The Internet

The Internet and | Internet ( also called the Net), is a

World Wide Web worldwide collection of networks that
links billions of diverse users
| One billion users around the world
Lecture 3 access a variety of services over on the
Internet
z World wide web, e-mail, newsgroups,
instant messaging, internet telephony

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History
History
|Networking project of Pentagon's Advanced | Who controls the Internet?
Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
z No one – it’s a public, cooperative and independent
Goal network
z Allow scientists at different physical locations z Several organization that set standards
to share information and work together on
military and scientific projects
World Wide Web Internet2 (I2)
z To function even if part of network were
disabled and destroyed by disasters Consortium (W3C) ƒ Internet-related research
| ARPANET Started functioning September ƒ Oversees research, sets and development project
1969, consisted of 4 computers, acting as standards and guidelines ƒ Develops and tests
host node ƒ Tim Berners-Lee, advanced Internet
| Now: more than 1 billion host nodes director technologies

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How Internet Works How Internet Works

| Connecting to Internet | Access Provider

z Computers are usually part of the network that
connects to an Internet access provider through high
speed connection
z Dial-up access, modem uses a standard telephone
line to connect to the internet
z DSL (digital subscriber line), uses regular copper
telephone lines
z Cable Modem, uses cable television network
z Fixed Wireless, uses dish-shaped antenna to
communicate via radio signals
z Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity), uses radio signals
z Satellite modem, uses satellite dish to provide high
speed connection via satellite
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z Access provider is a business that provides
individuals and companies access to internet for free
or a fee.
z ISP (internet service provider) is a regional or national
access provider
z OSP (online service provider)
z Wireless Internet Service provider (WISP) is a
company that provides wireless Internet access to
computers and mobile devices.
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How Internet Works How Internet Works

| Data Travel z Internet backbone is the physical network

(usually relying on fiber optic cable) that
z On the internet, your computer is the client
carries Internet traffic between different
that can access data, information and
networks and is measured in megabits per
services from a variety of servers
second.
z Internet backbone – major carriers of
internet traffic
z In addition to backbone, the internet
encompasses an intricate collection of
regional and local communication links
(telephone lines, cable television lines etc)

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 How Internet Works How Internet Works
| Internet Address
z IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a number
How data that uniquely identifies a computer or device
travels the connected to Internet
Internet via
z Four groups of numbers (0-255)
the Cable
Modem z Domain name is a text version of IP address
connection.

z International web sites outside USA, use a two letter

country code, like ‘pk’ for Pakistan.

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How Internet Works The World Wide Web

| World Wide Web is actually a service of the
Internet, developed in late 1990s
| Consists of a worldwide collection of electronic
documents, each document called a Web page
| Collection of web pages and items associated
with it constitute Web site
| Web server is a computer that delivers
requested Web pages to your computer

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The World Wide Web The World Wide Web
| Web Browser | Web Address
z Application software that allows users to access and z a unique address of the Web page, also called a URL
view Web pages. (Uniform Resource Locator)
z Examples: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Google z a Web browser retrieves a web page using its Web
Chrome, Safari address
z Home page refers to the first page that a Web site z Many addresses begin with HTTP – Hypertext Transfer
displays Protocol
z Mobile devices have use a special browser, z HTTP is a set of rules that defines how pages transfer
microbrowser, designed for small screen over the internet
z http://www.us-parks.com/grand_canyon/scenic_vistas.html
z Downloading is the process of a computer receiving
information, such as a Web page from the server on protocol Domain path Web page
the Internet.
name name
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Using the WWW Using the WWW

| Search Engine | Subject Directory

z It is a program that finds Web sites, Web
pages, images, videos, news and other
information
z The word or phrase entered for defining your
search is called a Search text or Keyword
z The results of the search are known as hits.
z It classifies Web pages in an organized set
of categories, such as sports or shopping,
and related sub categories
z The link is located by clicking through
different levels in the directory, moving from
the general to the specific.

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Types of Web Sites E-commerce
| Portal | Electronic commerce
| News | M-commerce – e-commerce that takes place via mobile
| Informational devices
| Business/Marketing | Business transaction that occurs over the Internet
| Educational
| Entertainment Business to consumer (B2C)
| Advocacy Sale of goods to general public
| Blog
| Wiki Consumer to consumer (C2C)
| Online Social Networks One consumer sells directly to another
| Content Aggregator
| Personal Business to business (B2B)
Business providing goods and
services to other businesses

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Other Internet Services E-mail

| Electronic mail is the transmission of messages and files via
| E-mail a computer network
| File Transfer Protocol | A primary communication method
| An e-mail address is a combination of user-name and domain
| Newsgroups name that identifies a user.

| Chat rooms

| Instant Messaging

| Internet Telephony

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 How E-mail Message
Other Services
Travels
Step 1.
Using e-mail | FTP
software, you
create and send z File Transfer Protocol is an Internet standard that
message
permits file uploading and downloading with
other computers on the Internet
Step 2. z FTP server is a computer that allows users to
Your software
contacts Step 4. upload/download files using FTP.
software on your When recipient uses
ISP’s outgoing e-mail software to check
mail server for e-mail messages, the
message transfers from
incoming mail server to
recipient’s computer
Step 3.
Software on outgoing mail server
determines best route for data and sends
message, which travels along Internet
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Other services Other services

| Newsgroup | Mailing Lists

z Online Area where users discuss a particular subject, z Group of e-mail addresses given a single name
like news, recreation, society, science and computers z Everyone on the list receives the message
etc z You subscribe to join the mailing list and unsubscribe
z Participation typical requires a program called to un-join
newsreader
| Chat
| Message board z Real-time typed conversation
z Web-based type of a discussion group z Chat room is located on an Internet server that
z Doesn’t require a newsreader permits users to chat
z Easier to use

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Other Services Netiquette

| Instant Messaging (IM) | Code of acceptable behaviors users

z A real-time Internet communications service that should follow while on the Internet
notifies you when one or more people are online and
allows you to exchange messages and files | Golden Rule: Treat others as you
| Internet Telephony like them to treat you.
z Enable users to speak to speak to one another over
the Internet
z Requires a high-speed internet connection

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