
the node is negative.
Kirchoff'S voltage law (kvl)
This law States:-
The algebraic sum of all the voltage drops around a circuit (loop) is equal to
the algebraic sum of the e.m.f's.
In mathematical

Where Vn is voltages around a loop

N is No. of voltage drops
(KCl) treats the currents entering & leaving nodes, whereas the (kvl) treats
the Voltages between nodes. If the voltage drops &e.m.f's are added, the
sum will equal zero.
The first law merely says that all current must be continuous & cannot
accumulate at a node, the second law means that as you progress around a
circuit node by node, you eventually return to the starting point.
As with the first law, you can assume that the current flows in either r
direction, whichever seems more convenient. Then all voltage drops due to
this current are taken as positive Likewise, a source of e.m.f that aids this
current direction is considered positive, but any that opposes it is considered
negative.
Figure (4.)& (5) explain (kvl).
V1+V2+V3+V4+V5=0 V1+V2+V3= V4

Figure (4) Figure (5)

Returning to the same example shown in figure (6) & applying (kvl) to the
selected loops are as follow

Loop (1) –V4-V5+V6= E

Loop (2) V1+V2-V4-V5=0

 Figure (7)

Procedure
1- Connect the circuit shown in Figure (7) & set the D.C power supply
voltage to (10volts).
2- Measure the current entering and leaving nodes (a) & (b).
3- Measure the voltage drops across the resistance of the circuit.
Results and Discussion
1- Enter the results obtained from step (2) & (3) of the procedure in a table
and apply kcl & kvl.
2- Calculate the current & voltage of the circuit in Figure (7) by applying
ohm's law.
3- In applying kcl, suppose that an error is made in the assumption of
direction of current, what is the result will be?.
I1 = 6.5 mA

I2 = 2.8 mA

I3 = 3.69 mA

I1 = I2 + I3 = 2.8 + 3.69 = 6.49 Ma

6.5 = 6.49

VR1 = 6.6v

VR2 = 0.16v

VR3 = 2.09v

VR4 = 1.48v

VR5 = 0.29v

VR6 = 1.63v

Loop1

E = VR1 + VR3 = VR4

10 = 6.6 + 2.09 + 1.48

10 = 10.17v

Loop2

VR3 = VR2 + VR6 + VR5

2.09 = 0.16 + 1.63 + 0.29

2.09 = 2.08v

Result a Discussion

Sol :-

RA = R3 // RA

RT = R1 + R3 + R4

= 560 + 192.5 + 330

= 1082.5Ω

IT = I1 = I4 = 9.23 mA

V1 = I1 . R1 = 9.23 x 560

= 5.168v.

LOOP 1 :-
 E – VR1 – VR3 – VR4 = 0

10 – 5.168 – 3.045 = VR3

VR3 = 1.787v.

* I2 = I1 – I3

= 9.23 mA – 8.12 mA

= 1.11 mA

L00P 2 :-

V2 = I2 – R2

= 1.11 * 68.

= 0.0754v

VR6 = 1.11 * 1000 = 1.11v

VR5 = 1.11 * 470 = 0.5217v

VR1 = 5.168

VR2 = 0.0754v

RV3 = 1.767v

VR4 = 3.045v

VR5 = 0.5217v

VR6 = 1.11v
I1 = 9.23 mA

I2 = 1.11 mA

I3 = 8.12 mA

When applying the law KCL When assuming the direction of currents -1
If the assumption that the current Wrong Leads to an error in the
results That we get, because KCL = ( I in = I out ) The incoming
currents are equal to the outside currents And any change in the
direction of a current Leads to an error in all .

Experiment No. (3)

Delta/Star Transformation & vice versa

OBJECT
Confirmation of Delta /star transformation & vice versa
APPARATUS
Connection board, ammeter, voltmeter, ohmmeter, D.C., power supply &
wires
THEORY
In solving networks (having considerable number of branches) by the
application of kirchhoff's laws, one sometimes experiences great difficulty
due to a large number of simultaneous equations that have to be solved.
However, such complicated networks can be simplified by Successively
replacing delta meshes by equivalent star system & vice versa.

DELTA/START TRANSFORMATION
Suppose we are given three resistances Ra, Rb& Rc connected in delta
fashion between terminals 1,2& 3 as in figure (1a). So far as the respective
terminals are connected, these three resistances can be replaced by three
resistances R1, R2& R3 connected in star as in figure (1b).

Figure (1)

These two arrangements will be electrically equivalent if the resistance as

measured between any pair of terminals is the same in both arrangements.
Let us find this condition.
First, take delta connection: between terminals 1&2, there are two parallel
paths, One having a resistance of Ra& other having a resistance of (Rb+Rc)
Resistance between terminals 1 & 2 is

=
Now take Star connection: the resistance between the same terminals l & 2 is
(R1 + R2). As terminal resistances have to be the same

R1+R2 = …… (1)

Similarly, for terminals 2 & 3 & terminals 3 & 1 we get

R2+R3 = …… (2)

R3+R1 = …… (3)

Now subtracting (2) from (1) and adding the results to (1), we get
R1 =

R2 =

R3 =

HOW TO REMEMBER?
It is seen from above that each numerator is the product of the two sides of
the delta which meet at the point in star. Hence it should be remembered that
: resistance of each arm of the star is given by the product of the resistance
of the two delta sides that meet at its ends divided by the sum of the three
delta resistance.
STAR/DELTA T TRANSFORMATION
This transformation can be easily done by using equation (1), (2) & (3)
given above.
Multiplying (1) & (2), (2) & (3), (3) & (1) & adding them together & then
simplifying them we get

Ra =

Rb =

Rc =

HOW TO REMEMBER?
The equivalent delta resistance between any two terminals is given by the
sum of star resistances between those terminals plus the product of thesetwo
star resistances divided by the third star resistance.
PROCEDURE
1- Connect the circuit shown in figure (2), measure the current of each
branch & the voltage across ac, bc& ab.
2- Disconnect the d.c power Supplies & measure the resistances Rab,
Rac,Rbc.
3-Calculate the equivalent resistance R1, R2 &R3.
4- Connect the circuit shown in figure (3) & repeat step 1 & 2.
5- Calculate the equivalent resistances Ra, Rb &Rc.

Figure (2)

Figure (3)
Delta
Ia=19.5 m A
Ib=18.6 m A
Ic=1.05 m A
VRab =14.9 V
VRac=5.06 V
VRbc=9.9 V
Star
Ia=19.5 m A
Ib=18.5 m A
Ic=1.03 m A
VRab=15.1 V
VRac=5.1 V
VRbc=9.9 V
Discussion :
From Delta to star
From star to delta

Experiment No.(4)

Thevenin's Theorem
3-1) Object: -
Confirmation of Thevenin's Theorem
3-2) Apparatus:
- D.C power supply, A.C voltage source, voltmeter, connection board, &
wires.
3-3) Theory:-
Thevenin's Theorem states the following:-
Any two-terminal linear bilateral network can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a voltage source & a series resistor (or impedance in the
case of a.c circuit) as shown in figure (1).
 Figure (1)

In figure (2) it is shown that the network between terminals a & b can be
replaced by one resistor of 10 Ω & a single battery of 8V as shown in the
adjoining figure.

In most cases there will be other elements connected to the right of terminals
a & b as shown in figure (3)
Figure (3) Figure (4)

To apply Thevenin's Theorem, the load resistance RL must be isolated as

shown in figure (4) the potential difference across points a & b can be easily
calculated & let it be (Vth), the resistance of the network as viewed back or
looked into the circuit from points a to b is :-

Rth =

Hence, looking back into the network from points a & b, the whole network
can be replaced by a single source of e.m.f (Vth) having an internal resistance
of Rth, hence if the load resistance (RL) is connected across a & b as shown
in figure (5) the current through it will be

Figure (5)
The following sequence of steps will lead to the proper value of Rth& Vth.
1-Remove that portion of the network across which the Thevenin equivalent
circuit is to be found.
2-Mark the terminals of the remaining two terminals network.
3-Calculate Rih by first setting all sources to zero (voltage sources are
replaced by short circuit & current sources by open circuits) & then finding
the resultant resistance between the two marked terminals. (If the internal
resistance of the voltage &/or current sources is included in the original
circuit, it must remain when the sources are set to zero).
4-Calculate Vth by first returning all sources to their original position &
finding the open-circuit voltage between the marked terminals.
5-Draw the Thevenin-equivalent circuit with portion of the circuit previously
removed replaced between the terminals of the equivalent circuit.
3-4) Procedure:-
1-Connected the circuit shown in figure (6)
2-Measure the Voltage across points a & b.

Figure (6)

3-Remove the resistance R & measure the voltage across points a & b (Vth)
as shown in figure (7).
4-Remove the power supply E & replace it by a short circuit as shown in
figure (8).
5-Measure the resistance of the circuit between a & b (Rth) by the ohmmeter.
Figure (8) Figure (7)

6-Connect the circuit shown in figure (9) & measure the voltage across a &
b (Vab)

7-Replace the d.c power supply by an are voltage source & repeat steps 1 to
6.

Figure (9)

3-5) Discussion:-

1- Is there any difference between the Voltage (Vab) measured in step (2) &
voltage (Vab) measured in step (6), why?

2- Calculate Vth, Rth&Vab& compare then with the results obtained from the
experiment.

* To find :- Discussion :
Eth = 5*

Eth = 2V
Rth = R1 ∕∕ (R2+R3)
Rth =

Rth = 798.79 Ω

I=

I= =1.11mA

Vab = I x R2 = 1.11 x 1 = 1.11v

Experiment No .(5)

Superposition Theorem
7-1) Object:
Superposition theorem confirmation.
7-2)Apparatus:-
D.C power supply, A.C signal generator, multimeter, wires & connection
board.
7-3)Theory:-
According to this theorem, if there are a number of e.m.f acting
simultaneously in any linear bilateral network, then each e.m.facts
independently of the others i.e. as if the other e.m.f’s did not exist. The value
of current in any conductor is the currents due to each e.m.f similarly,
voltage across any conductor is the algebraic sum of the voltages which each
e.m.f would have produced while acting singly. In other words current in or
voltage across any conductor of the network is obtained by superposition the
currents & voltages due to each em.f in the network.
In figure (1-a) shown I1, I2, I represents the values of currents which are due
to the simultaneous action of the two source of e.m.f in the network. In
figure (1-b) are shown the currents which would have been obtained if left-
hand side battery had acted alone. similarly, figure (1-c) represents
conditions obtained when right-hand side battery acts alone. By combining
the current values of figure (1-b) & figure (1-c), the actual values of figure
(1-a) are obtained obviously
I1=I'1-I"2

I2=I"2-I'2

I=I'+I"

(a)

(b)
 (c)

Fig. (1)

7-4) Procedure:-
1-connect the circuit shown in figure (2).
2-set the D.C power supply V1 & V2 to 10 volts respectively.
3-measure the voltage across the branch ab & the current through this branch
(I).
4-disconnect V1 & replace it by a short circuit.
5-measure the voltage across ab (V) & current through this branch (I').
6-connect V1, disconnect V2 & replace it by a short circuit.
7-measure the voltage across ab (V)& current through this branch (I").
8-replace V1 & V2 by a.c. voltage source & repeat steps 2 to 7.

Figure (2)
7-5) Discussion:-
1-calculate the voltages (V',V") & current (I',I") from step 5 & step 7 of the
procedure.
2-compare the results with that obtained from step 3 of the procedure.
3-calculate V & I theoretically & compare the results with that measured in
step 3 of the procedure.
4-discussion the results obtained from step 8 of the procedure, state if the
superposition theory is applied or not when the D.C power supplies are
replaced by a.c. voltage sources.
Super Positiou
V ab = 5.97 v
I ab = 1 ma
V ab᷆ = 3.42 v
I ab᷆ = 0.56 ma
V ab᷆᷆ = 2.5 v
I ab᷆᷆ = 0.42 ma
V ab = vab᷆ + vab᷆᷆
= 3.42 + 2.57
= 5.99 v
I ab = I ab᷆ + I ab᷆᷆
= 0.56 + 0.42
= 0.98 ma
* Discussion :-
RT = R1 // R3 + R2
 =

I`1

I`ab = 2.2 x = 0.55mA

V`ab = 0.55 x 6 = 3.3v

I᷆᷆1 =

I``ab = 1.2 x = 0.4mA

V``ab = 0.4 x 6 = 2.4v

Iab = I`ab + I``ab = 0.55 + 0.4 = 0.95mA

Vab = V`ab + V``ab = 3.3 + 2.4 = 5.7v

Experiment No. (6)

Frequency & phase measurement using oscilloscope

9-1) object:-
a-to measure the frequency of unknown sine wave signal by using
another sine wave signal.
b- to measure the phase relation between two sine wave signals of the
same frequency.
9-2) Apparatus:-
1-cathode ray oscilloscope.
2-two frequency generator.
3-capacitance box.
4-resistance box.

9-3) Theory:-
a-two sine wave voltage are in harmonic relationship, the first Wave of a
known frequency is employed to X-channel of the oscilloscope to produce a
horizontal deflection of the scope spot, while the vertical deflection of the
spot can be obtained by applying the second wave to the Y-channel. the
result pattern is called "Lissajous Figure", as shown in figure (1).
Now to obtain the unknown sine wave frequency, the following steps will to
be followed:
1-obtaining the Lissajous Figure on the oscilloscope.
2-calculate the number of times the figures tangent the vertical axis (i.e T V)
& number of times the figures tangent the horizontal axis (TH). See figure
(1).
3-then the ratio of the vertical frequency (FV) to the horizontal frequency
(FH) is equal top the ratio of TH& TV.
i.e. because of:F=1/T
then: FV/FH= TH/TV

b-a cathode ray oscilloscope is commonly used to determine the phase

difference ( ) between two sine wave voltages of the same frequency. If one
of the input applied to the horizontal deflection electrode (X- channel), while
the other one is applied to the Y-channel, an elliptical pattern is resulted &
as shown in figure (2). the results figure is dependent on the amplitude & the
phase difference between the two applied sine waves.
Now: If the first sine wave voltage that applied to X-channel is equal to:
Vx = V1
While the other one is equal to :
Vv= V2

If

Then:

Vv=V2

From Figure (2)

B= n * V2

A= n * V2

Where :

nis the sensitivity in the deflection of Y-direction.

Therefore:

A/B =

Or:
 Figure (2)

Elliptical pattern of two sinwave Voltages

Note:
For the previous two cases, the oscilloscope operates in X-Y mode. Now, if
it is required to find the phase shift between the same two sine wave
voltages but the oscilloscope in the base-time mode then the phase
difference will equal to:
=t/T * 360
Where:
t: is time shift between the two voltages, as shown in figure (3).
T: is the period of the first sine wave voltage.

Figure (3)
9-4) Procedure:

A:
1-connect the frequency generator to the X-channel of the oscilloscope& set
the first sine wave frequency to 50 HZ.
2- connect the second frequency generator to the Y-channel of the
oscilloscope & set the second sine wave frequency to 25 HZ then to 50HZ.
Record the value of TH& TV of the two cases in table (1). 3-vary the
oscilloscope frequency to get a clear Lissajous Figure of
TH / TV=2/1.3/1.4/1 if the horizontal frequency is 50 HZ. Record the
frequency (FV)of each case in table (1).
FV (HZ) FH (HZ) TH TV TH/TV FV/FH

25 50 0.5

50 50 1

50 2 1 2

50 3 1 3

50 4 1 1

B:
1-connect the circuit as shown in figure (4)
2-set frequency of the sine wave signal from the frequency generator to 2
kHZ. Record the values of A, B & phase difference ( ) in table (2).
3-repeat step (2) for F=k HZ,C=0.2 f& R=133 .
 Figure (4)

4-4) Procedure:-
1-connect the circuit as shown in figure(3).
2-vary RL resistance as shown in table (1), measured IL& VL in each step.
Record your results in the second & third column of table (1).
3-disconnect RL, then measure the short circuit current (Isc) between A & B
terminals.
4-calculate RN theatrically & connect Norton equivalent circuit as shown in
figure (4) make sure that the constant current source is remains constant in
each step of varying RL by means of varying the D.C power Supply.
5-repeat step (2) & record your results in the fourth & fifth column of table
(1).

Figure (3)
 Figure (4)

RL (Ω) Figure (3) Figure (4) TH/TV

500 IL (mA) VL (V) IL (mA) VL (V)

600

700

800

Table (1) practical results

RL (Ω) Figure (3) Figure (4) TH/TV

500 IL (mA) V (V) IL (mA) VL (V)

600

700

800

Table (2) theoretical results

4-5) Calculation& discussion:-
1-calculate IL& VL theoretically from figure (3) &figure(4), then record your
results in table (2).
2-compare briefly between the practical & theoretical results.3-find the
voltage between the open terminals A & B for the network shown in figure
(5) using Norton theorem.& the value of RL, is one half the value of RN, then
the current through RL.

Figure (5)

F (Khz) A B
2
6
Table (2) practical results

9-5) Caculation & Discussion:-

1-calculate theoretically the vertical frequency for each ratio of TH / TV in
part A step (3).compare them with the practical results.
2- calculate theoretically the phase angle ( ) for each case in part
B.compare them with the practical results.
3-for the case in part B when (F=6kHZ,C=0.2 f & R=133 Ω, design a
network to get a zero phase angle on the oscilloscope, then draw & record
the values of this network.
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‫‪5-‬‬

‫‪6-‬‬

‫‪7-‬‬

‫‪8-‬‬

‫‪9-‬‬

‫‪10-‬‬

‫‪V=1‬‬ ‫النتائج‬
F T
------------------------------------------
100 3.5 * 2 M / S

200 3.4 * 1 M / S

300 2.4 * 1 M / S

400 3.4 * 1 / 2 M / S

500 2.6 * 1 / 2 M / S

600 2.2 * 1 / 2 M / S

700 2.1 * 1 / 2 M / S

800 1.8 * 1 / 2 M / S

900 1.6 * 1 / 2 M / S

1000 2.1 * 1 / 2 M / S