Continuity and Bernoulli Equation

Lecture 12
Tube of Flow
• Tube of flow is an
imaginary tube whose
boundary consists of
streamlines

• The volume flow rate must

be the same for all cross
sections of the tube of
flow

2
 Continuity Equation

O Dimensional
One Di i l
A stream tube is a tubular surface g
generated byy a group
g p
of stream lines

For the shown stream tube:

Input
p volume – Outputp volume = ± storage
g
Continuity Equation (cont.)
Continuity Equation (cont.)
Assuming that there is no storage inside
Input volume = Output volume

A1 ds1 = A2 ds2
ρ A1ds1 = ρ A2 ds2
no change inside the tube ( steady condition )
ds1 ds2
ρ A1 = ρ A2
dt dt
ρ A1V1 = ρ A2V2
Continuity Equation (cont.)
ρ is the same for incompressible
p fluid

A1V1⊥ = A2V2⊥ = constant

=Q ( discharge )
Flow Rate & Mean Velocityy
„ Flow rate is quantity of fluid flowing per
unit time across any section
„ Usually expressed as either:
„ volume flow rate or discharge (Q )
„ SI units m3/s, BG units ft3/sec
„ mass flow rate ( m
&)
„ SI units kg/s,
kg/s BG units slugs/sec
„ ∴
Q& = AV , and m& = ρ AV = ρ Q&
 Continuityy Equation
q
Example 1
„ Gas flows at a steady rate in a pipeline which increases
diameter from 150 mm to 200 mm. The upstream gas
density
de s y = 1.75
5 kg/m
g/ 3 a
and
d itss velocity
e o y = 188 m/s,
/s, de
decreasing
eas g
to 12 m/s downstream. Calculate the gas density in the 200
mm pipe section.
Solution
A1 = π x 0.152 / 4 = 0.0177 m2, A2 = π x 0.22 / 4 = 0.0314 m2
Continuity: ρ2 = ρ1 A1 V1 / (A2 V2)
= 1.75
1 75 x 0.0177
0 0177 x 18 / (0.0314
(0 0314 x 12)
= 1.48 kg/m3
 Continuity Equation
Example 2
„ Benzene (SG = 0.879) flows through a 100 mm
diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 3 m/s.
„ Find the volume and mass flow rates.
Solution
Q = AV = (π x 0.12 / 4) x 3 = 0.0236 m3/s
= 23.6
23 6 L/s = 1416 L/min
m& = ρ Q& = 0.879 x 1000 x 0.0236 = 20.7 kg/s
General Continuity Equation
„ For steady compressible 3-D flow:
∂ρ ∂ ( ρ u ) ∂ ( ρ v) ∂ ( ρ w)
+ + + =0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
„ F iincompressible
For ibl 3-D
3 D fl
flow:
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
„ For incompressible 2
2-D
D&1
1-D
D flows:
∂u ∂v ∂u
+ =0 and =0
∂x ∂y ∂x
General Continuity Equation
Examples
„ Which of the following velocity fields
satisfies conservation of mass (continuity)
for incompressible 2-D
2 D flow?
„ (a) u = x, v = y
„ (b) u = y, v = x
„ (c) u = 2x, v = -2y
„ (d) u = 3xt,
3 t v = -3yt
3 t
„ (e) u = xy + y2t, v = xy + x2t
„ (f) u = 3x
3 2y2, v = -2xy
2 3
 General Continuity Equation
Examples - Solutions
∂u ∂v
„ +
For incompressible 2-D flow, =0
∂x ∂y
(a) ∂u ∂x = 1 , ∂v ∂y = 1 ∴No
(b) ∂u ∂x = 0 , ∂v ∂y = 0 ∴Yes
(c) ∂u ∂x = 2 , ∂v ∂y = −2 ∴Yes
((d)) ∂u ∂x = 3t , ∂v ∂y = −3t ∴Yes
(e) ∂u ∂x = y , ∂v ∂y = x ∴ No
(f) ∂u ∂x = 6 xy , ∂v ∂y = −6 xy ∴Yes