Be no lli’s Eq

Bernoulli’s Equation
ation Application

Lecture 14
 Flow Through a Pipe
„ The flow is from high energy to low energy and not
from high pressure to low pressure.

„ Energy line parallel to hydraulic gradient line for the

same pipe with constant cross sectional area.

„ Continuity equation A1v1 = A2 v 2 = A3 v3

Flow Through
g a Pipe
p (cont.)
( )

Energy line Energy line neglecting the head losses

v12
v32 Head losses
2g v22
2g
p1 2g
p3 p2
γ v12

1
2g γ 2 γ

z1 z3 z2
Datum
horizontal
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 1
„ Glycerin
Gl i (SG = 1.26)
1 26) flows
fl in
i a processing
i
plant pipe at a rate of 700 L/s. At a point
where
h the
th pipe
i diameter
di t isi 60 cm, the
th
pressure is 300 kN/m2.
„ Find the pressure at a second point, 1 m
lower than the first point, with a pipe
diameter of 30 cm.
„ Neglect any system
head losses .
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 1 - Solution
„ Using
U i Q = A V (Continuity)
(C ti it )
∴ 0.7 = (π x 0.62 / 4) V1, ∴ V1 = 2.476 m/s
„ Using Continuity: V2 = V1 (A1 / A2)
∴ V2 = 9.9 m/s
„ Using Bernoulli:
p1 + ρg
ρgz1 + ½ρ
½ρV12 = p2 + ρgρgz2 + ½ρ
½ρV22
∴ p2/(ρg) = 300x103/(1260 x 9.81) +
((2.4762 – 9.92)/(
)/(2 x 9.81)) + 1
∴ p2 = 254.5 kN/m2
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 2
„ Calculate the water discharge rate and gage
pressure at point B for the uniform 100 mm
diameter siphon shown.
shown
„ Re-calculate for a diameter of 200 mm.
„ Neglect any system
head losses.
 Bernoulli’s Equation
q
Example 2 - Solution
„ At surface (S) and nozzle exit (N), p =
atmospheric
p pressure
p (patm) and also Vs = 0
at surface.
„ Using Bernoulli from S to A:
0 = pA + ½ ρ VA2
∴ pA = 0 - ½ ρ VA2 (eq 1)
(eq.
„ Using Bernoulli from A to B (VA = VB):
pA = pB + 1.2 ρ g
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 2 – Solution (Cont.)
„ Substituting into (1):
0 - ½ ρ VA2 = pB + (1.2 ρ g)
∴ pB = 0 - ½ ρ VA2 – (1.2 ρ g) (eq. 2)
„ U i Bernoulli
Using B lli from
f B to
t N (VN = VB):
)
pB = 0 – (6.2 ρ g) (eq. 3)
∴ 0 - ½ ρ VA2 – (1.2 ρ g) = 0 – (6.2 ρ g)
∴ VA = √(10
√ g) = 9.9 m/s
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 2 – Solution (Cont.)
„ ∴ Q& = VA A9 9 x π x (0
= 9.9 (0.1
12) / 4
= 0.078 m3/s = 78 l/s
„ From eq (3), pB = 0 – (6.2 ρ g)
= - 608
60822 N/m/ 2 (gag
(gage))
„ For D = 200 mm:
„ VA = 9.9
9 9 m/s (as above),
above)
„ Q& = 9.9 x π x (0.22) / 4 = 0.311 m3/s = 311 l/s
„ pB = - 60822 N/m2 (gage) (as above).
above)
Bernoulli’s Equation
Example 2 –
Solution (Cont.) Q&

S A B N
Z 5.0 5.0 6.2 0
P 0 PA PB 0
V 0 VA VB=VA VN=VB
 Applications of Bernoulli
Bernoulli’ss
q
Equation
(a) Flow through a sharp-edged orifice
l
⎛p v2 ⎞ ⎛ p v2 ⎞
⎜⎜ + z + ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ + z + ⎟⎟
⎝γ 2 g ⎠1 ⎝ γ 2g ⎠2 z1 = h
E1 = E2 2
A1 datum
Wh
Where E is
i the
th energy
A2
0.0 v12 0.0 v 22
+ z1 + = + 0.0 +
γ 2g γ 2g

Continuity equation A1v1 = A2 v 2 No storage

 Flow Through an Orifice (cont.)
Q A1 >> A2 ∴ v1 <<< v2

v12
∴ can be neglected
g because it is veryy small
2g
v 22
z1 =
2g

v 2 = 2gz1 (Torricelli’s theorem)

Q = A2v2 = A2 2 gz1 = A2 2 gh theoretical

 Flow Through an Orifice (cont.)
To get actual velocity and discharge

Bernoulli's equation E1 − E 2 = Elost

⎛ p1 v12 ⎞ ⎛ p 2 v 22 ⎞
⎜⎜ + z1 + ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ + z2 + ⎟⎟ = hL 1 − 2
⎝γ 2g ⎠ ⎝ γ 2g ⎠

hL 1 − 2 = head lost due to friction

v2 actual = 2 g ( z1 − hL )
hL
= Cv 2 g z1 = Cv 2 g h C v = 1 .0 −
h
= Cv v2 theoretical
 Flow Through an Orifice (cont.)
(cont )

„The flow will converge as it leaves the orifice to form a

vena contracta, prior to diverging again

2
datum
A2 actual = Cc A2 theoretical
A2

Vena Contracta
Cc is called the coefficient of contraction
 Flow Through an Orifice (Cont.)
Cv is called the coefficient of velocity and is equal to the
ratio
ti off the
th actual
t l velocity
l it to
t th
theoretical
ti l velocity.
l it

Qa = A2 actual v2 actual = Cc A2 2 g (h − hL ) = Cc Cv A2 2 g h

Qa = Cd A 2 g h

Cd is called the coefficient of discharge and is equal to

the
h ratio off the
h actuall discharge
d h to theoretical
h l discharge.
d h

Cd is constant but it may change from case to case

according to the height z1 and the area of the orifice.
 Orifice Coefficients
„ Vena contracta area is typically 0.65 x
orifice area Æ contraction coefficient
„ Actual discharge rate is less than
theoretical value – discharge coefficient
typically 0.65.
„ The actual jet velocity is also less than the
theoretical value – velocity coefficient
typically 0.98.
0 98
 Flow Through Sharp-Edged
Sharp Edged Orifice
Example
p 1
„ A tank containing aviation fuel (SG = 0.82)
has a 50 mm diameter hole 2.62 6 m down
from the surface and a discharge
coefficient of 0
0.61.
61
Calculate:
• The volume and
mass flow rates
through the orifice.
• The pressure
increase needed to
give a volume flow
rate of 1m3/min.
 O ifice Flow
Orifice Flo
Example
p 1 - Solution

„ Using Q = Cd A √(2 g h)
= (0.61 x π x 0.052 / 4) √(2 x 9.81 x 2.6)
= 8.555 L/s = 513 L/min
m& = ρρ Q = 0.513 x 0.82 x 1000 = 420.9 kg/min
• If Q = 1000 L/min = 1/60 m3/s,,
∴ 1/60 = Cd A √(2 g h)
∴ h = 9.87 m
∴ increase in head = 9.87 – 2.6 = 7.27 m
∴ppressure increase required
q = ρ g h = 58.508 kPa