PROBLEM 3.

7
KNOWN: A layer of fatty tissue with fixed inside temperature can experience different
outside convection conditions.
FIND: (a) Ratio of heat loss for different convection conditions, (b) Outer surface
temperature for different convection conditions, and (c) Temperature of still air which
achieves same cooling as moving air (wind chill effect).
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction through a plane wall, (2) Steady-state

conditions, (3) Homogeneous medium with constant properties, (4) No internal heat
generation (metabolic effects are negligible), (5) Negligible radiation effects.

PROPERTIES: Table A-3, Tissue, fat layer: k = 0.2 W/m⋅K.

ANALYSIS: The thermal circuit for this situation is

Hence, the heat rate is

Ts,1 − T∞ Ts,1 − T∞
q= = .
R tot L/kA + 1/ hA

Therefore,

⎡L 1⎤
⎢⎣ k + h ⎥⎦
q′′calm windy
= .
q′′windy ⎡L 1⎤
⎢⎣ k + h ⎥⎦
calm

Applying a surface energy balance to the outer surface, it also follows that

q′′cond = q′′conv .

Continued …..

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 PROBLEM 3.7 (Cont.)
Hence,
k
L
( )
Ts,1 − Ts,2 = h Ts,2 − T∞ ( )
k
T∞ + Ts,1
Ts,2 = hL .
k
1+
hL
To determine the wind chill effect, we must determine the heat loss for the windy day and use
it to evaluate the hypothetical ambient air temperature, T∞′ , which would provide the same
heat loss on a calm day, Hence,
Ts,1 − T∞ ′
Ts,1 − T∞
q′′ = =
⎡L 1⎤ ⎡L 1⎤
⎢⎣ k + h ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ k + h ⎥⎦
windy calm

From these relations, we can now find the results sought:

0.003 m 1
+
q′′calm 0.2 W/m ⋅ K 65 W/m 2 ⋅ K 0.015 + 0.0154
(a) = =
q′′windy 0.003 m
+
1 0.015 + 0.04
0.2 W/m ⋅ K 25 W/m ⋅ K
2

q′′calm
= 0.553 <
q′′windy

0.2 W/m ⋅ K
−15o C + 36o C

(b) Ts,2 ⎤⎦ =
( )
25 W/m 2 ⋅ K ( 0.003 m )
= 22.1o C <
calm 0.2 W/m ⋅ K
1+
( 25 W/m2 ⋅ K ) (0.003 m )
0.2 W/m ⋅ K
−15o C + 36o C

Ts,2 ⎤⎦ =
( 65 W/m2 ⋅ K ) ( 0.003m ) = 10.8o C <
windy 0.2 W/m ⋅ K
1+
( 65 W/m2 ⋅ K ) ( 0.003m )
(c) ′ = 36o C − ( 36 + 15 ) C
T∞
o ( 0.003/0.2 + 1/ 25) = −56.3o C <
( 0.003 / 0.2 + 1/ 65)
COMMENTS: The wind chill effect is equivalent to a decrease of Ts,2 by 11.3°C and
-1
increase in the heat loss by a factor of (0.553) = 1.81.

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