REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

As one of the most widely consumed citrus fruits, Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.

Ponkan is known to have a number of dietary and medicinal values. In this work, we

developed a new method using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with

quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) for qualitative

analysis and profiling of chemical compositions in Ponkan peel methanol extract.

With this method, the elution and separation of chemical components in Ponkan peel

could be easily completed within seven minutes. The method was much faster than

other analytical methods previously used with citrus fruits. According to the

chromatography retention time, UV spectrum, and exact molecular weight and high

energy fragment ions combined with information from reference standards or

literature, a total of 32 bioactive compounds were unambiguously identified or

tentatively characterized in the Ponkan peel extract. The compounds included 8

flavonoid-O-glycosides, 5 flavone-C-glycosides, 1 dimethoxyflavone, 10

polymethoxyflavones and 8 other compounds. Among these compounds,

caffeoyl-glucose, dihydrophaseic acid glycosil ester, ferulic acid hexose,

luteolin-6,8-di-C-glucoside, luteolin-8-C-glucoside, narirutin 4′-glucoside, nomilinic

acid glucoside, isolimonic acid, dihydroxy-dimethoxyflavone, and

5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone were characterized for the first time in Ponkan peel to our

knowledge. These results showed the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS was a powerful tool to

analyze the structures of chemical compounds in Ponkan peel. And our data will

provide useful information for further evaluating the bioactivity of Ponkan peel and

the utilization of Ponkan resource (Yang et al., 2016).

 Making a good mosquito coil. 85g total of main ingredients will be used for

making a mosquito coil. 20g of starch and 10g of charcoal is also needed to make it.

The ingredient is needed to be cut and grind using scissors, knife or mortar and pestle.

The ground ingredients is sundried for 2 days. Then, the 20g of starch, 10g of

charcoal and 100ml of water are mixed to the ground ingredients. The mixture is

heated. The entire mixture needs to thicken and will be cooled afterwards. 6x6 inches

of metal sheet like the usual mosquito coils. After the mixture is poured into the

mould, the molded mixture is sundried for 1 1/2 days. After drying, the coil will be

removed from the molder (Ignacio, 2014).

Citrus limonoids (CLs) are a group of highly oxygenated terpenoid secondary

metabolites found mostly in the seeds, fruits and peel tissues of citrus fruits such as

lemons, limes, oranges, pumellos, grapefruits, bergamots, and mandarins.

Represented by limonin, the aglycones and glycosides of CLs have shown to display

numerous pharmacological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant,

antidiabetic and insecticidal among others. In this review, the chemistry and

pharmacology of CLs are systematically scrutinised through the use of medicinal

chemistry tools and structure-activity relationship approach. Synthetic derivatives and

other structurally-related limonoids from other sources are include in the analysis.

With the focus on literature in the past decade, the chemical classification of CLs,

their physico-chemical properties as drugs, their biosynthesis and enzymatic

modifications, possible ways of enhancing their biological activities through structural

modifications, their ligand efficiency metrics and systematic graphical radar plot

analysis to assess their developability as drugs are among those discussed in detail

(Gualdani, 2016).
 A central composite experimental design was used to evaluate the influence of pH,

extraction time and liquid:solid ratio on the yield and uronic acid content of the pectin

from ponkan peel. The response surface methodology showed that the yield is

positively influenced by lower pHs, longer extraction times and higher liquid:solid

ratio, whereas the uronic acid content decreases with increasing extraction time. The

conditions that resulted in the highest yield and highest uronic acid content were

defined as pH 1.6, extraction time of 100 min and liquid:solid ratio of 36 mL/g. The

pectin obtained under these conditions (PPOP) had an experimental yield of 25.6%,

below the predicted theoretical value despite the good fit of the model (R2 = 0.96) and

the galacturonic acid content was 84.5%, in close agreement with the predicted

theoretical value. PPOP was composed mainly of a homogalacturonan with degree of

methyl esterification of 85.7% and a rhamnogalacturonan I region mainly branched

by galactans. In addition, PPOP had a very low degree of acetylation (0.1%) and

average molar mass of 80,650 g/mol, determined by light scattering. The results

showed that ponkan peel may be used as a source of citrus pectin in the regions where

this species is cultivated (Colodel et al.,2018).

Mosquito coils contain a mix of substances. Along with the products that deter

mosquito biting, there are also products that hold the coil together and enable it to

smoulder slowly.Mosquito coils work in one of two ways. Those that contain

insecticides will kill (or at least “knock down”) mosquitoes, while those that contain

aromatic substances (such as citronella) will repel mosquitoes or reduce the likelihood

they’ll bite.Mosquito coils and their role in killing or repelling mosquitoes has been

well studied. Despite differences between the chemical constituents of products and the

ways in which they are tested, they will generally reduce the ability of mosquitoes to

bite people (Webb, 2017).

 There’s growing concern about the adverse health impacts associated with the

burning of mosquito coils and sticks indoors. The insecticide products used are

generally considered safe, but it’s the particulate matter produced from a smouldering

mosquito coil that poses the greatest risk. One study estimated the particulate matter

produced from burning one mosquito coil was equivalent to burning 75-137 cigarettes.

This amount of exposure poses a health risk, but there is a lack of clear evidence that

the long-term exposure to mosquito coil smoke increases the risk of more serious health

impacts such as lung cancer. In the face of this uncertainty, the key message should be

to avoid prolonged exposure, especially in enclosed spaces (Webb, 2017).

Dengue is an acute viral illness caused by RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae and

spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Presenting features may range from asymptomatic fever

to dreaded complications such as hemorrhagic fever and shock. A cute-onset high

fever, muscle and joint pain, myalgia, cutaneous rash, hemorrhagic episodes, and

circulatory shock are the commonly seen symptoms. Oral manifestations are rare in

dengue infection; however, some cases may have oral features as the only presenting

manifestation. Early and accurate diagnosis is critical to reduce mortality. Although

dengue virus infections are usually self-limiting, dengue infection has come up as a

public health challenge in the tropical and subtropical nations. This article provide a

detailed overview on dengue virus infections, varied clinical manifestations, diagnosis,

differential diagnosis, and prevention and treatment. Dengue virus gains entry into the

host organism through the skin following an infected mosquito bite. Humoral, cellular,

and innate host immune responses are implicated in the progression of the illness and

the more severe clinical signs occur following the rapid clearance of the virus from the

host organism. Hence, the most severe clinical presentation during the infection course

does not correlate with a high viral load. Alterations in endothelial microvascular
permeability and thromboregulatory mechanisms lead to an increased loss of protein

and plasma. Proposed theories suggest that endothelial cell activation caused by

monocytes, T-cells, the complement system, and various inflammatory molecules

mediate plasma leakage. Thrombocytopenia may be related to alterations in

megakaryocytopoiesis, manifested by infection of human hematopoietic cells and

compromised progenitor cell growth. This may cause platelet dysfunction, damage, or

depletion, leading to significant hemorrhages.(Hasan et al.,2016)