Part 2 Hand 8

A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn
ASn-ÿm-\i
- mkv{Xw
Ãmt‚¿Uv
VIII
`mKw ˛ 2
tIcf k¿°m¿
hnZym-`ym-k- h-Ip∏v
2009
A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn cN\
inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
{io. A\n¬ Ipam¿.]n.sI

{io. _m_p-cmPv ]øØv
{io. ]n.Un.-t__n
tUm. _nµp.Sn.hn
{ioa-Xn. ^man-e.-C.-B¿
{io. sI.P-b-cmP≥
{io. F≥.-Pn.-IrjvW ]n≈
{io. at\m-Pv Ip-am¿.]n.]n
{io. hn.ap-c-fo-[-c≥
tUm. sI. ap-cp-I≥
{io. ]n.F-kv.-amXyq
{io. Fw.{]-Zo]v Ipam¿
{io. {]Zo]v Ipam¿.sI.hn
{io. sI.cm-a-Ir-jvW≥
{io. ctajv Ipam¿.Fw.sI
{io. B¿.-c-RvPnØv
{io. k\n¬ Ip-am¿.Fw.]n
{io. kXy-tPymXn.Fkv
{io. kn. iin[c≥
{io. sk-_m-Ãy≥ eqt°mkv. Sn.sP
tUm. sI.F-kv.-km-P≥
{io. Ãmen≥.hnF
{io. sI.kptcjv Ipam¿
{io. Xne-I≥. sI
A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿am¿
tUm. B≥kn h¿Kokv
{ioaXn tim` tP°∫v
A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn
ASn-ÿm\imkv{Xw
Ãm≥tU¿Uv 8
Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail:scertkerala@asianetindia.com
Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab.
©
Government of Kerala
Education Department
2009
kplrtØ,
tIc-f-]m-Ty-]-≤XnN´-°q-Sns‚ (KCF-2007) \n¿t±-i-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-
s°m≠v \ho-I-cn® ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Ipń-I-fpsS ssII-fn-se-Øp-I-bm-Wv.
kmaq-ln-I-⁄m\ \n¿anXn-bn¬ Du∂n-s°m-≠p≈ {]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-Xhpw
{]{Inbm _‘n-Xh - p-amb ]T-\c
- oXn km¿∞-Iam-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ CXn-\Iw
Xs∂ \mw XpS-ßn-°-gn-™n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-ßsf A`n-kw-
t_m-[\ sNøp∂ Xc-Øn¬ {]ivt\m-∂nX-amb kao-]\w {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-
∂-Xn-epw hnZym-`ymk {]{In-bsb kmaqly ]cn-h¿Ø\Xe-Øn-te°v Db¿Øp-
∂-Xnepw \ap°v Ht´sd apt∂m´v t]mIm-\p-≠v. \ho-I-cn® ]mTy-]-≤Xn C°m-
cy-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.
]mTy-]-≤Xn A[ym]-Is\ s^kn-en-t‰-‰¿ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn hgn-Imń F∂ \ne-
bn-emWv t\m°n°mWp-∂-Xv. Cu \ne-bn-te°pb-cp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb klm-
b-ßƒ \nc-¥-c-ambn \evIn-s°m≠v hnZym-`ym-k-h-Ip-∏ns‚ apgp-h≥ kwhn-
[m-\-ßfpw \nß-tfm-sSm-∏-ap-≠m-hp-sa∂v Dd∏p Xcp-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse F√m kvIqfp-I-fnepw Ahiyw \S-t°≠ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw
{]{In-b-Ifpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ipń-bpsS Nn¥bpw
Iq´m-bvab- n¬ \n∂v cq]-s∏´ Is≠-ØepIfpw {]Xn-ê - n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Hcp
h¿°v _p°ns‚ [¿Ωw IqSn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p-≠v.
CØcw Hcp ]mT-]p-kvXIw ê-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw Ahiyw
th≠ {]{In-bI - ƒ, hn\n-ab-X{- ¥-ßƒ, A[ym-]nI F∂ \ne-bn¬ Adn-™ncn-
t°≠ D≈-S-°-]-c-amb hnhc-ßƒ, d^-d≥kp-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw A[ym-]I
klm-bn-bn-ep-≠v. Ch Xm¶-fpsS A°m-Z-anI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v XnI®pw
klm-b-I-am-hp-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. KthjI F∂ \ne-bn-ep-f-f Xm¶-fpsS
At\z-j-Whpw Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw Iqń-tN¿Øv ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw
kºq¿W-am-°p-a-t√m.
Biw-k-I-tfm-sS,
F.-]n.-Fw. apl-ΩZv l\ojv IAS

Ub-d-IvS¿ (C≥ Nm¿Pv)
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
D≈-S°w
12. Pohs‚ sN∏v

13. sN∏p-Iƒ tN¿∂v
14. Pohs‚ Xmfw
15. teml-ßƒ
16. Pew
17. emb-\n-Iƒ
18. Im¥n-IX
19. ÿnXsshZypXn
20. Xm]hpw Xm]-\n-ebpw
21. BIm-i-°mgvN
12 Pohs‚ sN∏v
Pohn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-chpw Poh-[¿Ω-]-c-hp-amb ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw tImi-ßfmsW∂v Ipń-

Iƒ ap≥¢m-kn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. kk-y-ß-fpw P¥p-°fpaS°w F√m Pohn-I-fp-sSbpw tImi-
ßƒ°v s]mXp-hmb LS\bn¬ Gsd kam\-X-Ifps≠∂pw AtX-k-abw [¿Ω-]-c-ambn
hy-X-ymkßƒ Ds≠∂pw Ah¿ Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-\mbn tImi-ß-fpsS kq£v-a-
L-S\ kmam-\yw hni-Z-ambn a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-cw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v e`n-°Ww. tImi-
\n-co-£-W-Øn-\p≈ {]mIv‰n-°¬, tImi-L-S\ hy-‡-am-°p∂ Nn{X-ßƒ, kn.-Un-Iƒ
F∂nh {]tbm-P-\s∏SpØn Cu e£-y-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-
{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu bqWn‰v hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-tXmsS hnhn[ Pohn-Iƒ XΩn-
ep≈ LS-\m-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm\ kam\-X-Iƒ ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw a\p-j-ycpw
CtX kam-\XbmWv ]¶n-Sp∂Xv F∂ [mcW ssI-h-cn-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww. Aßs\
kl-Pohn kmtlm-Z-cyw F∂ Bibw hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-S-Ww. AXn-eqsS a‰p-Po-hn-I-
fpsS {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\-yhpw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ hni-z-am-\-hn-I-X-bn-te°v hf-cm≥ Ipń-
Iƒ°v kuI-cyw e`n-°-Ww.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ P¥p-tIm-iØns‚ kmam-\y -L-S\ kw_-‘n®v [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ kk-y-tIm-i-ßƒ \nco-£n®v Ahbv°v P¥p-tIm-i-hp-am-bp≈ kam-\-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-
bp-∂-Xn\v.
$ Hcp amXrIm tImi-Øns‚ kq£va-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®pw tImi-`m-K-ß-fpsS [¿Ω-
ßsf°pdn®pw [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ P¥p-tIm-i-ßfpw kk-y-tIm-i-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb hy-X-ym-k-ßƒ
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ Poh-Pm-e-ß-sf√mw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kam-\X ]¶n-Sp-∂p-sh∂ [mcW ssIh-cn-
°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kl-Po-hn-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ah-tbm-Sp≈ kvt\lw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-
°p∂-Xn\pw a\p-j-y-tcm-sSm∏w a‰p- Po-hn-Ifpw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fmsW∂ at\m-
`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw.
219
220
{]iv\taJe: hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-SmØ Ahÿ
{]iv\-ßƒ Bi-b-ßƒ {]{Inb kma-{Kn-Iƒ -aq-ey-ßƒ/ aqey-\n¿Æbw
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ Pohn- I - f nse tImi- $ P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw kky-ß-fp- $ Ihn-fnse tImi-ßfpw D≈n- $ ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏v $ imkv{Xob \nco-£-W- $ hc® Nn{Xw
ßƒ XΩn¬ Fs¥- sSbpw icocw tImi- sØm-en-bnse tImi-ßfpw $ kvs]kn-sa≥kv Øn-\p≈ at\m-`m-hw. $ Ipdn∏v
¶nepw kam- \ - X - I ƒ \n¿ΩnXamWv . F√m tImi- ssat{Im-kvtIm-]n-eqsS \nco- $ sÃbn≥ $ ]co-£-W-Ønse ]¶m-
Dt≠m? ßfpw Nne kam-\-X-Iƒ {]I- £n-°p-∂p. $ ss…Uv fnØw
Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. $ Nn{Xw hc-bv°p-∂p. $ SqØv {_jv
$ tImim-h-cWw $ ]pkvXI - Ø
- nse Nn{X-hp-ambn
$ tImi a¿Ωw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.
$ tImi-{Zhyw $ kam-\-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p. $ hmb-\m-km-a{Kn
$ km[m- c W ssat{Im- $ km[m-c-W-ssa-t{Im-kvtIm-]n- $ tImi-Øns‚ LS-\- hn-i-Z-am- $ Nn{Xw
k v t I m - ∏ n e q s S eqsS hkv X p- ° sf 1500 °p∂ Nn{Xhpw hmb-\m-km- $ kqN-I-ßƒ $ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v
\nßƒ°p ImWm≥ aSßp hep-∏-Øn¬ am{Xta a-{Knbpw hni-I-e\w sNøp- $ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\p≈ Nn{Xo- $ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb Nn{Xo-
Ign™ `mK- ß ƒ ImWp-I-bp-≈p. ∂p. Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p-∂p. I-cWw I-cWw
am{X-amtWm tImi-Øn- $ hkv X p- ° sf 2 e£- Ø n- e - Nn{Xo-I-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-
ep-≈Xv? [nIw aSßv hep- ∏ - Ø n¬ ∂p.
ImWp∂ Ce- I v t {Sm¨
ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS \nco-
£n- ® m¬ tImi- L - S - I - ß ƒ
IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn ImWmw.
$ tImiw t{]mt´m-πmkw sIm≠v
\n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
$ tImi-Ønse LS-I-ßƒ, LS-
\bpw [¿Ωhpw
$ πmkvam-kvXcw $ Nn{Xo-I-cW hni-I-e-\w.
$ F¥n- \ mWv tImi- $ tImi-{Zhyw
Øn¬ C{X- b - [ nIw $ A¥¿{Z-hy-Pm-enI $ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn∏v
`mK-ßƒ? $ ssdt_mtkmw
$ ssat‰m-tIm¨{Snb
$ ssetkmtkmw
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ sk≥t{Smtkmw
$ a¿Ωw
$ tImi- ß ƒ Poh≥
{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf klm-bn-°p-
∂p.
$ hnhn[ Poh-[¿Ω-ßƒ \n¿h-
ln-°p∂ tImiLS-I-ß-fmWv
tImimw-K-ßƒ $ Xs∂- t ∏m- s e- Ø s∂ $ hyXym-k-ß-fpsS enkvdv
$ P¥p-°-fptSbpw $ P¥p- t Im- i hpw kky- t Im- $ kky-tIm-i-Øn-t‚bpw P¥p- $ Nn{X-ßƒ a‰p Pohn- I - f p- t Sbpw $ N¿®m-°p-dn∏v
kky-ß-fp-tSbpw ihpw XΩn¬ kam\X- I ƒ tIm-i-Øn-t‚bpw Nn{Xw Xmc- $ kqN-I-ßƒ icocw tImißƒ
Poh-[¿Ω-ß-fn¬ D≈Xpt]mse hyXym-k-ßfpw Xayw sNbvXp hyXym-k-ßƒ sIm≠p- \ n¿Ωn- X - a m-
hyXym-k-ap-≠v. F¶n¬ D≠v. enÃv sNøp-∂p. sW∂pw Xs‚ kl-Po-
P¥p-tIm-i-ß-fp- $ hyXym-k-ßƒ $ enÃv sNbvX `mK-ßsfbpw hn-I-fmWv a‰p Pohn-Pm-
tSbpw kky-tIm-i-ß- $ tImi-`nØn [¿Ω- s Ø- ∏ ‰nbpw N¿® e-ß-sf√mw F∂ at\m-
fp-tSbpw LS-Iß - f- n¬ $ t^\-Øns‚ hep∏w sNbvXp Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°p- `m-hw.
hyXymkw D≠m-tI-≠- $ l c n - X - I - W - Ø n s ‚ ∂p.
Xt√? km∂n≤yw
$ lcnXIWw D≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
kky-ßƒ°p kzbw Blmcw
\n¿Ωn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.
221
D≈-S-°-hn-i-I-e\w
samUyqƒ ˛ 1
tImi-Øns‚ kmam-\y-L-S\ hni-Z-am-°p∂ samUyqƒ 1 ¬ 3 {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wpƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. (2 ]ocn-b-Uv)
samUyqƒ ˛ 2
tImiØns‚ kq£va-L-S-\, P¥p-tIm-i-Øn-t‚bpw kky-tIm-i-Øn-t‚bpw kmay-hy-Xym-
k-ßƒ Ch-bm-Wpƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-te°v 4 {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv \n¿tZ-in-®n-
´p-≈-Xv. (6 ]ocn-b-Uv)
]mT-`m-KØneqsS
samU-yqƒ ˛ 1
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1
sSIvÃv_p°n¬ ]mTm-cw-`-Øn¬ \evIn-bn-´p≈ Im¿´q¨ \nco-£n®v Dul-ßƒ hy‡n-K-
X-ambn Ipdn-°-s´. CXn\p klm-b-I-amb D]-tNm-Zy-ßƒ A[ym-]n-Ibv°p tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv.
DZm: Im¿´q-Wn¬ B\-tbmSp kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv BcmWv? F¥m-Wv tImi-Øn\v Xs‚
anI-hmbn ]d-bm-\p-≈-Xv?
XpS¿∂v tImi-sØ- kw-_-‘n-°p∂ ap∂-dnhv ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂hbpw Pn⁄mk DW¿Øp-
∂-h-bp-amb kqN-I-ßsf eLp tNmZ-y-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn®v s]mXp-N¿®-bn-eqsS ]mT-`m-K-
Øn-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂p.
$ Pohn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-chpw Poh-[¿a-]-c-hp-amb ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-amWv tImi-ß-sf∂p
]d-bp-tºmƒ F¥mWv a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv?
$ ico-c-LS-\bpw tImihpw XΩn-ep-f-f _‘w F¥mWv?
$ Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A∞-am-°p-∂-sX-¥mWv?
$ Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-°p-∂-Xn\v tImiw Fßs\ klm-b-I-am-Ip∂p?
XpS-ßnb D]-tNm-Zy-ß-fn-eqsS s]mXp-N¿® \bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. s]mXp-N¿®-bn¬ ]c-am-
h[n ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°n-sIm≠v Bi-b-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°Ww
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Pohn-I-fpsS ico-c-`m-K-ß-sf√mw tImi-\n¿an-X-am-Wv.
$ tImi-ß-fn¬h®mWv Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-°p-∂Xv.
$ Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬]n\v B[m-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. DZm:-
izk\w
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2
tImi-\n-co-£-W-Øn-\p Xmev]-c-y-ap-W¿Øp∂ tNmZ-y-ßƒ D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
$ tImi-ßƒ AXn-kq-£va-ßƒ BW-t√m. Ahsb Fßs\ \nco-£n°mw?
$ \nco-£n-°m-\p≈ tImi-ßsf FhnsS \n∂v tiJ-cn°pw? Fßs\ tiJ-cn°pw?
$ \ΩpsS ico-c-Ønse tImi-ßsf Xs∂ \nco-£n-°m≥ ]‰nt√?
222
XpS-ßnb tNmZ-y-ß-fn-eqsS IhnƒtImi-ßƒ \nco-£n-°m-sa∂ s]mXp-[m-c-W-bn-se-Øp-
∂p. XpS¿∂v {]mIv‰n°¬ Bkq-{XWw ¢m n¬ Xs∂ \n¿h-ln-°p∂p (Ipń-Iƒ Xmev]-
cy-]q¿hw Gs‰SpØp \S-Øp∂ Hcp kzm-`m-hnI {]h¿Ø-\-ambn thWw {]mIv‰n-°¬ \S-
t°-≠-Xv. \nco-£Ww, {]mIvSn-°¬ XpS-ßnb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-ń-´p≈ Ipń-
I-fp-sS ap∂-\p-`hsØ {]tbm-P\
- s
- ∏-SpØn Ahscs°m≠p-Xs∂ {]mIv‰n-°¬ Bkq-{XWw
\S-Ømw. Bh-i-y-amb klm-bw bYm-k-abw \¬In-bm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw) kma-{Kn-Iƒ,
{]h¿Ø\{Iaw F∂nh Ipń-Iƒ Xs∂ \n¿t±-in-°-s´. sSIvÃv_p°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Ømw.
kma-{Kn-Iƒ
]pXnb SqØv {_jv (hard), ss…UpIƒ, saYnen≥ ªq sÃ-bn≥, Ih¿•mkv, sh≈w,
ssat{Im-kvtIm∏v XpS-ßn-b-h.
{]h¿Ø\{Iaw
sSIvÃv _p°n¬ hni-Z-am-°n-bn-´p-≈ {]h¿Ø\{Iaw Ipń-Iƒ°v {Kln-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p
sh∂p-d-∏m-°-Ww.
\n¿h-lWw
¢mkns\ 8 t]cn¬ IqSmØ {Kq∏p-I-fm°n Xncn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm {Kq∏pw {]mIvSn-°¬ sNøp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ aps∂m-cp° N¿®bv°mbn IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]h¿Øn hn`-P\w ]q¿Ønbmhp-
∂-tXmsS {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v Bh-i-y-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ e`-y-am-°p-∂p. ¢m n¬ sh®p-Xs∂
IhnƒtIm-i-ß-fpsS ss…Uv Xbm-dm°n ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS \nco-£n-°p-∂p. \nco-
£n® Zri-y-Øns‚ Nn{Xw F√m-hcpw hc-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. sSIvÃv _p°nse {]amW Nn{X-hp-
ambn HØp-t\m°n LS\ a\- n-em-°p-∂p. ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS \nco-£n® Nn{Xhpw
sSIvÃv_p°nse Nn{Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ kmay-ßƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Ipdn-°p-∂p. Random
reporting. XpS¿∂p t{ImUo-I-cWw
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Ihn-fnse tImi-ßƒ°v πmkvam-kvXcw AYhm tImi-kvXcw F∂ _ml-ym-h-c-W-
ap≠v. GXm≠v tImi-tI-{µ-Øn-embn a¿Ωw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ tImi-kvXcØn\pw a¿Ω-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ tImi-{Z-hyw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3
P¥ptImißƒ°v DZm-l-cWw F∂ \ne-bn¬ IhnƒtImi-ßsf \nco-£n®p. Ch-sb-
t]mse Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°ptam kk-y-tIm-i-ßfpw? {]iv\w D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v kk-yt-- Im-i-
ß-fpsS \nco-£-W-Øn-\p≈ {]mIvSn-°-ens‚ Bkq{X-W-Øn-te°v \oßp-∂p. Xmgv∂
¢m n¬ A[-ym-]-I≥ sNbvXp ImWn® {]mIvSn-°-ens‚ Hm¿Ω Bkq-{X-W-Øn\v klm-
b-I-am-Ipw. kma-{Kn-Iƒ, {]h¿Ø-\-{Iaw F∂nh Ipń-Iƒ Xs∂ \n¿-t±-in-°-s´. Bhiy-
amb t{]m’m-l\w \evIm≥ {i≤n-°p-a-t√m. F∂n´p NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse
t{ImUo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-hWw {]mIvSn-°¬ sNtø-≠-Xv.
Bh-i-y-ap≈ kma-{Kn-Iƒ
D≈n, ss…Up-Iƒ, Ih¿…n∏v, t^mgvsk]vkv, \oUn¬, hm®v •m v, {_jv, k{^m-\n≥
sÃbn≥, sh≈w, ssat{ImkvtIm∏v XpS-ßn-b-h.
223
{]h¿Ø\{Iaw
D≈n-bp-sS ]pds¥men ct≠m aqt∂m ]mfn \o°w sNøp-I. F∂n´v Hcp- Zfw AS¿Øn-
sb-Sp-°p-I. AXn¬ \n∂v Hcp t\¿Ø-]mfn apdn-s®-Sp-Øp--h®v •mknse sh≈-Øn¬ CSpI.
GXm\pw Xp≈n k{^m\n≥ sIm≠v Cu ]mfn sÃbn≥ sNøp-I.
sÃbn≥ ]nSn-®-tijw (4 ˛ 5 an\n-ń\p tijw) {_jv D]-tbm-Kn®v CXv ss…Un¬ au≠v
sNøpI. ssat{Im-kvtIm-]n-eqsS \nco-£n-°p-I. Zri-y-Øns‚ Nn{Xw hc-s®-Sp-°p-I.
(a¿Ωw) (t^\w)
(tImi-`nØn) (tImi-{Zhyw)
\n¿h-lWw˛ ap≥ {]mIv‰n-°¬ sNbvX {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ ˛ 35 an\n´v

\oco-£-W-ß-ƒ NphsS tN¿Ø kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {Kq∏n¬ N¿® \S-Øp-
∂p. ˛ 5 an\n´v
kb≥kv Ubdn-bn¬ {]mIvSn-°¬ sdt°m¿Uv Fgp-Xp∂ {]h¿Ø\w hy‡n-K-X-ambn
sNøp-∂p. {]mIvSn-°¬ sdt°m¿Uns‚ amXr-Ibpw DNn-Xa
- mb am‰-ßt- fmsS N¿®-bn-epƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-a-t√m.
{]mIvSn-°¬ sdt°m¿Uv ˛ amXrI
{]mIvSn-°ens‚ t]cv : .................................................................................... XoøXn : ..........................
e£yw .................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ .............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
{]h¿Ø\{Iaw ................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................
\nco-£-W-ßƒ ................................................................................................................................................
(Bh-iy-amb Nn{X-ßƒ hc-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv) ...............................................................................................
\nK-a-\-ßƒ .......................................................................................................................................................
kqN-I-ßƒ
$ IhnƒtIm-ißfpsSbpw D≈n-sØm-en-bnse tImi-ß-fp-sSbpw BIr-Xn.
$ tImiLS-\-bnse kma-yw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
224
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ BIr-Xn-bn¬ hy-X-ym-k-ap-s≠-¶nepw IhnƒtIm-i-ßfpw D≈n-sØm-en--bnse tImi-
ßfpw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn kmayap≈-h-bm-Wv.
$ c≠nepw πmkvam-kvX-cw, tImi-{Z-hyw, a¿aw Ch ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
samUyqƒ 2
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1
tImi-Øns‚ hep-∏sØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ap∂-dnhv ]cn-tim-[n-®p-sIm≠p s]mXp-N¿®-bn-
te°p IS°mw.
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ
$ ssat{Im-kvtIm∏psIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-P-\-sa¥v?
$ \nßƒ {]mIvSn-°-en\v D]-tbm-Kn® Xcw ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏p-I-fn-eqsS hkvXp--°sf
F{X-a-Sßv hep-Xmbn ImWp-hm≥ Ignbpw? Duln°mtam?
$ \nßƒ ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS I≠ `mK-ßƒ am{X-amtWm tImi-ß-fn¬ D≈Xv?
$ AXn-kq-£v-a-L-S-I-ßƒ thsdbpw D≠m-hnt√?
$ F¶n¬ Ahsb Fßs\ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ignbpw?
ssat{ImkvtIm∏ns‚ objective lens, eye-piece F∂n-h-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-°mWp∂ ]h-
dp-I-fpsS KpW-\-^-e-amWv B ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏ns‚ hep-Xm-°¬ tijn F∂v Ipń-Iƒ°v
hy-‡-am-°n-s°m-Sp-°Ww. {]Imiw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏p-I-fpsS ]c-am-
h[n tijn-sb-∏‰n sSIvÃv_p°n¬ \n∂v Ipń-Iƒ a\- n-em°n ]d-bp-∂p. XpS¿∂p≈
tNmZ-y-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ßƒ \evIm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Ipń-I-fpsS \nco-£W
IuXpIw DW¿Øn-hn-Sm≥ {i≤n-°p-a-t√m. \·-t\-{X-ßƒ sIm≠v ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ
tImi-ßsf km[m-cW ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. IqSq-X¬ hep-Xm-°n-
°m-Wm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbmKn®m¬ tImi-Øn-\-IsØ kq£v-a-`m-K-
ßsf hy-‡-ambn ImWm≥ Ignbpw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ e`n-°-Ø-°-hn-[-
Øn¬ N¿®sb \bn-°p-∂p. AXn-eqsS CevIvt{Sm¨ ssa-t{Im-kvtIm-∏n-s\-°p-dn®pw AXns‚
{]tbm-P-\-sØ-°p-dn®pap≈ [mcWIfn-te-bvs°-Øp∂p. Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{ImkvtIm∏v
kw_-‘n® eLp-hn-h-cWw CXn-te-°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ tImi-ßƒ°-IØv AXn-kq-£v-a-L-S-I-ßƒ D≠v. Ahsb \nco-£n-°m≥ km[m-cW
ssat{ImkvtIm∏p-Iƒ A]-c-ym-]vX-am-Wv.
$ hkvXp°sf hfsc hep-Xmbn ImWm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ CevI-t{Sm¨ ssat{Im-kvtIm-
∏p-Iƒ Ct∏m-gp≠v.
$ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{ImkvtIm∏neqsS-bp≈ tImi-\n-co-£Ww kvIqƒ kml-N-c-y-Øn¬
{]mtbm-KnIa√m-Øn-\m¬ tImi-L-S\ hy-‡-am-°p∂ Nn{Xw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn
tImi-ß-fpsS kq£v-a-L-S\ a\- n-em-°mw.
225
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏p-Iƒ
hkvXp-°sf hfsc hep-Xm°n°mWn-°m≥ {]Im-i-Øn\p ]Icw Ce-Ivt{Sm-
Wp-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ D]-I-c-W-amWv Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im-kvtIm-
∏v. {]Im-isØ t^m°kv sNøm≥ km[m-cW ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n¬ se≥kp-
I-fmWp]-tbm-Kn°p∂-Xv. Ce-Ivt{Sm-W-pIsf t^m°kv sNøm≥ se≥kp-Iƒ
]c-ym-]vX-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Im¥nI afi-esØ (magnetic field) D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv
Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n¬ Cu {]h¿Ø\w km[-y-am-°p-∂-Xv.
c≠vXcw Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏p-Iƒ \ne-hn-ep-≠v. {Sm≥kvan-j≥ Ce-
Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im-kvtIm∏v (Transmission electron microscope -TEM) kvIm\nßv
Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im-kvtIm∏v (Scanning electron microscope-SEM) F∂n-h-
bmWh.
TEM ¬ \nco-£n-t°≠ hkvXp-hn-s‚ hnim-e-amb Hcp `mKsØ H‰-t\m-´-
Øn¬ \nco-£n-°m≥ Ignbpw. SEM emIs´ \nco-£W hkvXp-hns‚ {]X-
esØ Jfiw Jfi-ambn kvIm≥ sNøp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. kq£a hkvXp-
°-fpsS {Xnam\m Zri-y-ßƒ hy-‡-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥ SEM {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
∂p.
TEM ¬ \nco-£n-t°≠ hkvXp-hn-te°v Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ _ow ]Xn-∏n-°p-
∂p. Cu Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fn¬ Ipsd `mKw BKncWw sNø-s∏-Sp-Itbm hkvXp-
hn¬ Xń-sX-dn-®p t]mhp-Itbm sNøpw. _m°n-bp≈ Cevt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ hkvXp-
hn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw hkvXp-hns‚ hep-Xm-°-s∏´ {]Xn-_nw_w cq]-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp t^mt´m{Km^nIv tπ‰ntem ^vfpd-k‚ v kv{Io\ntem
{]Xn-_nw_w Zri-y-am-°mw. TEM D]-tbm-Kn®v hkvXp-hns\ ]Øp-e£w aS-
ßp-hsc hep-Xm-°n-°m-Wm≥ Ignbpw. TEM ¬ hbv°p∂ \nco-£W hkvXp-
°ƒ \t∂ t\¿Øh Bbn-cn-°-Ww.
SEM ¬ \nco-£W hkvXp-hns‚ apI-fn-eqsS CevI-t{Sm¨ _oans\ k©-cn-
∏n-°p-I (move) bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. hkvXp-hns‚ hep-Xm-°-s∏´ {]Xn_nw_w
kv{Io\n¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂p. SEM D]-tbm-Kn®v hkvXp-hns\ Hcp e£-Øn-e-[nIw
aSßv hep-Xm°n°mWm≥ Ign-bpw.
hkvXp-hnse Pe-X-∑m-{X-I-fn¬ Xń Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ NnX-dn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xv Hgn-
hm-°m≥ SEM ¬ kvIm≥ sNø-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-hns\ \n¿P-eo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv
Bh-i-y-am-Wv.
TEM s‚bpw SEMs‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-Isf kwtbm-Pn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Scan-
ning Transmission electron microscopeIfpw (STEM) \ne-hn-ep≠v
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2
Ipń-Isf sNdp-{Kq-∏p-Ifm°p-∂p. 6 t]cn¬ IqSmØ {Kq∏p-Iƒ BWv A-`n-Im-a-yw. sSIvÃv
_p°nse Nn{Xw 12.2 {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. sSIvÃv_p°nse Nn{X-Øn\v ]I-c-
226
ambn hy-‡-X-bp≈ h¿Æ-Nn-{X-ßƒ e`-y-am-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬
sSIvÃv_p°nse Nn{Xßfp-ambn Ahsb HØp t\m°pI IqSn sNøWw.
Nn{Xw 12.2 Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssat{Im{Km^v A√. AXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n tImi-Øns‚
LS-\- h-y-‡-am-°p∂ tcJm-Nn-{X-amWv F∂ Imcyw Ipń-Isf Hm¿Ωn∏n-°-Ww.
ssat{ImkvtIm∏n-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ t\-csØ a\- n-em-°nb tImi-`m-K-ßsf Nn{X-\n-co-£-

W-Øn¬ BZyw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. XpS¿∂v a‰v tImi-`m-K-ßƒ \nco-£n-°p-∂p.
\nco-£W kqN-I-ßƒ
$ t\csØ Xncn-®-dn™ tImi-`m-K-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ hy-‡-ambn ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?
$ tImi-{Z-h-y-Øn¬ GsXms° -`m-K-ß-fmWv \nco-£n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv?
$ Cu tImi-`mKßƒ BIr-Xn, LS\ F∂n-h-bn¬ kam-\-ß-fmtWm?
$ a¿Ω-Øn-\-IØv ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-ßƒ GsXm-s°-bmWv?
$ a¿Ω-kvX-c-Ønse c{‘ßƒ sIm≠p≈ {]tbm-P\w F¥m-bn-cn°pw?
kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v Xbm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ tImi-kvXcw tImi-{Z-h-yw, F≥tUm-πm-kvanIv sd‰n°pew, ssdt_m-tkmw, ssetkm-
tkmw, tKmƒKn t_mUn, ssat‰m-t°m¨{Unb, a¿Ωw F∂o tImi-`m-K-ßfpsS BIr-
Xn, LS\ F∂n-h-bn-ep≈ sshhn-[-yw.
$ a¿Ω-kvX-cw, a¿a-Iw, t{Imam-‰n≥ PmenI F∂o a¿Ω`mK-ßƒ, a¿Ω-c-{‘-ßƒ.
{]h¿Ø\w 3
sSIvÃv_p°nse tImi-Øns‚ D≈-db - n¬ F∂ hnh-cWw hmbn®pw {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXpw
tImimw-K-ßƒ F¥m-sW∂pw Ah-tbm-tcm-∂ns‚bpw [¿Ω-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂pw
a\- n-em-°p∂p. hnh-c-W-tØm-sSm∏apff Nn{X-ßsf Nn{Xw 12.2 se AXm-Xv `mK-ß-fp-
ambn HØp t\m°p-∂p.
kqN-I-ßƒ
$ tImisØ Bh-cWw sNøp-I -am-{X-amtWm πmkvam-kvX-c-Øns‚ [¿Ωw?
$ tImiw AXns‚ ]cn-k-c-hp-ambn ]Zm¿∞-hn-\n-abw \S-Øp-∂Xv GXn-eq-sS-bmWv?
$ t{]mt´mπmkw F∂m¬ F¥mWv?
$ tImi-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb{-¥n-°p∂ `mKw GXmWv?
$ tImimw-K-ßƒ F∂m¬ F¥mWv?
$ Ah-sbm-tcm-∂ns‚bpw [¿Ω-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
{Kq∏n¬ N¿® -\-SØn sSIvÃv_p°v Nn{Xo-I-cWw H∂pw ]ń-I H∂pw ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂p.
¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v s]mXp N¿®-bn-eq-sS [mc-W-Iƒ°v hy-‡X hcp-Øp-∂p.
227
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ tImisØ Bh-cWw sNøp-Ibpw tImihpw tImi-]-cn-k-c-hp-ambn ]Zm¿∞-hn-\n-
abw km[-y-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv πmkvam-kvXcw BWv.
$ πmkvam-kvX-c-Øn-\p-≈n-ep≈ tImi-`m-K-ßsf samØ-Øn¬ t{]mt´m-πmkw F∂p
]d-bp-∂p. a¿Ωhpw tImi-{Z-h-yhpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-XmWv t{]mt´m-πm-kw.
$ a¿Ω-amWv tImi-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \nb-{¥WtI{µw. t{]mt´m-πm-k-Øn¬ a¿Ωw
Hgn-sI-bp≈ `mK-amWv tImi-{Z-h-yw.
$ tImi-{Z-h-y-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ khn-ti-j-L-S-I-ß-fmb tImimw-K-ß-fmWv Poh-[¿Ω-
ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
$ A¥¿{Z-hy--PmenI, ssdt_mtkm-ap-Iƒ, ssetkm-tkm-ap-Iƒ, tKmƒKn t_mUn-Iƒ,
ssat‰m-tIm¨{Unb XpS-ßn-b-hbmWv {]-[m\ tImim-wK-ßƒ.
$ a¿Ω-Øn-\-IØv a¿Ω-{Z-h-yw, a¿ΩIw F∂o `mK-ßƒ D≠v.
$ a¿Ω-{Z-h-y-Øn¬ t{Imam-‰n≥X-¥p-°ƒ Pm-en-Ibmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 1
tImiw
πmkvam-kvXcw t{]mt´m-πmkw
a¿Ωw
tImi-{Z-hyw
a¿Ω-kvXcw a¿Ω-{Z-hyw a¿ΩIw
F≥tUm-πm-kvanIv tKmƒKn-
sd‰n-°pew ssdt_mtkmw ssat‰m ssetkmtkmw
tIm¨{Unb t_m-Un-Iƒ
sk≥t{Smtkmw
tImi-`m-K-ßƒ [¿Ωw
tImi-kvXcw tImi- Ø ns‚ _ml- y m- h - c - W w - t Im- i - Ø n\-
ItØ°pw ]pd-tØ°pw ]Zm¿∞-ßsf IS-Øn-hn-
Sp-∂p.
F≥tUm-πm-kvanIv sd‰n-°pew tImi-Øn-\-IØv ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS k©mc
]mX-bmbpw ssdt_m-tkm-ap-Iƒ ]‰n-]nSn°m\p≈
{]X-e-ambpw h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
ssdt_mtkmw tImi- Ø n- \ m- h - i - y - a mb amwk- y - X - ∑ m- { X- I fpsS
kwt«-jWw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.
228
ssat‰mtIm¨{Unb tImi-Øn-\m-h-i-y-amb Du¿P-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z-\w,
kw`--cWw F∂nh \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.
ssetkm-tkm-ap-Iƒ tIm- i - Ø n- \ p- ≈ n¬ {]th- i n- ° p∂ A\- y - h -
kvXp°sf \in-∏n-°p-∂p.
tKmƒKn t_mUn-Iƒ tImi-{k-h-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂p.
sk≥t{Smtkmw CXn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ sk≥{Sn-tbm-fp-Iƒ tImi-hn-
`P\-Øn¬ {][m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p.
a¿Ωw tImi-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n°p∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4
{]h¿Ø\w˛3 \n¿h-ln® {Kq∏n¬ Xs∂ Nn{Xw 12.3 s‚ hni-I-e-\hpw \S-Ø-s´. c≠p
Nn{X-ß-fpw XΩn-ep≈ Xmc-X-a-yw \S-tØ≠-Xp≠v. CXn-\mbn NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
h¿°vjo‰v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw. kk-y-tIm-imw-K-ß-fpsS [¿-Ω-ßƒ ImWn-°p∂ hnh-
cWw Xbm-dm°n \evI-Ww.
h¿°v jo‰v
Xmsg-Ø-∂n-´p≈ Nn{X-ßƒ hni-I-e\w \SØn P¥p-tIm-i-sØbpw kk-y-tIm-i-sØbpw
Xmc-X-ayw sNbvXv tNmZy-ßƒ°p-Øcw Is≠-Øp-I.
P¥p-tImiw kkytImiw
1. tImi-kX v cw 2. ssdt_mtkmw
3. tImi-{Z-hyw 4. a¿Ωw
5 F≥tUm-πm-kvanIv sd‰n-°p-ew 6. ssetkmtkmw
7. tKmƒKn t_mUn 8. ssat‰m-tIm¨{Unb
9. tImi-`nØn 10. t^\w
11. lcn-XI
- Ww
$ P¥p-tIm-i-Øn¬ D≈ `mK-ß-sf√mw kk-y-tIm-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

$ GsXms° `mK-ßfmWv IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
Nn{X-hn-i-I-e\w ]q¿Øn-bm-b-tijw {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ hmb-\m-km-a{Kn e`-y-am-°p-∂p. AXp]-
tbm-Kn®v kqN-I-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ N¿® \S-°p-∂p. Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°n
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
229
kqNIw
$ kky-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ IqSp-X-embn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `mK-ßƒ kk-y-ßƒ°v {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv F-{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn°pw?
\¬In-bn-´p≈ amXr-I-bv°-\p-k-cn®v hmb-\m-km-a{Kn Xbm-dm°n \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv
kk-y-tIm-i-ß-fnse khn-ti-j-`m-K-ßƒ
P¥ptImi-Øn¬ km[m-c-W-bmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ tImimw-K-ßsf√mw kky-
tIm-i-ß-fn-epap≠v. P¥ptImi-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kky-tIm-i-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-
°p∂ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ `mK-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤-y-am-Wv.
1. tImi`nØn (cell wall) : tImi-kvX-c-Øn-\p-]p-dsabmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Cu
Bh-cWw sk√p-temkv F∂ ]Zm¿∞w sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-X-am-Wv. tImi-`nØn
tImi-Øn\v ZrVX \evIp-∂p.
2. ssPh-I-W-ßƒ (plastids) : ssP-h-I-W-ßƒ kk-y-tIm-i-ß-fnse khn-
ti-j-X-bp≈ tImi`mK-ß-fm-Wv. Ch aq∂v Xc-ap-≠v. lcn-X-I-W-ßƒ, h¿Æ-
I-W-ßƒ, tiz-X-I-W-ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-W-h. lcn-X-I-W-ß-fn¬ lcn-XIw F∂
h¿ÆIw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]® \nd--ap≈ Cu h¿Æ-I-amWv kk-y-`m-K-ßƒ°v
]®\ndw \evIp-∂-Xv. lcn-X-I-W-Øns‚ klm-b-tØm-sS-bmWv {]Imi-k-t«-
jWw \S-°p-∂-Xv. h¿Æ-I-W-ß-fnse hnhn[ \nd-Øn-ep≈ h¿Æ-I-ß-fmWv
kky`mK-ßƒ°v hnhn[ \nd-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xv. kqc-y-{]-Im-i-Ønse
Du¿÷sØ BKo-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Cu h¿Æ-Ißfpw klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.
{]tX-yI \nd-an-√mØ h¿Æ-I-W-ß-fmWv tiz-X-I-W-ßƒ. Blm-c-h-kvXp-°-
fpsS kw`-cWw \S-°p-∂- tIm-iß
- f
- n-emWv tiz-XI
- W
- ß
- ƒ IqSp-Xe
- mbpw ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
3. t^\-ßƒ (vacuoles) : henb t^\-ßƒ ]q¿Æ-h-f¿®-sb-Ønb kk-y-
tIm-i-ß-fpsS {]tX-y-I-X-bm-Wv. Ch-bv°p-≈n¬ tImi-ckw F∂ {Zm-hIw
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tImi-c-k-Øn¬ eh-W-ßfpw Blm-c-I-Wn-I-Ifpw emb\n
cq]-Øn¬ kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ kkyP¥p-tIm-i-ßƒ XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ß-tf-°m-tfsd kam-\-X-I-fm-Wp-≈-sX∂pw
Pohn-I-fn-se√mw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ tImi-ßƒ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Hcp t]mse-bm-sW-
∂p-ap≈ [mcW ]¶p-hbv°-Ww. kl-Po-hn-k-a-`m-h-\-sb∂ at\m-`m-h-Øns‚ cq]o-
I-c-W-Øn-te°p \bn°pw hn[w t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
230
13 sN∏p-Iƒ tN¿∂v
{]]©w AXn-kq-£vaØ - n¬ \n∂m-cw-`n®v A\-¥a - mbn hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. imkv{Xo-

b-amb {]]-©h - o-£Ww Nn¥m-ti-jn-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ AS-bm-fa - m-Wv. AØ-cs- amcp {]]©
ho£Ww cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ AtNX\ hkvXp-°-tfm-sSm∏w ktN-X\ hkvXp-°-sfbpw hni-
I-e\w sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohs‚ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ß-fmb tImi-ß-fpsS Iq´m-bva-bmWv
Ie (Tissue). kky-I-ebv°pw P¥p-I-ebv°pw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb kmay-ßfpw Ah-bp-tS-
Xmb khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw D≠v. {]]-©-Øn¬ Poh≥ Xßn-\n¬°p∂ Poh-a-fi-esØ A]-
{K-Yn-®m¬ hnhn[ LS-\m-Xe-Øn-ep≈ Pohn-I-sfbpw Ahsb ]c-kv]cw _‘n-°p∂
ImWm-®-c-Sp-I-fpsS km∂n-[y-sØbpw Xncn-®-dnbm≥ Ign-bpw. AXn\v klm-b-I-amb ]T-
\m-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ IS-∂p--t]m-hp-tºm-gmWv hnizm-am-\-h-X-e-Øn-te°v hf-cp-hm≥
DX-Ip∂ icn-bmb {]]© ho£Ww Ah\n¬ \mºn-Sp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p≈ XpS-°-amWo
]mTw.
\mev samUyq-fp-I-fn-embn hn\y-kn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu A[ymbw Bi-b-ßsf bm{¥n-Iambn
Dd-∏n-°m-\√ e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. adn®v sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Adn-hns‚
\n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv \S-t°-≠-Xv.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ F√m ico-c-`m-K-ß-fnepw Htc-bn\w tImi-ß-f√ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F∂ [mc-W-bp-
≠m-hp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ hnhn[ kky-I-e-I-sfbpw P¥p-I-e-I-sfbpw kw_-‘n® hnhcw tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS
sshhn[yw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ Pohs‚ \ne-\n-ev]n-\m-[mcw sshhn-[y-Ønse GI-Xz-am-sW∂ Xncn-®-dn-hv cq]-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xn\v.
$ hnhn[ kky-I-e-Iƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂pw Ah Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw [¿Ω-sa-s¥-∂p-ap≈
[mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ P¥p-I-e-Isf kw_-‘n®pw Ah-bpsS [¿ΩsØ kw_-‘n-®p-ap≈ [mcW ssIh-
cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ Ie-Iƒ, Ah-b-h-ßƒ, Ah-b-h-hy-hÿ F∂nh kw_-‘n® {]mtbm-KnI \n¿∆-
N\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ Pohn-I-fnse hnhn[ LS-\m-X-e-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
231
232
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ F√m ico- c - ` m- K - ß - $ _lp-tImi Pohn-I-fn¬ ]e- $ Imfi-Øns‚ tOZ-sa-SpØp $ ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏v $ \nco- £ - W - Ø n- \ p≈ $ {]mIv‰n-°¬ {]h¿Ø-
fnepw Htc-bn\w tImi- Xnepw hf-sc-b-[nIw FÆw \nco-£n-°p-∂p. thcn-s‚bpw $ Imfiw imkv{Xob at\m-`m-hw. \-ß-fnse ]¶m-fnØw
ß-fmtWm ImW-s∏-Sp- tImi-ß-fp-≠v. Cu tImi-ß- Ce-bp-sSbpw tOZ-ß-fpsS $ sÃbn≥
∂Xv ? fn¬ ]e-hn[ sshhn-[y-ßfpw Nn{X- ß ƒ hni- I - e \w $ ss…UpIƒ
$ kky-I-e-Iƒ GsXm- ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. sNbv X p tImi- ß - f nse $ {_jv
s°-bmWv? Ah-bpsS $ Hcp s]mXp [¿Ωw \n¿h-ln- sshhn-[yw {Kln-°p-∂p.
[¿Ω- ß ƒ Fs¥m- °p- h m- \ mbn Hcp- a n®p $ ]ńI \nco-£n®v kky-I-e- $ hni-I-e-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
s°-bmWv? {]h¿Øn- ° p∂ tImi- k - Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Xmc-
$ P¥p-I-e-Iƒ GsXm- aqlamWv Ie-Iƒ. ]mc≥ssI- Xayw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. $ Nn{Xßƒ
s°-bmWv? Ah-bpsS a, tImf≥ssI-a, kvIfo-d≥ ]ń- I - h n- i - I - e \w sNbv X v $ kqN-I-ßƒ $ \nco-£-W-Ønse ]¶m-
[¿Ω- ß ƒ Fs¥m- ssIa, sskew, ^v t fmbw P¥p-I-e-I-sf-°p-dn®v [mcW $ ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-\p≈ Nn{Xo- fnØw
s°-bmWv? F∂o kky-Ie - I
- f- psS khn-ti- ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. I-cWw
$ Ah-bhw cq]-s∏-Sp- j-X-Ifpw [¿Ω-ßfpw. Bh-c-
∂Xv Fß-s\-bmWv? W-I-e, tbmP-I-I-e, t]io-I-e, $ Nn{Xo- I - c W hni- I - e -
$ A h - b - h - h y - h ÿ \mUo-Ie F∂o P¥p-I-e-I- \ØneqsS \n¿∆- N \w
F∂-Xp-sIm-≠¿∞-am- fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw [¿Ω- cq]s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
°p-∂-sX¥v? ß-fpw. $ Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°p∂p Zl\
$ hyXy-kvX-bn\w Ie-Iƒ tN¿∂- hyh-ÿ-bpsS `mK-ßƒ enÃv
XmWv Hcp Ah-b-hw. Poh¬ sNøp-∂p. Ah-b-h-hy-h-ÿ-
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \n¿∆-l-W- I-sf-∏‰n N¿® sNøp-∂p.
Øn¬ hnhn[ Ah-bh - ß
- f- psS
kwbp- ‡ - a mb {]h¿Ø\w
Bh-iy-am-Wv. AXn\v klm-b-
I-amb ]e Ah-bhhyh-ÿ- $ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-hn-i-I-e\w
Ifpw ico-c-Øn-ep-≠v.
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ F√m Pohn- I - f nepw $ GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-Iƒ apX-ep≈ $ N¿® $ Nn{X-ßƒ $ Pohs‚ XpSn- ∏ p- I ƒ $ Xbm-dm-°nb Ipdn-∏p-
Ah- b h hyh- ÿ - I - hnhn[ Xcw Pohn-Iƒ hnhn[ $ Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm-°¬ tImi-ß-fn-em-sW∂pw. Iƒ
fpt≠m? LS-\m-Xe - ß- f- n¬ s]Sp-∂h - b - m- F√m-Po-h-Pm-e-ßfnep-
Wv. kvt]m©p-Iƒ, ssl{U, ap≈ tImi-ßƒ kam-
]m‰ F∂o Pohn-Iƒ bYm-{Iaw \- ß - f m- I - b m¬ Pohn-
tImi- I o- b - X - e w, Snjyq- X - e w, Iƒ XΩn¬ kmtlm-
Ah- b - h - h y- h - ÿ Xew F∂o Zcyw \ne- \ n¬°p- ∂ p-
LS-\m-X-e-ßƒ°v DZm-l-c-W- sh∂pw a\- n-em-°p-I-
ß-fm-Wv. hgn kl-Po-hn-km-tlm-
Zcyw F∂ at\m-`m-hw.
233
D≈-S°hni-I-e\w
samUyqƒ 1
Poh-Pm-e-ßfnse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tImi-ßƒ, Ie-Iƒ (3 ]nco-bUv).
samUyqƒ 2
hnhn[ kky-I-e-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, [¿Ω-ßƒ (1 ]ocn-bUv).
samUyqƒ 3
hnhn[ P¥p-I-e-Iƒ, -{]-tXy-IXIƒ, [¿Ωßƒ, Ah-b-hw, Ah-bhhyhÿ (3 ]ocn-bUv).
samUyqƒ 4
Pohn-I-fnse hnhn[ LS\mXe-ßƒ (2 ]ocn-bUv).
]mT-`m-KØneqsS
samUyqƒ 1
{]h¿Ø\w 1
Hcp Pohn-bpsS hnhn[ icoc`mK-ß-fn¬ Htc-Xcw tImi-ß-fmtWm ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F∂
{]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n®p sIm≠v ]mT-`m-K-Øn-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂p.
ap∂-dnhpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬Inb N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn Ipń-Iƒ
Xß-fpsS Dulw Ipdn-°s´.
Xßƒ Fgp-Xnb Dulw icntbm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°m≥ F¥v sNøm-\mIpsa∂ tNmZyw
D∂-bn-®p sIm≠v Hcp s]mXp-N¿® \S-Øp-∂p. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v {]mIvSn-°-emWv
G‰hpw DNn-X-sa∂v A`n-{]mbka-\z-b-Øn-eqsS FØn-t®-cp-∂p.
XpS¿∂v {]mIvSn-°¬ Fßs\ Bkq-{XWw sNøm-sa∂Xns\-∏-‰n N¿® \S-Øp-∂p. Xmsg
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ Cu {]mIvSn-°-ens‚ e£y-sa-¥mWv?
$ {]mIvSn-°-en\v Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°?
$ Fs¥ms° aps∂m-cp-°-ßƒ CXn-\m-h-iy-am-Wv?
$
{]mIvSn-°¬
L´w˛ 1 : Imfi-`m-Kw, tªUv F∂nh Ipń-ItfmSv ¢m n¬ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-
Smw. IΩyq-WnÃv ]®, ajn-Ø≠v sNSn-bpsS Imfiw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xmhpw IqSp-X¬ A`n-Imayw. Ipń-Isf hnhn[ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn®v Bh-iy-
amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ \¬Ip-I.
L´w˛ 2 : ImfiØns‚ sk£≥ FSp-°p∂ hn[w So®¿ sUtam¨kvt{S‰v sNøp-∂p.
kky-Im-fi-`mKw FSpØv tªUv D]-tbm-Kn®v hfsc t\cnb sk£≥ FSp-
°p-∂p. CXv hm®v •mknse sh≈-Øn¬ CSp-∂p. as‰mcp hm®v •mkn¬ FSp-
Øn-´p≈ t\¿∏n® k{^m-\n≥ sÃbn\n-te°v sk£≥ \nt£-]n-°p-I. A¬]-
k-a-b-Øn\v tijw sk£≥ •mkvss…Un¬ shbv°p-I. hmbp-\n-_-≤-
234
amIpwhn[w sk£\v apI-fn¬ Ih¿ •mkv sIm≠v aqSp-I. A[n-I-am-bn-h-cp∂
Pemwiw Hcp Snjyq-t]-∏¿sIm≠v H∏nsbSp-°mw.
L´w˛ 3 : Xøm-dm-°nb ss…Uv ssat{Im-kvtIm-∏n¬ h®v \nco-£n-°p-∂p. F√m Ipń-
Iƒ°pw \nco-£n-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-d-∏m-°-Ww. \nco-£n®
Imfi`mK-Øns‚ Zriyw Ipń-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ hc-bv°s´. Cu Nn{Xw
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse t]Pv 126 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw 13.1 Dw Bbn Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-hm\m-hi
- y-s∏-Sp∂p. ap∂-≤ym-bØ
- n¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ amXr-It- ]mse
{]mIvSn-°¬ sdt°m¿Uv Fgp-X-Ww. NphsS \¬Inb Nn{Xw So®-dn\v A[nI
hnh-c-Øn-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømhp∂Xm-Wv. CXnse Hmtcm-`m-Khpw Cu
L´-Øn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. F∂m¬ tIi-ß-fnse sshhn[yw ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
cutile
epidermis
collenchyma
chlorenchyma
parenchyma
endodermis
sclerenchyma
(bundle sheath)
phloem
cambium
xylem
pith
Nn{Xw. 13.1 Imfi-Øns‚ tOZw
]mTm-h-X-cWw apX¬ {]mIvSn-°¬ Bkq-{XWw hsc ˛ 1 ]ocn-bUv

{]mIvSn-°¬ \n¿∆-lWw ˛ 1 ]ocn-bUv
{]mIvSn-°¬ sdt°m¿Uv ]q¿Øo-I-cWw ˛ tlmw Assk≥sa‚ v
Ipń-Iƒ apºp tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Dulw icntbm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°-s´. So®-dpsS t{ImUo-
I-c-W-Øn-eqsS kzbw- hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-\-h-k-c-sam-cp-°mw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Htc kky-`m-K-ØpXs∂ hyXykvXamb LS-\-tbmSp IqSnb tImi-ß-fmWv ImW-
s∏-Sp∂Xv.
235
{]h¿Ø\w 2
XpS¿∂v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse 13.2, 13.3 Nn{X-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm\p≈ {]h¿Ø
\Ønte°p \bn°mw.
thcv, Ce F∂n-h-bpsS tOZ-Øns‚ Nn{Xßƒ Ipń-Iƒ {i≤n®p \nco-£n°s´. \nco-
£Ww IqSp-X¬ A¿∞-h-Øm-°m-\mbn NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-
s∏-Sp-Ømw.
kqN-I-ßƒ
$ \nco-£n® kky-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ F√m tImi-ßfpw Htc-t]m-se-bmtWm?
$ kam-\amb tImi-ßƒ H∂p tN¿∂v ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F¥n\v th≠n-bm-bn-cn°pw?
$ Ce-bnepw thcnepw Imfi-Ønepw ImWp∂ tImi-ßƒ Htc t]mse-bmtWm?
ct≠m aqt∂m t]¿ \nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´. XpS¿∂v {Kq∏v N¿®-bneqsS
Ie- F∂-Xn\v Hcp {]mtbm-KnI \n¿∆-N\w cq]o-I-c-n°p∂Xn-te°v \bn-°-Ø° CS-s]-
S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Htc kky-`m-KØv Xs∂ hyXykvX Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ CØcw tImi-k-aq-l-ßƒ hyXykvX [¿Ω-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.
$ Hcp s]mXp [¿Ωw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n H∂v tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tImi-
ß-fpsS Iq´-amWv Ie-Iƒ.
samUyqƒ ˛ 2
{]h¿Ø\w 1
Hcp Ie-bnse F√m tImi-ßfpw Htc t]mse-bmtWm F∂ {]iv\w So®¿ ¢mkn¬ D∂-
bn-°p-∂p. ap≥]v \nco-£n® kky-`m-KsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ipń-Iƒ Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p-
Øcw s]mXp-hmbn ¢mkn¬ ]d-b-s´. Ipń-I-fpsS A`n-{]mb-Øns‚ km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø\w XpS¿∂v \¬Ip-∂p.
{Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p. ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 128se kqN-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ]ńI
hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p. XpS¿∂ {Kq∏v N¿®bv°p tijw Xøm-dm-°p∂ Ipdn∏v ¢mkn¬
s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
{Kq∏vXe Ah-X-c-W-tijw So®¿ C\n-]-d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ t{ImUo-Icn-°-Ww. kky-I-e-
Iƒ c≠v hn[aps≠-¶nepw ÿnc-I-e-Isf kw_-‘n®v am{Xta Cu ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøp-
∂p-≈qsh∂pw sacn-Ã-anI Ie-Isf kw_-‘n®v Db¿∂ ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøp-sa-∂pap≈
Imcyw [cn-∏n-°-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ hyXy-kvX-bn\w ]mc≥ssIamtImi-ßƒ D≠v.
$ ]mc≥ssIatImi-ß-fnse sshhn[yw Ah-bpsS hyXykvX [¿Ω-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-
°p-∂-Xn\v tbmPn® coXn-bn-em-Wv.
$ Nnc-´, NIncn\mcv apX-em-b ITn\ kky-`m-K-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ Ie-Iƒ kv¢od≥ssIa-
bm-Wv.
236
$ hyXykvX Xcw tImi-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂mWv sskew Ie-Ifpw ^vtfmbw Ie-Ifpw
cq]-s]-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ Blmc \n¿ΩnXn°mh-iy-amb Pehpw eh-W-ßfpw Ce-I-fn¬ FØn-°p-∂Xv sske-
am-Wv.
$ ]mIw sNbvX Blmc ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ kky-i-co-c-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ FØn-
°p∂Xp ^vtfmb-am-Wv.
$ kky-i-cocw sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Ie-Iƒ sIm≠v \n¿Ωn-X-am-Wv.
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ A[nI hnh-c-ßƒ N¿®-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ A[ym-]-I-cpsS Adn-hn-te-
°mbmWv.
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
Ie-Isf°pdn®v ]Tn-°p∂ imkv{X-im-J-bmWv lnkvt‰m-f-Pn. Hcp {]tXyI
[¿Ωw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn HØp tN¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p∂ tImi-k-aq-l-
amWv Ie-Iƒ. Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-ßƒ tN¿∂pw A√m-sXbpw Ie-Iƒ
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mc≥ssI-a, Bh-c-W-Ie apX-em-b-h-bn¬ Htc Xc-Øn-ep≈
tImi-ß-fmWv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ sskew, ^vtfmbw, Nne tbmPI
Ie-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ hyXy-kvX-X-c-Øn-ep≈ tImi-ßƒ tN¿∂mWv Ie-Iƒ
cq]-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
kky-I-e-Iƒ : kkyI-e-Isf {][m-\-ambpw sacn-Ã-anI Ie ÿnc-Ie F∂n-
ßs\ c≠m-bn Xncn-°mw. hf-cp∂ kky-`m-K-ß-fnse hn`-P\ tijn IqSnb
tImi- ß - f - S - ß n- b - X mWv sacn- Ã - a nI Ie. ]mc≥ssI- a , tImf≥ssIa,
kv¢od≥ssI-a, sskew, ^vtfmbw F∂n-h ÿnc-I-e-I-fm-Wv.
Plant Tissue
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
Apical Lateral Intercalary Simple Complex
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem

]mc≥ssIa
a‰v kky-I-e-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ \nd™v InS-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ tImi-
ß-fpsS Iq´-am-Wn-Xv. arZp-kky`mK-ß-fn-emWv Ch IqSp-Xepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xv. Hmj-[n-I-fn¬ ]mc≥ssIa Ie-Iƒ Xmßmbpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Pe e`yX
Ipd-bp∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ CØcw kky-`m-K-ß-fnse ]mc≥ssIa Ie-I-fnse
Pemwiw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNSn hmSp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kky-i-co-c-Ønse \nc-
h[n Poh¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS tI{µ-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kPo-h-tIm-i-ß-
fpsS Iq´--am-Wv ]mc≥ssIa. Ch-bv°n-Sn-bn¬ [mcmfw tImim-¥-c-ÿew ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Cu tImim-¥-c-ÿ-e-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv hmX-I-hn-\n-abw km[y-am-
237
hp-∂-Xv. Ch Blm-c-kw-`-cW tI{µw IqSn-bm-Wv. ]mc≥ssIa tImi-ß-fpsS
`nØn-bn-e-qsSbmWv Pehpw eh-Whpw kky-i-co-c-Øn-te°v k©-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ch \n¿h-ln-°p∂ [¿Ω-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v Ch-b-psS cq]-L-S-\-bnepw am‰w D≠m-
hm-dp-≠v. CØ-c-Øn¬ cq]-am‰wh∂ -]m-c≥ssIa tImi-ßsf kw_-‘n-®mWv
NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
F∏n-sU¿ankv
H‰-hcn tImi-ambn ASp-Ø-SpØv ImW-s∏-Sp∂ khn-tij ]mc≥ssIa tImi-
ß-fm-Wn-h. {]mY-anI hf¿®m-L-´-Øn¬ CXv kky-tIm-i-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ `mK-
ß-sfbpw Bh-cWw sNbvXv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. hcƒ®-bn¬ \n∂pw tcmK-_m-[-
bn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-°p-I-bmWv CXns‚ ASn-ÿm\ [¿Ωw. Cu tImi-ß-
fn¬ \n∂pw Iyqń≥ F∂ Hcp ]Zm¿∞w {khn-°p-∂p≠v. CXv F∏n-sU¿ankn\v
apI-fn¬ Iyqń-°nƒ F∂ `mK-ambn amdp-∂p.
aotkm-^n¬
Ce-bpsS c≠v F∏n-sU¿an-kpIƒ°n-S-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ ]mc≥ssIa tImi-
ß-fmWv aotkm-^n¬. apI-fn-esØ F∏n-sU¿an-kn\v NphsS ]men-tkUv aotkm-
^nepw AXn\v NphsS kv t ]m©n aotkm- ^ nepw ImW- s ∏- S p- ∂ p. Cu
]mc≥ssIa tImi-ßfn¬ lcn-XIw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ch t¢md≥ssIa
F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
F≥tUm-sU¿ankv
kwh-l-\-I-e-Isf Bh-cWw sNbvXv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. tIm¿´-Ivkns‚ G‰hpw
D≈n-ep≈ ]mfn-bmWv F≥tUm-sU¿ankv Bbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. LS-\m-
]-c-ambpw {]h¿Ø-\-]-c-ambpw hf-sc-b-[nIw cq]-am-‰-ßƒ°v CXv hnt[-b-am-
hp-∂p-≠v.
s]cn-ssk-°nƒ
thcp-If- n¬ am{Xw ImWp∂ ]mc≥ssIa tImi-ßf- mWv s]cn-ssk-°nƒ. kwh-
l-\-I-e-Iƒ°pw Ft‚m-sU¿an-kn\pw CS-bv°mWv km[m-c-W-bmbn CXv ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
kl-tIm-i-ßƒ
kohv \mfn-tbmSv tN¿∂v ImW-s∏-Sp∂ khn-tij ]mc≥ssIa tImi-ß-
fmWv kl-tIm-i-ßƒ. a‰v ]mc≥ssIa tImi-ßsf At]-£n®v tImi-c-kw-
\n-d™v \n¬°p-∂-hbm-Wn-h.
tImf≥ssIa
]mc≥ssIa-bn-teXv t]mse-Xs∂ kPo-h-tIm-i-ß-fm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb kky-
I-e-I-fmWv tImf≥ssI-a. Imfi-Øn-s‚bpw Ce-bp-sSbpw F∏n-sU¿an-kn\v
Nph-ń-em-bmWv CXv ImWp-∂-Xv. ]mc≥ssIa tImi-ß-fpsS AtX LS-\-
tbmSv IqSnb tImi-ßf- m-Wn-h. F∂m¬ tImf≥ssIa tImi-`n-Øn-bpsS Hmtcm
aqe-bnepw sk√p-temkv \nt£-]n-°-s∏´v Iń IqSnb \ne-bn-em-Wv. Ch AXv
ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ kky-`m-K-ßƒ°v Xmßmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
238
kv¢od≥ssIa
kkyßƒ°v Xmßpw _ehpw \¬Ip∂ tImi-k-aq-l-amWv kv¢od≥ssIa.
]q¿Æ hf¿®-sb-Ønb kv¢od≥ssIa tImi-ßƒ \n¿÷o-h-am-Wv. Ch c≠v
Xc-Øn-ep-≠v. ss^_dp-Iƒ, kv¢odnUpIƒ F∂n-h-bm-W-h. {]mY-anI tImi-
`n-Øn¬ en·n≥ F∂ ]Zm¿∞w ASn™v IqSn-bmWv Ch-bpsS tImi-`n-Øn°v
Iń-Iq-Sp-∂-Xv. kv¢odn-bUpIƒ hyXykvX BIr-Xn-bnepw hen∏Ønepw ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch hnØp-I-fpsS Bh-c-W-ambpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnØn¬ \n∂p≈
Pe-\-jvSsØ XS-bp∂p. ss^_dp-Iƒ kwh-l-\-I-e-I-fn¬ Hcp sXm∏n-t]mse
Bh-cWw sNbvXv ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
sskew, ^vtfmbw
H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Xcw tImi-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kky-I-e-I-fmWv sskew,
^vtfmbw F∂n-h. Ch kwh-l-\-I-e-I-fm-Wv. thcv hen-s®-Sp-°p∂ Pehpw
eh-Whpw Ce-I-fn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xv sske-am-Wv. ]mIw sNbvX Blm-c-]-
Zm¿∞-ßƒ kky-tIm-i-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p∂Xv ^vtfmb-
am-Wv. kky-ß-fpsS ZznXob hf¿®m-L-´-Øn¬ Ch-bpsS FÆw h¿≤n-°p∂p.
sskeØn¬ \mev Xcw tImi- ß - f mWv ImW- s ∏- S p- ∂ - X v . {S°oUpIƒ,
shkepIƒ, sskew ]mc≥ssIa, ss^_dp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bm-W-h.
tImi-ck kºp-jvS-amb kPoh tImi-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂v cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ Ie-
I-fmWv ^vtfmbw. CXn¬ 5 Xc-Øn-ep≈ tImi-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. kohvSyq_v,
kl-tIm-i-ßƒ, ]mc≥ssI-a, ss^_dp-Iƒ, kv¢odnUpIƒ F∂n-h-bm-Wnh.
samUyqƒ ˛ 3
{]h¿Ø\w 1
kky-ß-fn-teXpt]mse P¥p-i-co-c-Ønepw hyXykvX Ie-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m F∂
Hcp {]iv\w So®¿ D∂-bn-°p-∂p. Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Dulw Fgp-X-s´. DulØns‚
km[pX t]Pv 129 ¬ \¬Inb ]ńI hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS ]cn-tim-
[n-°mw.
{Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-amWv DNn-Xw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]ńI 2 hni-I-e\w sNøm-\m-h-iy-
amb \n¿t±iw \¬Ip-∂p. ]ńI hni-I-e\w BZyw hy‡n-K-X-ambn sNø-s´. XpS¿∂v
Xøm-dm-°p∂ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ {Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sN-bvXv sa®-s∏SpØmw. hni-I-e-\-Øn-\m-bp≈
kqN-I-ßƒ So®¿ ap≥Iqń Xøm-dm°n \¬I-Ww. NphsS \¬Inb amXrIbn¬ kqN-I-
ßƒ \¬Imw.
kqN-I-ßƒ
$ hyXy-kvX-bn\w P¥p-I-e-Iƒ Gh?
$ CØcw Ie-I-fn-se√mw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv Htc-bn\w tImi-ß-fmtWm?
$ Fs¥ms° [¿Ω-ßƒ BWv Ch \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv?
Bh-iy-amb D]-tNm-Zy-ß-fn-eqsS hnhn-[-I-e-I-fnse tImi-ssh-hn-[ysØ kw_-‘n® [mc-
W-bp-d-∏n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ N¿® apt∂m´v sIm≠p-t]m-hm≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
239
{Kq∏v N¿®-bn¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-Ønb Ipdn∏pIƒ, Ht∂m ct≠m {Kq∏p-Iƒ s]mXp-hmbn Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. XpS¿∂v NphsS \¬Inb amXr-I-bn¬ t{ImUo-I-cWw \S°-Ww. t{ImUo-
I-cn® Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Ie-I-fnse sshhn-[y-Øn\v ImcWw tImi-ß-fnse sshhn-[y-am-Wv.
$ P¥p-I-e-Iƒ {][m-\-ambpw Bh-c-W-I-e, tbmP-II-e, t]io-I-e, \mUo-Ie F∂n-
ßs\ \mep-X-c-ap-≠v.
$ Ie-Iƒ hnhn[ [¿Ω-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ tbmPn® LS-\-tbmSv IqSn-b-Xm-Wv.
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
(a) Bh-c-W-Ie (epithelial tissue)
Ch {][m-\a - mbpw Xz°nepw B¥-cm-hb
- h
- ß
- f
- psS Dƒ{]-Xe
- Ø
- n-ep-amWv ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. apdnhv, AWp-_m[ apX-em-bh XS-bp-I-bm-Wv, CXns‚ {]mY-anI
[¿Ωw. hfsc Ipd™ tImim-¥c - ÿ
- ew am{Xta Cu Ie-bnse tImi-ßƒ°n-
S-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. GI-tZiw 12 Xcw Bh-c-W-I-e-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
DZm: kvIzma-kvIe.
(b) tbmP-I-Ie (connective tissue)
Aÿn, Xcp-Wmÿn, kv\mbp-°ƒ, c‡w, enw^v XpS-ßnb `mK-ß-fn¬ ImW-
s∏-Sp∂ Ie-I-fmWv Ch. CXns‚ LS\ AXns‚ [¿Ω-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v hyXym-
k-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. ico-csØ H∂mbn \n¿Øp-∂Xpw Xmßn \n¿Øp-∂Xpw
CØcw Ie-I-fm-Wv. Bh-c-W-I-esb At]-£n®v IqSp-X¬ tImim-¥-c-ÿew
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
(c) t]io-Ie (muscular tissue)
t]io-Ie {][m-\-am-bpw- aq∂v Xc-ap-≠v. tcJm-¶nX t]in (striated), tcJm-
iq\y t]in (non striated), lrZ-b-t]in (cardiac) F∂n-h-bm-W-h. tcJm-¶nX
t]in Aÿn-t]-in F∂pw Adn-bs-- ∏-Sp-∂p. Ch sF›nI t]in-bmWv. F∂m¬
tcJm-iq\yt]in Ass\-›nI t]in-bm-Wv. lrZ-b-t]in tcJm-¶nX t]in-bp-
sSbpw tcJm-iq-\y-t]-in-bp-sSbpw kz`mhw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.
(d) \mUo-Ie (nervous tissue)
khn-tij tImi-ß-fmb \yqtdm-Wp-Iƒ tN¿∂p-≠mb Ie-I-fm-Wn-Xv. thK-
Øn-ep≈ B¥-cnI ktµ-ih
- n-\n-ab
- Ø
- n\v klm-bn-°p-Ib
- mWv CXns‚ [¿Ωw.
{]h¿Ø\w 2
P¥p-I-e-Isf kw_-‘n® t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn\v tijw Hmtcm-I-ebpw kzX-{¥-am-bmtWm
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv F∂ {]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-∂p. Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Ønse t]Pv 130 ¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Bam-i-b-I-e-Iƒ F∂ Nn{Xw hni-I-e\w
sNømw.
{Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-amWv A`n-Im-ayw. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬Inb kqN-I-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-
am°n Nn{X-hn-i-I-e\w \SØs´. {Kq∏v N¿®-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠-
Xm-Wv. {Kq∏p-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn\p tijw So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
240
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Bh-c-W-I-e, tbmP-II-e, t]io-I-e, \mUo-Ie F∂o hn`mKw Ie-Iƒ Bam-i-b-
Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ Bh-cWIe Bam-i-b-Øns‚ Dƒ`n-Ønsb Bh-cWw sNøp-∂p.
$ tbmP-I-Iebmb c‡w Bam-i-b-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb t]mjIßƒ
{]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.
$ t]io-Ie Bam-i-b-Ønse Ne-\-ßƒ°p klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ \mUo-Ie Bam-i-b- {]h¿Ø-\ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p∂p
$ Ie-I-fpsS Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-ambn Blm-c-Øns‚ Zl\w Bam-i-b-Øn¬h®v
\S-°p-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w 3
t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn\v tijw Hmtcm Ah-b-h-Ønepw CØ-c-Øn¬ hyXykvX Ie-Iƒ ImW-
s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m F∂ {]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-∂p. s]mXp-N¿®-bp-sSbpw ap∂-dn-hn-s‚bpw ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ hyXykvX Ie-Iƒ Hcp s]mXp [¿Ωw \n¿h-ln-°Ø°-co-Xn-bn¬ IqSn-
t®¿∂mWv Hcp Ah-bhw D≠m-hp-∂Xv F∂ {]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N-\w cq]o-I-cn-°p∂ Xc-
Øn¬ s]mXp-N¿® t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
{]h¿Ø\w 4
XpS¿∂v Bam-ibw F∂ Hcp A-h-b-hw-sIm≠v am{Xw Zl-\-{]-{Inb ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥
Ign-bptam F∂ {]iv\w \¬Ip-∂p. t]Pv 131 (Nn{Xw 13.5) ¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ Nn{Xw hni-
I-e\w sNbvXp sIm≠v {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±iw \¬I-Ww.
Nn{X-hn-i-I-e\w hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-ambn XpSßmw. sSIvÃv_p°nse Nn{X-Øn¬ Zl-
\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂ Ah-b-h-ß-fpsS t]cv Ipń-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. CXv {Kq∏n¬ Ah-
X-cn-∏n-®v sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv {Kq∏n¬ Hcmƒ ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
Ah-Xc - W
- k
- a
- b
- Øv Zl-\h
- y-hÿ
- b- psS `mK-ßƒ AS-bm-fs- ∏-Sp-ØmØ Hcp Nn{Xw Nm¿ń¬
hc®v A[ym-]-I≥ ¢m n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n°p∂p. Nm¿ń¬ icn-bmb AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
\SØn Cu {]h¿Ø\w t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw. t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn¬ Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Bi-b-
ßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ a\p-jy-\-S-°-ap≈ Db¿∂-bn\w Pohn-I-fn-se√mw Ah-bhhyh-ÿ-Iƒ cq]-s∏ń´p≠v.
$ Hcp Ah-b-h-hy-h-ÿbv°pw kzX-{¥-ambn \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bn-√.
$ GsXmcp Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\hpw hnhn[ Ah-b-h-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-
Øn-eqsS am{Xta km[y-am-hp-I-bp-≈q.
samUyqƒ ˛ 4
{]h¿Ø\w 1
Poh-[¿Ω{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb Ah-bhhyh-ÿ-Iƒ F√m Pohn-
I-fnepw cq]s∏-ń-´pt≠m F∂ {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. sSIvÃv_p°nse t]Pv 132 se
H∂m-asØ Nn{Xw hni-I-e\w sNbvXvsIm≠v Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°mw.
241
{Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-amWv DNn-Xw. sSIvÃv _p°nse t]Pv 132 se Nn{Xw {Kq∏n¬ hni-I-e\w
sNbvXv hnhn[ LS-\m-X-e-Ønep≈ {]tXy-In®v tImi-Xew, Snjyq-X-ew, Ah-b-h-X-ew,
Ah-b-h-hy-hÿmXew F∂n--h-bn-ep≈ Pohn-Isf Xncn-®-dn™v eLp-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-
°s´. Xømdm-°nb Ipdn∏pIƒ hne-bn-cpØn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\-h-kcw \¬Ip-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Cu {]h¿Ø-\Ø
- n-eqsS \ΩpsS Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ F√m Pohn-If
- nepw Poh-[¿Ω {]h¿Ø-
\-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂Xn\m--h-iy-amb Ah-b-h-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ cq]-s∏-ń-ń√ F∂ \nK-
a-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w 2
GI-tIm-iP
- o-hn-bmb Aao-_b
- psS ico-cØ
- n¬ F√m tImimw-Kß
- fpw C√ F¶nepw Poh¬
{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf√mw CXnepw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. F¶n¬ CXns\ GXv Xe-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-
SpØmw F∂ {]iv\w ]cnlcn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ {]h¿Ø\w \S-Ømw.
A≤ymbw 2 se t]Pv 28 (Nn{Xw 2.4) Aao-_bmWv. Aao-_-bpsS Nn{Xhpw amXrIm tImi-
Øn‚ Nn{Xhpw Ipń-Iƒ Xmc-Xayw sNø-s´. AXn-\mbn NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ kqN-I-
ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ amXr-Im-tIm-i-Ønse GsXms° `mK-ßƒ Aao-_-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂p? Aao-_-bn-
en-√mØ tImimw-K-ßƒ GsXms°?
$ a\p-jy-\n¬ \S-°p∂ GsXms° Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Aao-_b-- n¬ \S-°p∂p?
$ Aao-_sb tImi-Iob LS-\m-X-e-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-Iƒ Hcp tImiw sIm≠p-Xs∂ F√m Poh¬[¿Ω--ßfpw \n¿h-ln-
°p-∂p.
$ AXm-bXv Ah-bpsS tImi-i-cocw Hcp _lp-tIm-i-Po-hn-bpsS ico-c-Øn\v kam-\-
ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
$ F∂m¬ Hcp amXrImtImi-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ tImimw-K-ß-sf-√mw (ssetkm-tkmw,
A¥¿{ZhyPmenI apX-em-b-h) GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v
Ah-bpsS tImisØ Hcp amXr-Im-tIm-iambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m-\m-hn-√. Aao-_sb
t]mep≈ GI-tIm-i-Po-hn-Isf Gsk√p-em¿Xe Pohn-Iƒ (Acellular level organisms)
F∂ hn`m-K-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
$ kvt]m©pIfn¬ tImi-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ IrXy-amb {]hrØn hn`-P\w Zriy-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ tImi-ßƒ IrXy-amb Ie-I-fmbn cq]-s∏-ń-ń-√. CØcw Pohn-Isf tImi-
Io-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ (sk√p-em¿ seh¬) Pohn-I-fmbn IW-°m-°mw.
{]h¿Ø\w 3
]c-amWp apX¬ Poh-a-fiew hsc-bp≈ Pohn -hn-Im-k-L-´-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]mT-
]p-kvX-I-Ønse t]Pv 132 se B‰w apX¬ Pohn-k-ap-Zmbw hsc-bp≈ hnIm-k-Øns‚
Nn{Xo-I-cWw hni-I-e\w sNø-s´.
242
{Kq∏v {]h¿Ø\ØneqsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Nn{Xo-I-cWw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v
Xøm-dm°n NphsS \¬Inb t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn-se-Øp-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ tImi-ß-fmWv Pohs‚ ASn-ÿm\w.
$ tImi-ßƒ kPo-h-ambn \ne\n¬°p-∂Xv tImimw-K-ß-fpsS kPo-hX aqe-am-Wv.
$ hnhn[ ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ tN¿∂mWv tImimwK-ßƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂-Xv.
$ X∑m-{X-IfpsS ASn-ÿm\w B‰-ßfmWv. X∑m-{X-Iƒ tN¿∂mWv hnhn[ ]Zm¿∞-
ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Pohs‚ Htc- Xm-f-amWv kakvX Poh-Pm-e-ß-sfbpw apt∂m´v \bn-°p-∂Xv F∂pw `qan-
bn¬ Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬∏n-\m-[mcw sshhn-[y-Ønse Cu GI-Xz-am-sW∂pw kw{K-ln®v
sIm≠v ]mT-`mKw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°mw.
243
14 Pohs‚ Xmfw
Poh-afi- e
- Ø
- nse kakvX PohPm-eß - f- nepw XpSn-°p-∂Xp Pohs‚ Htc Xmf-am-Wv. hnhn[
Poh¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ka-{K-Xbn-emWp Poh≥ \ne\n¬°p-∂-Xv. ico-c-L-S-\-bnepw
hep-∏-Ønepw PohnXco-Xn-I-fnepw sshhn[yw Ds≠-¶nepw Pohn-I-sfsb√mw Iqń-bn-W-
°p∂ Cu GIXzw Xncn-®-dn™p {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw _p≤n-sIm≠pw Nn¥-
sIm≠pw DZm-Ø-\mb a\p-jy-\p-≠v. tIh-e-Xe-Øn¬ \n∂v a\p-jy≥ hniz-am-\-h-\mbn
Db-cp-∂Xpw At∏m-gm-Wv. _mly-]-cn-ÿnXn t]mse Poh-Pm-eß -- ƒs°√mw B¥-c-]-cn-
ÿn-Xnbpw {][m-\-amsW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv Cu ]mTw \¬Ip-∂p. B¥-c-]-cn-ÿnXn cq]-s∏-
Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw AXnse LS-I-ßƒ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂pw tImihpw ]cn-k-chpw
XΩn¬ ]Zm¿∞hn\n-abw \S-°p∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°p∂ {]Xn-`m-k-ß-sf-s¥m-s°-sb-∂p-
ap≈ Bi-b-ßƒ ⁄m\\n¿Ωn-Xn-°p-X-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ hnhn[ ]T-\m-\p-`-hß-fn-eqsS
Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ k∂n-th-in-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CØcw ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂p
t]mIp∂ Ipń°v Pohs‚ kq£va-X-esØ]‰n-bp≈ [mcW hnI-kn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
AXns\ imkv{Xo-b-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøm-\p≈ tijnbpw hnI-kn-°pw. AtXm-sSm∏w
B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xn-sb∂ Bibw Dƒs°m≈m\pw AXn\p hnLm-X-am-Ip∂ kml-N-cy-
ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-™v B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn ]me-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-Øn¬ Xs‚ Btcm-Ky-io-e-
ßƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm\p≈ at\m-`m-hhpw Ipń-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-tS-≠-Xp≠v. Cu hni-I-e\
tijnbpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw BWv a\p-jys\ CXc Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-\m-°p-∂-
Xv. AXp sIm≠p Xs∂-bmWv a‰p Pohn-Iƒ°p Ign-bmØ Xe-ß-fn-te°p ˛ hniz-am-\-
hnI-Xbn-te°p a\p-jy-\p- am{Xw hf-cm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ Snjyq-{Zhw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂ [mcW ssIh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw AXvv B¥-c-
]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw.
$ Snjyq-{Z-h-tØbpw enw^n-t\bpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXp hyXymkw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ tImi-]-cn-k-chpw tImihpw XΩn¬ ]Zm¿∞-hn-\n-abw \S-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°p∂
hnhn[ {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf°pdn®p [mcW ssIh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw Ahsb hni-I-e\w
sNøp-∂-Xn-\pw.
$ Hmkvtam-knkv, A¥¿hym-]\w XpS-ßnb {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-
amb ]co-£-W-ßƒ cq]-I¬]\ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]co-£-W-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p≈
tijn-Iƒ ssIh-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\pw.
$ Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬]n\v B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xn-bv°p≈ {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v .
$ B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn ]me-\-Øn¬ Ah-b-h-ß-fp-tSbpw Ah-bhhyh-ÿ-I-fp-tSbpw
{]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xn°p hnLm-X-am-Ip∂ hnhn[ kml-N-cy-ßƒ Is≠-Øm\pw Ahsb
hni-I-e\w sNøm\pap≈ tijn ssIh-cnbv-°p-∂Xn-\v.
$ B¥-c-k-a-ÿnXn ]me-\-Øn\v XS- -ap-≠m-°p∂ PohnX ioe-ß-fn¬ \ns∂m-gn™p
\n¬°m\pw B¥-c-ka-ÿnXn -]m-e-\-Øn\p klm-b-I-am-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ Btcm-Ky-
io-e-ßƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw klm-b-I-amb at\m-`mhw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
244
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ Hmtcm tImi- Ø n- \ - $ teman- I - I - f nse c‡- Ø n¬ $ Snjyp- { Z- h - Ø ns‚ cq]o- I - c - $ Nn{Xo- I - c Ww, hmb\m
IØpw c‡w FØp- \n∂pw tImim-¥-c-ÿeß-fn- Whpw ]p\cm- K n- c - W hpw kma{Kn
∂pt≠m? tImi- ß - te°v Dudn-bn-d-ßp∂ {ZmhI ImWn- ° p∂ Nn{Xo- I - c - W - $ kqN-I-ßƒ
fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-Øn- `mK- a mWv tImim- ¥ - c - { Zhw . Øns‚ hni-I-e-\w.
\m-h-iy-amb ]Zm¿∞- tImim-¥-c-{Zhw tImi-ß-fpsS
ßƒ Ahbv°v e`y-am- ]cn- k - c - a mWv . CXn¬ \n∂v
Ip- ∂ Xv Fß- s \- t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßfpw HmIvkn-
bmWv ? P\pw a‰pw tImi- Ø n- \ - I -
$ tImi-Øn-\-IØv cq]- tØ°v πmkvamkvXc-Øn-eqsS
s∏- S p∂ hnk¿Py {]th-in-°p∂p. tImi-Øn-\p-
hkv X p- ° fpw a‰pw ≈n¬ \n∂v hnk¿Py-h-kvXp-
]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂Xv °fpw a‰pw tImi- ] - c n- k - c -
Fß-s\-bmWv ? tØ°v \o°w sNø- s ∏- S p-
∂Xpw πmkvam-kvX-c-Øn-eqsS
bmWv. $ hni-e-I-e-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
$ tImim-¥-c-{Zhw ]p-\- $ tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øns‚ Ipsd-
cm-Kn-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp- `mKw teman- I - I - f n- t e°v
∂Xv Fßn-s\-bmWv? XncnsI {]th- i n- ° p- ∂ p.
_m°n-bp≈ `mKw enw^vtem-
an-I-I-fn-te-°pw. enw^vtem-an-I-
Iƒ tN¿∂p- ≠ m- I p∂
enw^vhmln-I-fn-eqsS Cu {Zhw
c‡-Øn-te°v Xncn-s®-Øp-∂p-
.
245
246
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ tImim- ¥ - c - ÿ - e hpw $ KmV- X - b n¬ hyXym- k - a p≈ $ Hmkvtam-knkv hy‡-am°p∂ $ t_mƒs]≥_m-c¬, ap´-bp- $ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-se-
tImi- ß fpw XΩn¬ emb-\n-Isf hcWXmcy-kvXcw ]co-£-Ww. sS- ] m- S , ajn- ° p- ∏ n, D∏v , ]¶m-fnØw
]Zm¿∞-hn-\n-abw \S- sIm≠v th¿Xn-cn-®m-¬ KmV- ip≤-P-ew, ajn XpS-ßn-bh $ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
Øp∂Xn\v πmkv a m- XIq- S n- b `mKØp \n∂v $ F ≥ t U m - k v t a m - k n k p w
kv X cw klm- b - I - a m- KmVX Ipd-™ `mK-tØ°v FIvtkmkvtamknkpw hy‡-
Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? Pe-X∑- m-{X-Iƒ k©cn°p∂p. am-°p∂ {]mIvSn-°¬ $ dnsbm- sN- S n- b psS Ce, $ \nco-£-W-ßƒ
Cu {]Xn-`m-k-amWv Hmkvtam- ip≤P- e w, D∏psh≈w, $ \nK-a-\-ßƒ
knkv. tImi-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd- ss…Uv , Ih¿ •mkv ,
tØ- ° p≈ Hmkv t am- k nkv ssat{Im-kvtIm∏v XpS-ßn-
F≥tUm-kvtam-knkpw tImi- bh
Øn- \ - I - t Ø- ° p≈ Hmkv t am-
knkv FIvtkm-kvtam-knkpw
BWv.
$ F√m ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw $ HmIvkn-P≥, Im¿_¨ ssU
Hmkv t am- k nkv hgn- HmIvsskUv F∂nh tImi-ß-
bmtWm tImi- fnse-Øp-∂Xv A¥¿hym-]\w
ßƒ°p- ≈ n- s e- Ø p- hgn- b m- W v . KmV- X Iq- S nb
∂Xv ? `mKØv \n∂v KmVX Ipd™
`mKtØ°v X∑m-{X-Iƒ hym]n-
°p∂ {]Xn- ` m- k - a mWv
A¥¿hym-]\w
$ [mXp-e-h-W-ßfpw a‰pw tImi- $ N¿® $ hmb-\m-km-a{KnIƒ $ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
ßƒ°p-≈n-se-Øp-∂Xv
BIv‰o-hv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v hgn-bm-
Wv. KmV-Xm-{I-a-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn
X∑m-{X-I-sftbm Atbm-Wp-I-
sftbm Du¿÷w hn\n-tbm-Kn®v
πmkv a m- k v X cw hen- s ®- S p-
°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv BIv‰ohv
{Sm≥kvt]m¿´v.
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ tImim-¥-c-{Z-h-Øns‚ $ tImi- ß - f psS ]cn- k - c - a mb $ N¿® $ hmb-\m-km-a{Kn $ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
LS\ \nc-¥cw amdn- B¥c- ] - c n- ÿ nXn {]Zm\w $ \nK-a-\-ßƒ
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - t√? sNøp∂ tImim- ¥ - c - { Z- h - $ Nn{Xo-I-cW hniI-e\w $ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ßƒ $ ]qcn-∏n® Nn{Xo-I-cWw
Cu am‰w tImi- ß - Øns‚ LS\ A\p- \ n- a njw
fpsS {]h¿Ø-\sØ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. CXv Hcp
_m[n- ° p- I - b nt√? ]cn- [ n- I - g n- ™ m¬ Poh¬
AXv Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp- {]h¿Ø- \ - ß - f psS Xmfw $ Nn{Xo-Ic- Ww ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ $ kqN-I-ßƒ
∂Xv Fßn-s\-bmWv? sX‰pw. Aßs\ kw`-hn-°m-Xn-
cn- ° m≥ B¥- c - ] - c n- ÿ n- X n-
bpsS Xpe-\m-hÿ ÿnc-ambn
\n¿tØ- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . CXns\
B¥-ck - a- ÿ
- nXn F∂p ]d-bp-
∂p. tImi-]-cn-k-cØv Bh-iy-
ap≈ ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ FØn®pw
\o°w sNtø- ≠ h \o°w
sNbvXp-amWv B¥-ck - a- ÿ
- n-Xn-
]m-en-°s- ∏-Sp-∂X- v. hnhn[ Ah-
b-h-hy-h-ÿ-I-fpsS GtIm-]n-
®p≈ {]h¿Ø- \ w- a q- e - a mWv
CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
$ AWp- _ m- [ , ]pI- h - $ X\n°v Xs∂bpw kaq- l - $ hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww, Ipdn∏v Xbm- $ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip∏v eLp-te- $ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
en, aZy-]m-\w, ab-°p-a- Øn\pw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Pohn- dm-°¬ J-Iƒ
cp-∂p-I-fpsS D]-tbm- X-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Pohn- $ hnh-c-W-ßƒ
Kw, AanX t]mjWw X-co-Xn-Iƒ A\p-io-en-°-Ww.
XpS-ßnb LS-I-ßƒ AXv a‰p-≈-h¿°v amXr-I-bm-I-
B¥-c-k-a-ÿn-Xnsb Ww.
XI-cm-dn-em-°p-∂p.
247
D≈-S°hni-I-e\w
tamUyqƒ 1
tImim-¥c{Zhw, Ah-bpsS [¿Ωw, ew^v, enw^v hmln F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v [mcW e`n-
°p-∂-hn-[-Øn¬ 2 {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Cu samUyqƒ hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-S-Ww. (2 ]ncn-
-b-Uv).
tamUyqƒ 2
Hmkvtam-knkv, Un^yq-j≥ F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]co-£-W-ßƒ
cq]-I¬]\ sNøp-∂p. F≥tUm-kvtam-knkv, FIvtkmkvtamknkv F∂o Bi-b-ßfpw
hn\n-baw sNø-s∏-S-Ww. BsI 6 {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ. (3 ]ncn--b-Uv).
tamUyqƒ 3
A©v {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS ˛ B¥cka-ÿnXn, B¥c]cn-ÿn-Xnsb tZmj-ambn _m[n-
°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ F∂nh Cu tamUyq-fn¬ hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. (2 ]ncn--b-Uv).
]mT-`m-KØneqsS
tamUyqƒ ˛ 1
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1
"BcmWp XymKn' F∂ imkv{X-\m-S-I-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Bkzm-Z-\-Ip-dn∏p Xøm-dm-°¬.
Hcp s]mXpN¿®-bmWv \√Xv. N¿®bv°p kqN-I-ßƒ ap≥Iqń Xøm-dm-°-Ww. sSIvÃv
_p°n¬ kqN-I-ßƒ \¬In-bn-ń√.
kqN-I-ßƒ
$ CXc Poh-Pm-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ s\√n-s‚bpw HmIvkn-P-s‚bpw A`n-{]m-b-tØmSp
\nßƒ tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?
$ c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw ]cm-Xn-Ifn¬ apJy-{]Xn a\p-jy-\mWv. \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-bs
- a-¥mWv?
$ c‡w a‰p c≠p t]cn¬ \n∂pw thdn´p \n¬°p∂sXßs\? c‡-Øns‚ [¿Ωw
F¥v.
Ipń-I-fpsS hnhn[ Bi-b-ßƒ hc-s´. AXns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°phm≥ {i≤n-°Ww.
$ `£y-hnf Irjn sNøp-∂-Xn\p≈ hnap-J-X.
$ A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw
$ c‡-Øns‚ [¿Ωw
$ Poh--t\mSpw Pohn-I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ aXn-∏v.
Bkzm-Z\-°p-dn∏v hy‡n-K-X-ambn Xøm-dm-°-s´. AsXmcp Home assignment Bbn \¬Ip-
∂-Xm-Wv \√Xv. ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v 10 an\n´v aXn-bmIpw.
248
Poh¬{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ°mh-iy-amb t]mj-IL
- S- I
- ß
- ƒ tImi-ßf
- n¬ FØn-°p-∂Xp c‡-
amsW∂ Bi-b-Øn¬ Du∂n \n∂p-sIm≠p ASpØ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te°p t]mImw.
{]h¿Ø\w 2
A[ym-]nI tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-°p-∂Xp tImi-ßƒ°p-≈n¬ h®mWv. Poh¬{]h¿Ø-\-
ßƒ°m-hiy-amb t]mj-I-L-S-I-ßƒ tImi-Øn¬ FØn-°p-∂Xp c‡-am-Wv. Aß-s\-
sb-¶n¬ Hmtcm tImi-Ønepw c‡w FØptam?
Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-K-X-ambn Dulw Ipdn-°p-∂p. random reporting. Cu L´-Øn¬ Bi-b-
ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xn-√. A[ym-]nI Ipń-I-fn¬ Pn⁄mk h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂
tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.
AXn-\p-tijw 6 t]cn¬ Ihn-bmØ {Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p∂p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
Nn{Xo-I-c-W-ßƒ kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂ {]h¿Ø\w {Kq∏p-I-
fn¬ \S-°p-∂p.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. H∏w IqSp-X¬ hy‡-Xbv°p th≠n
Ht∂m- ct≠m kqN-I-ßƒ IqSn Iqń-t®¿°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
DZm: tImim-¥-c-{Zhw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-hn-sS-bm-Wv?
tImi-ßfpsS {Iao-I-cWw tImim-¥c{Zh-Øn\p ÿnXn sNøm≥ F{X-am{Xw klm-
b-I-am-hp∂p?
Nn{Xo-I-cWw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v t]Pv 136 se C≥^¿ta-j≥ t_mIvknse hnh-c-
ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
{Kq∏p N¿®bv°p 15 an\n´p \¬Imw.
{Kq∏p-Xe dnt∏m¿ńwKpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw 15 an\n´v
hni-I-e-\Ip-dn∏pw t{ImUo-I-c-WIpdn∏pw Hmtcm Ipńbpw kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-sb∂p Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ tImi-ßƒ°n-Sbv°p tImim-¥-c-ÿ-e-ap-≠v.
$ tImim-¥cÿeØp tImim-¥c{Zhw (Snjyq-{Z-hw) ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.
$ c‡-tem-an-I-I-fn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ c‡-Øn¬ \n∂mWv tImim-¥-c-{Zhw Dudn-bn-d-ßp-
∂-Xv.
$ c‡-Ønse t]mj-I-L-S-I-ß-fpw HmIvkn-P\pw Snjyq-{Z-h-Ønepw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
$ Snjyq-{Zhw XpS¿®-bmbn cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw tImim-¥c
- ÿ
- e
- Øp AXns‚ Afhp
IqSp-∂n√. ImcWw Snjyq-{Z-hsØ enw^v hmln-Iƒ XpS¿®-bmbn BKn-cWw sNøp-
∂p. enw^v hmln-I-fnse Snjyq-{Z-h-amWp enw^v. enw^v c‡-Øn¬ Xs∂ aS-ßn-
sbØp∂p.
$ Snjyq{Zhhpw tImi-{Z-hyhpw XΩn¬ ]Zm¿∞hn\n-abw \S-Øp-∂p. Snjyq-{Z-h-Øn¬
\n∂pw t]mj-IL- S- I
- ß
- fpw HmIvkn-P\pw tImi-Øn-\p-≈n-te°pw tImi-Øn-\p-≈n¬
\n∂pw hnk¿÷yhkvXp-°ƒ Snjyq-{Z-h-Øn-te°pw hym]n-°p-∂p.
249
t{ImUo-I-c-W-Øn\p tijw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw t\ctØ Ah¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Dul-Øns‚
km[pX kzbw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.
A[n-Ihnh-c-Øn\v
F√m tImi-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw c‡-tem-an-I-Iƒ sN√p-∂pt≠m?
tImi-ßƒs°√mw Snjyq-{Zhw Dƒs∏ń-cn-°p∂ Hcp tImi-]-cn-k-c-ap-≠v. Snjyq-
{Zhw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xp c‡-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. c‡-tem-an-I-I-fpsS `nØn-bn-eqsS
tImim- ¥ cÿe- t Ø°p c‡- Ø n¬ \n∂v Dudn- b n--d - ß p∂ {Zmh- I - a mWv
Snjyq{Zhw. Cu Bi-b-ß-fmWv Dd∏n-t°--≠-Xv. Hmtcm tImi-Øn\p Np‰pw
c‡-tem-an-I-Iƒ sN∂n-s√-¶nepw tImi-]-cn-k-c-Øn¬ Snjyq-{Zhw D≠m-bn-
cpt∂ aXn-bmIq. F¶n¬ am{Xta tImi-hp-ambn ]Zm¿∞-hn-\n-abw km[yamIq.
tamUyqƒ ˛ 2
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1
tImim--¥-c-{Z-hhpw tImi-{Z-hyhpw XΩn¬ ]Zm¿∞-hn-\n-abw \S-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-b-I-
amb {]{In-b-I-sf-∏‰n [mc-W -cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn Hcp s]mXp-N¿®- XpS-ßmw.
DZm: tImim¥c{ZhØn¬ \n∂p HmIvknP≥ tImi{ZhyØnte°p IS°p∂p. F¥p
sIm≠p Xncn®p {]th- i n- ° p- ∂ n√. AXp- t ]mse tImim¥c{ZhØn¬ \n∂p CO 2
tImi{ZhyØnte°p F¥p-sIm≠v hym]n°p∂n√?
IpńIƒ AhcpsS Dulßfpw Bibßfpw {]ISn∏n°s´.
A[ym-]nI Nne kmlNcyßƒ DZmlcn°p∂p.
$ Hcp henb apdn-bpsS Hcp-h-iØv Hcp Nµ-\-Øn-cn-I-Øn-®p-h-®-tijw FXn¿h-i-Øp-
\n∂pw sas√-\-S∂v K‘w A\p-`-hn-°p∂p.
$ Hcp •mkn¬ Aev]w ]©kmc FSpØXn\ptijw •mkns‚ hiØneqsS sh≈w
Hgn°p∂p. ]©kmc Ie°msX h®v Aev]t\cw Ign™p sh≈w IpSn-°p-∂p.
$ Hcp •mkv sh≈Øn¬ Hcp Xp≈n ajn Hgn®v AXp hym]n°p∂Xv \nco£n°p∂p.
Hmtcm kml-N-cy-Ønepw F¥p kw`-hn-°p∂p F∂ tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p. Nµ-\-
Øn-cn-tbm-S-Sp-Øp-hcpwtXmdpw K‘w IqSn-h-cp-∂-Xmbpw •mkns‚ ASn-`m-KsØ sh≈-
Øn¬ IqSp-Xep≈ \ndw sas√ hym]n-°p-∂-Xmbpw Ipń-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p.
F¥psIm≠nßs\ kw`hn°p∂p? F∂ tNmZytØmsSm∏w IpńIfpsS Nn¥sb
DW¿Øp∂ D]tNmZyßfpw BImw.
$ K‘Øns‚/]©kmcbpsS/ajnbpsS KmVX IqSpX¬ FhnsSbmbncn°pw?
$ ta¬ kqNn∏n® ]Zm¿∞IWnIIfpsS hym]\Øn\v KmVXbpsS ]s¶¥v?
$ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hym]\-co-Xn-bpsS t]cv?
A¥¿hym]\w Fs¥∂p t{ImUoIcn®Xn\p tijw AXns\ tImi{Zhyhpw
tImim¥c{Zhhpw XΩnep≈ ]Zm¿∞hn\nabhpambn _‘n∏n°Ww. AXn\mhiyamb
tNmZyßƒ.
250
$ HmIv k nPs‚ KmVX IqSpX¬ FhnsSbmbncn°pw? tImim¥c{ZhØntem
tImi{ZhyØntem? F¥psIm≠v?
$ CO2s‚ KmVX IqSpX¬ FhnsSbmbncn°pw? tImim¥c{ZhØntem tImi-
{ZhyØntem? F¥psIm≠v?
s]mXpN¿®sb XpS¿∂v t{ImUo-I-c-Ww.
t{ImUoIcWw
$ DOzm-k-hm-bp-hn-eqsS HmIvknP≥ c‡-Øn¬ Iecp∂p. AXpsIm≠p c‡-Ønepw
c‡Øn¬ \n∂v Dudnbndßp∂ tImim¥c{ZhØnepw HmIvknPs‚ KmVX
IqSpXembncn°pw. X≥aqew tImim¥c{ZhØn¬ \n∂v HmIv k nP≥ tImi-
{ZhyØnte°p {]thin°p∂p.
$ tImiØn¬ \S°p∂ Poh¬{]h¿Ø\ßfpsS êambn CO 2 D≠mIp∂p.
AXpsIm≠p tImi{ZhyØn¬ CO 2s‚ KmVX IqSpXembncn°pw. X∑qew
tImi{ZhyØn¬ \n∂p CO2 tImim¥c{ZhØnte°p {]thin°p∂p.
Hmtcm Ipńbpw t{ImUoIcWw tcJs∏SpØp∂p.
Cu {]h¿Ø\w 20 an\n´psIm≠p ]q¿Ønbm°mw. tijn°p∂ 20 an\n´v ASpØ
{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ Bkq{XWØn\mbn hn\ntbmKn°mw.
A[n-Ihnh-c-Øn\v
πmkvamkv-Xcw Ft¥ Nne ]Zm¿∞ßsf am{Xw AI-tØ°p IS-Øn-hn-
Sp∂p?
tImi-Øns‚ BhcWamWv πmkvam-X-cw. amwkyhpw sImgp∏pw sIm≠mWv
CXp \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. πmkvam-kvX-c-Øn¬ kq£va-kp-jn-c-ßƒ D≠v. Cu
kq£va-kp-jn-c-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv tImi-Øn-\p-≈n-te°pw ]pd-tØ°pw IWn-I-
Iƒ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. IWn-I-Iƒ Cu kpjn-c-ß-tf-°mƒ hep-Xm-sW-¶n¬
kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw πmkvam-kvX-c-Øn-eqsS IS∂p t]mhp-I-bn-√-t√m? Hcp tImi-
Øn-\m-h-iy-amb CØcw IWn-I-Isf Du¿÷w D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv tImi-Øn-\p-
≈n-te°v IS-Øp-∂-Xv.
Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane structure
251
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2
Pew Fßs\bmbn-cn°pw tImiØn\p≈nte°p IS°p∂Xv?
KmVXm{Iaw PeØns‚ {]thi\sØ kzm[o\n°p∂pt≠m? F∂ tNmZyØn¬ \n∂v
{]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n°mw. Ipń-Iƒ Xß-fpsS Dulw hy‡n-]-c-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
πmkvamkvXcØns‚ khntijX (hcW-Xmcykz`mhw) ap∂dnhmWv. s]mXpN¿®bneqsS
AXpd∏n°Ww. AXn\ptijw Dul-Øns‚ km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\mbn Hcp ]co£Ww
Bkq{XWw sNøp∂ {]h¿Ø\Ønte°p IS°mw. 6 t]cn¬ IhnbmØ {Kq∏pIfmIs´.
{Kq∏n¬ kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Bkq{XWw \S°s´.
Bkq{XWØn\p klmbIambn Nn{Xw 14.2 D]tbmKn°Ww. (]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 137)
kqNIßƒ ]mT-]p-kvXIØn¬ C√mØXn\m¬ So®¿ Nm¿ń¬ {]Z¿in∏n°Ww.
kqN-I-ßƒ
$ ]co£WØn\v Fs¥ms° kma{KnIƒ kwLSn∏nt°≠nhcpw?
$ F¥n\mWv c≠p ]co£Wkwhn[m\ßƒ?
$ ]co£W{Iaw Fßs\?
$ Fs¥ms° Imcyßƒ {i≤n°Ww? F¥mbncn°Ww tcJs∏SptØ≠Xv?
Cu {]h¿Ø\Øn\v 20 an\n´v th≠n hcpw. ASpØ ¢mkn¬ ]co£WØn\mhiyamb
kma{KnIfpambn hcphm≥ {Kq∏pItfmSmhiys∏Sp∂p.
kma{KnIsf]‰n kqN\ \evIWw
$ ajn°p∏nIƒ $ _mƒs]∂ns‚ kpXmcyamb Hgn™ _mc¬
$ ajn $ Ińbp≈ \qev
$ D∏v $ ap´ (F√mh¿°pw IqSn H∂paXn)
$ Pew
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3
{]h¿Ø\w 2 s‚ {Kq∏vXe dnt∏m¿ńwKv.
]co£Wkma{KnIƒ GsXms°sb∂p Ign™ ¢mkn¬ t{ImUoIcn®Xp sIm≠v a‰p
kqNIßfpsS dnt∏m¿ńwKv aXnbmIpw.
t{ImUoIcWw
$ Ncßƒ \nb{¥n°m≥ th≠nbmWv c≠p ]co£W kwhn[m\ßƒ (Htc KmV-
Xbnep≈ c≠p {ZmhIßƒ XΩn-emWv th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ H∂p as‰m∂nte°p
{]thin°ptam F∂pw Is≠-Øp-hm-\mWv 2˛m-asØ kwhn-[m-\w. (]mT-]p-kvXIØn¬
Nn{Xw 14.2¬ Nc-ßsf \nb-{¥n-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬ Hcp Imcyw {]tXyIw {i≤n-t°≠-Xp-
≠v. hy‡-ambn ImWp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n H∂m-asØ _mc-en¬ ajn Ie¿Ønb D∏ns‚
KmV-em-b\n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ c≠m-asØ _mc-en¬ ajn- I-e¿Ønb ip≤-
Pew D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. Cs√-¶n¬ c≠v _mc-ep-I-fnepw ajn-bpsS Bhiyw C√).
$ ]co£W{Iaw
c≠p ajn°p∏nbnepw ]IpXntbmfw ip≤Pew FSp°p∂p.
252
c≠p _mcent‚bpw A{Kw ap´∏mS sIm≠p s]mXn™p apdp°n sI´p∂p.
Abnse _mcen¬ ]IpXntbmfw D∏ns‚ KmV-em-b\n FSp°p∂p. Bbn¬ ip≤Pehpw.
_mcense emb\n\nc∏p \qev sIń ASbmfs∏SpØp∂p.
ap´∏mSsIm≠p s]mXn™ `mKw ajn°p∏nbnse sh≈Øn¬ apßnbncn°Ø°
hÆw _mcepIƒ Ip∏n-bpsS AS∏nse ZzmcØneqsS D≈nte°p ISØp∂p.
$ 2 aWn°q¿ Ign™p emb\n\nc∏p \nco£n°p∂p.
{i≤nt°≠ Imcyßƒ
$ ap´∏mS _mcent\mSptN¿Øp hmbp\n_≤ambn apdp°nsI´Ww.
$ ajn°p∏nbpsS AS∏n¬ D≠m°p∂ Zzmcw _mc¬ apdpIn Cdßm≥ ]mIØn¬
Bbncn°Ww.
$ D∏ns‚ KmVX Ipd™pt]mIcpXv.
t{ImUoIcWw HmtcmcpØcpw kb≥kv Ubdnbn¬ tcJs∏SpØWw.
dnt∏m¿ńwKn\pw t{ImUoIcWØn\pw 20 an\n´v.
{]h¿Ø\w 4
A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klmbtØmsS {Kq∏pIƒ ]co£WØnte¿s∏Ss´. (20 an\n´psIm≠p
]co£Ww sNøp∂p).
]®ap´bpsS tXmSv s]mń®v ap´∏mS th¿Xncns®Sp°phm≥ Ignbpw. C°mcyØn¬ So®¿
klmbn°Ww. ap´∏mSbv°p ]Icw a‰p kvXcßfpw D]tbmKn°mw.
]co£W kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn®v 2 aWn°q¿ Ign™p {Kq∏pIƒ \nco£Ww \S-Ø-
s´. emb-\n-I-fpsS \nc-∏n-ep-≠mb am‰w tcJs∏SpØp∂p.
]co-£W kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn®p hbv°p-∂-Xp-hscbp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ¢mkn¬
\S-Ø-Ww. \nco-£Ww 2 aWn-°q-dn\p tij-am-I-bm¬ B ka-bØv A[ym-]n-Ibv°p
¢mkn¬ FØn klm-bn-°m≥ Ignbpw hn[-ap≈ {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ \S-Ømw.
{Kq∏pIƒ AhcpsS \nco£Wêßƒ AhXcn∏n°s´. XpS¿∂v kqNIßƒ
D]tbmKn®p {Kq∏vN¿® \SØmw
kqNIßƒ Nm¿ń¬ {]Z¿in∏n°Ww
$ F¥psIm≠p A bnse emb\n \nc∏v Db¿∂p?
$ F¥psIm≠v B bnse emb\n \nc∏n\p am‰w hcp∂n√?
$ hc-W-XmcykvXc-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ PeX∑m{XIfpsS CØcw Ne\amWv Hmkvtamknkv.
Hmkvtamknkn\v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse kqNIßƒ D]tbmKn®p Hcp {]mtbmKnI
\n¿∆N\w Xømdm°pI.
{Kq∏pXe Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ PeX∑m{XIƒ KmVX IqSnb `mKØp\n∂v KmVX Ipd™ `mKtØ°p {]hln°pw.
$ c≠p emb\n°pw Htc KmVXbmsW¶n¬ PeX∑m{XIƒ c≠p `mKtØ°pw
{]hln°n√.
253
$ A¿≤XmcykvXcw sIm≠p th¿Xncn®m¬ PeX∑m{XIƒ Ah-bpsS KmVXIqSnb
`mKØp \n∂p KmVX Ipd™ `mKtØ°p {]hln°pw. Cu {]Xn`mkamWv
Hmkvtamknkv.
C\n IpńIƒ hy‡nKXambn ]co£W sdt°m¿Uv Xømdm°s´
amXrI (DNnXamb am‰w BImw) ap≥ A[ym-b-Øn¬ (lm‚ v_p°v A[ymbw ˛12) tN¿Øn-
´p-≈Xv D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5
A[ym-]n-I {]iv\w D∂bn°p∂p
tImiØn\p≈nte°p am{XamtWm Hmkvtamknkv \S°p∂Xv?
dntbmsNSnbpsS Ce D]tbmKn®p≈ ]co£Ww hniZambn ]mT- ] p- k v X - I - Ø n¬
]d™n´p≠v. IpńIƒ 6 t]cn¬ IpdbmØ {Kq∏pIfmbn Xncn™v A[ym-]n-I-bpsS
klmbtØmsS ]co£Ww sNøs´.
ssat{ImkvtIm]neqsS I≠ Zriyßfpw 14.3 a, b, c Nn{XoIcWßfpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
bnse kqNIßfpw D]tbmKn®p hniIe\w sNøp∂p.
{Kq∏pXe dnt∏m¿ńwKv.
t{ImUoIcWw
$ tImi{ZhyØn¬ \n∂v PeX∑m{XIƒ D∏p sh≈Ønte°p {]thin®Xp sIm≠mWv
πmkvamkvXcw Npfpßnt∏mbXv.
$ tImi{ZhyØn¬ PeØns‚ KmVX Ipd™XpsIm≠mWv ip≤Pew D≈nte°p
{]thin®Xv. AXp sIm≠mWv aq∂masØ ZriyØn¬ πmkvamkvXcw ]gb]Sn
BbXv.
$ tImi]cnkcØn¬ PeØns‚ KmVX tImi{ZhysØ At]£n®p IpdhmsW¶n¬
tImiØn¬ \n∂p ]pd-tØ°p PeX∑m-{X-Iƒ IS°pw. CXn\v exosmosis F∂p
]dbpw. tImi]cnkcØn¬ PeØns‚ KmVX IqSpXemsW¶n¬ tImiØn\p≈n
te°mbncn°pw PeX∑m{XIfpsS Ne\w. CXmWv endosmosis.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 6
Hmkvtamknkv, A¥¿hym]\w F∂o {]{InbIfneqsS am{XamtWm ]Zm¿∞ßƒ
tImiØn\p≈nte°p IS°p∂Xv? F∂ tNmZyØneqsS ¢mkv Bcw`n°mw.
πmkv a mkv X cØnse kpjncßtf°mƒ henbX∑m{XIƒ Fßs\bmbncn°pw
tImiØn\p≈n¬ {]thin°p∂Xv F∂ D]tNmZyØneqsS BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v
F∂ BibØnseØmw. s]mXpN¿®sb XpS¿∂v t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ BIvSohv{Sm≥kvt]m¿ńs‚ IqSpX¬ hniZmwißfnte°p t]mtI≠Xn√. F∂m¬
KmVXmhyXymkØns‚ ASnÿm\Øne√ BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v \S°p∂sX∂p
t{ImUoIcn°Ww.
254
A[n-Ihnh-c-Øn\v
BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v F¥v? Fßs\?
hep∏w IqSpX-ep-≈Xpw Nm¿÷p-≈-Xp-amb Nne ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ km[m-c-W-
coXn-bn¬ πmkvam-kvXc-Øn-eqsS tImi-Øn-\p-≈n-te°p IS∂v t]mhp-I-bn√.
CØcw ]Zm¿∞-ßsf BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿´v F∂ {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv
ISØn hnSp-∂-Xv. KmVXm {Ia-Øn\v hn]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-te°v (KmVX Ipd™
ÿeØv \n∂v KmVX IqSnb ÿe-tØ-°v) Du¿÷w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn
Hcp hmlI t{]mós‚ klm-b-tØm-sS-bmWv CXv \S-°p-∂-Xv. ATP bmWv
Bhiy-amb Du¿÷-Øns‚ t{kmX- v. πmkvamkv-X-c-Øn¬ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-
ep≈ hml-I-t{]m-ó-\p-I-fp-≠v. Hcp Xcw hml-I-t{]m-ó≥ Hcp {]tXyI
]Zm¿∞sØ am{Xta hln-°p-I-bp-≈p. hmlI t{]mó≥ ]q´pw Xmt°mepw
t]mse (Lock & Key) ]Zm¿∞-hp-ambn IqSn-t®-cpw. hml-I-t{]m-ó\pw ]Zm¿∞-
hp-ambn IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ πmkvam--kvX-c-Øn-ep≈ Nm\-ep-Iƒ°v Bh--iy-amb
BIrXn hyXym-ka - p-≠m-Ipw. CØ-cØ
- n¬ hml-It- {]m-ó≥ ]Zm¿∞-sØ tImi-
Øn-\p-≈n-se-Øn-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v ASpØ ]Zm¿∞sØ hln-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
XncnsI πmkvamkvXc-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂
BIvSohv {Sm≥kvt]m¿ńs‚ Nn{Xw \nco-£n-°p-I.
Active transport
tamUyqƒ ˛ 3
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 1
ap∂dnhv D]tbmKn®p sIm≠v B¥ckaÿnXnsb∏‰n Hcp s]mXpN¿® \S-Ømw.
kqNIßƒ Nm¿ń¬ {]Z¿in∏n°Ww.
$ tImim¥c{ZhØns‚ LS\ A\p\nanjw amdm≥ km[yXbpt≠m? F¥psIm≠v?
$ B¥c]cnÿnXn F¥mWv?
$ B¥c]cnÿnXnbn¬ HmIvknP\pw t]mjIßfpw Ipd™m¬ F¥p kw`hn°pw?
255
$ B¥c]cnÿnXnbn¬ \n∂v amen\yßƒ \o°w sNbvXns√¶n¬ F¥p kw`hn°pw?
t{ImUoIcWw
$ tImim¥c{Zhw ASßp∂ tImi]cnkcamWv B¥c]cnÿnXn.
$ B¥c]cnÿnbnte°ph∂ptNcp∂ LSIßƒ°\pkrXambn AXns‚ LS\
A\p\nanjw amdm≥ km[yXbp≠v.
$ B¥c]cnÿnXnbn¬ HmIvknP\pw t]mjIßfpw Ipd™m¬ tImiØn\p≈n¬
\St°≠ Poh¬{]h¿Ø\ßƒ XS s∏Spw.
$ B¥c]cnÿnXnbn¬ amen\yßƒ \o°w sNøs∏ńs√¶n¬ icocw hnjabamIpw.
$ B¥c]cnÿnXnbpsS LS\ ÿncambn \ne\n¿Øs∏s´¶n¬ am{Xta Poh¬
{]h¿Ø\ßƒ kpKaambn \S°q. CØcØn¬ B¥c]cnÿnXnbpsS LS\
ÿncambn \ne\n¿Øp∂Xn\v B¥ckaÿnXn (Homeostasis) F∂p ]dbp∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 2
B¥ckaÿnXn ]men°s∏Sp∂sXßs\ F∂ tNmZytØmsS ¢mkv Bcw`n°mw.
s]mXp N¿®bneqsS AhbhhyhÿbpsS ]¶ns\∏‰n kqN\ \evImw. AXn\p tijw
6 t]cn¬ IhnbmØ {Kq∏pIfn¬ sSIvÃv _p°nse Nn{XoIcWw ˛ I hniIe\w sNøs´.
kqNIßƒ Nm¿ń¬ {]Z¿in∏n°Ww
$ tImim¥c{ZhØn¬/B¥c]cnÿnXnbn¬ HmIv k nP≥ FØn°p∂Xn\p
klmbn°p∂ hyhÿIƒ GsXms°? Fßs\?
$ tImim¥c{ZhØn¬ \n∂p CO 2 \o°w sNøm≥ klmbn°p∂ hyhÿIƒ
GsXms°? Fßs\?
{Kq∏vXe dnt∏m¿ńwKv
t{ImUoIcWw
$ izk\hyhÿbpw c‡]cyb\hyhÿbpamWv tImim¥c{ZhØn¬ HmIvknP≥
FØn°p∂Xpw AhnsS \n∂p CO2 \o°w sNøp∂Xpw.
$ izmktImiØn¬ h®v c‡Ønte°p IS°p∂ HmIvknP≥ c‡]cyb\ØneqsS
tImi]cnkcØnseØp∂p.
$ temanIIfneqsS Dudnbndßp∂ Snjp{ZhØneqsS HmIvknP≥ tImim¥c{ZhØn¬
FØp∂p. AhnsS \n∂p c‡Ønte°p {]thin°p∂p.
$ tImim¥c{ZhØn¬ \n∂p CO 2 c‡Øn¬ {]thin°p∂p. c‡w CO 2 s\
izmktImiØnseØn®p ]pd¥≈p∂p.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 3
t{ImUoIcWØn\ptijw ]mT-]p-kvXIØnse t]Pv 140 se Nn{XoIcWw IIse hn´pt]mb
Ifßƒ ]qcn∏n°s´. Bh-iy-amb klmbw \¬Ip-hm\pw {i≤n-°-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ sNdpIpS¬ ˛ t]mjIßƒ ˛ c‡w ˛ tImim¥c{Zhw ˛ c‡w
$ tImiw ˛ amen\yßƒ ˛ tImim¥c{Zhw ˛ c‡w ˛ hnk¿P\hyhÿ
256
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 4
B¥ckaÿnXnsb {]XnIqeambn _m[n°p∂ LSIßƒ GsXms°? s]mXpN¿®.
AWp_m[, ]pIhen, AanX t]mjWw XpSßn ct≠m aqt∂m LSIßƒ kqNn∏n°pI.
GsX¶nepw Hcp LSIw B¥ckaÿnXnsb Fßs\ tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂psh∂p
kqNn∏n°p∂p. DZm: ]pIhenbneqsS CO c‡Øn¬ Iecp∂p. Cu hmXIw c‡ØneqsS
B¥c]cnÿnXnbnseØp∂p. IqSpX¬ LSIßsf ]‰n hnhctiJcWw \SØnhcphm≥
IpńItfmSp Bhiys∏Smw.
{]h¿Ø\w ˛ 5
tiJcn® hnhcßƒ {Kq∏pIƒ AhXcn∏n°p∂p. hy‡nKXambn tcJs∏SpØp∂p.
t{ImUoIcn°p∂p.
t{ImUoIcWw
$ aZy]m\w
$ ab°pacp∂p
$ t]mjIm`mhw
$ aen\oIcWw
$ hymbma°pdhv
$ hn{iaan√msXbp≈ ITn\m≤zm\w
$ am\knI kwL¿jßƒ
$
$
B¥ckaÿnXn ]men°p∂Xn\pXIp∂ PohnXioeßƒ ]men°p∂Xnte°p
t_m[h¬°cWw \SØp∂Xn\pXIp∂ Hcp {]h¿Ø\w cq]Iev]\sNøp∂p.
DZmlcWßƒ
$ t]mÃ¿ cN\
$ ktµiw Xømdm°¬
$ {]Xn⁄sbSp°¬
$ {KmaPmY
cq]Iev]\ sNbvX {]h¿Ø\w kb≥kv ¢∫v {]h¿Ø\am°n am‰pI.
t{ImUoIcWw
$ Pohs‚ XmfmflIamb \ne\nev]n\m[mcw B¥ckaÿnXnbmWv.
$ B¥ckaÿnXn°p `wKw D≠mbm¬ Pohs‚ Xmfw \jv S s∏Spw. AXmWp
tcmKmhÿ.
$ Hmtcmhy‡n°pw kz¥w B¥ckaÿnXn°p hnLmXamIp∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬
HcpXcØnepw G¿s∏SmXncn°m\p≈ _m[yXbp≠v . hy‡nbpsS BtcmKyw
AbmfpsS am{Xw kzImcyXb√ adn®v AXv kmaqlnImtcmKyØns‚ ASnÿm\ine-
bmWv. HmtcmcpØcpw Hm¿Øncnt°≠ ap∂dnbn∏pw CXmWv.
257
15 teml-ßƒ
\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ teml-ß-fpsS ]¶v t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp bqWn-‰m-Wn-Xv. a\p-j-y-N-

cn-{X-Øn¬ teml-ß-fpsS I-≠p-]n-SpØw D≠m-°nb am‰-ßƒ {it≤-b-am-Wv. teml-ß-
fpsS hnhn[ D]-tbm-K-ßfpw Ahbv°v Imc-W-amb KpW-ßfpw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ hnhn[
kµ¿`-ßƒ CXn-ep-≠v. teml-ß-fpsS ùXn-I-Kp-W-ßmb Db¿∂ Xm]-Nm-e-I-X, Db¿∂
sshZ-ypX Nme-I-X, teml-Z-yp-Xn, amen-b-_n-en-‰n, km{µ-X, UIv‰n-en-‰n, tkmtWm-dn‰n XpS-
ßnbh hnhn[ ]co-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw N¿®-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
IqSmsX teml-\m-i\w D≠m-°p∂ {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw CXn\v Imc-W-amIp∂ hnhn[
kml-N-c-y-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw a\- -nem°n CXn-\p≈ ]-cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßƒ Is≠-Ø-Ww. Ipń-
I-fpsS PohnX kµ¿`-ß-fp-ambn \√ _‘-ap≈ hnj-b-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS A\p-`-h-
ß-fpsS ]¶vsh°-en-eqsS ]c-am-h[n Bi-b-ßƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
1. a\p-j-ys‚ A[-zm-\-`mcw eLq-I-cn-°m-\p≈ hnhn[ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v
teml-ß-fpsS ]¶v t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v
2. teml-ß-fpsS hnhn[ D]-tbm-K-ßfpw AXn-\m-kv]-Z-amb Ah-bpsS ùXnI KpW-
ßfpw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
3. teml-\m-i\w sIm≠p-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßƒ t_m[-y-s∏´v AXn\v Imc-W-amb kml-
N-c-y-ßƒ Is≠Øn Ah-bpsS ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
D≈-S° hni-e-I\w
tamUyqƒ 1
teml-ßfpsS hnhn[ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ teml-ß-fpsS ùXn-I-Kp-W-ßƒ (4 ]ocn-b-Uv)
samUyqƒ 2
teml-\m-i-\hpw kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fpw, ]cn-lm-c-am¿§-ßfpw ( 2 ]ocn-b-Uv)
258
{]iv\-ßƒ Bi-b-ßƒ {]{Inb kma-{Kn-Iƒ a-- q-ey-ßƒ/at\m-`m-h-ßƒ aqey-\n¿Æbw
$ \nXy-Po-hn-XØ
- n¬ teml- $ \nXy-Po-hn-XØn¬ \nch[n Bh-iy- $ Ipń- I ƒ°v kp]- c n- N - X - a mb $ teml-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-ßƒ kqNn- $ teml-ßf- psS khn-ti-jX - I
- ƒ $ teml- ß fpw Ah-
ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\- ßƒ°mbn teml-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn- teml-ßsf enÃv sNøp-∂p. ∏n-°p∂ Nn{X-ßƒ, N¿®m kqN-I- Xncn-®-dn™v Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn- bpsS D]- t bm- K -
sa¥mWv ? °p-∂p-≠v. Ah- b psS D]- t bm- K - ß ƒ ßƒ °p-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-`mhw ßfpw hy‡- a m-
Is≠Øn ]ń-Is- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. °p∂ ]ń-I.
$ teml-ß-fpsS s]mXp- $ teml-ßf- psS D]-tbm-KØ - n\v Ah- $ eLp-]c- o-£W- ß - f- n-eqsS ]cn-Nn- $ ]co-£-W-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb teml- $ \nco- £ W°pdn∏v
kz-`m-hß
- ƒ bpsS khn-ti-jX - I
- f- p-ambn _‘- X- a mb teml- ß - f psS teml- ßƒ, IØn XpS-ßnb km[-\-ßƒ hni-Ie- \
- °
- p-dn∏v
kz¿Æw, sh≈n F∂o ap-≠v. ZypXn Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. (Ccp-ºv,
teml-ßf- mWv B`-cW- - $ Hmtcm D]-tbm-K-Øn\pw sXc--s™- sNºv, Aep-an-\n-bw, kn¶v XpS-
ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\v Sp-°p∂ teml-Øn\v X\-Xmb Nne ßnb teml-ßƒ ]cp-]-cpØ
G‰hpw IqSp-Xe
- mbn D]- khn-ti-jX- I- f- p-≠v. {]X-e-Øn¬ Dc®v t\m°p-∂p...
tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv. F¥p- $ ]pXp-Xmbn apdn-°s- ∏´ teml-{]-X- Hcp IjWw tkmUnbw temlw
sIm≠v ? e-ßƒ°v \√ Xnf°w (teml-Zyp- IØn-sIm≠v apdn-s®-SpØv apdn-®-
Xn) D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. `mKw \nco-£n-°p-∂p)
$ hyXykvX teml-ß-fpsS teml-
ZypXn hyXy-kvXa- m-Wv.
$ F√m teml-ßfpw ImTn- $ teml-ß-fn¬ ImTn\yw IqSn-bhpw $ eLp-]c- o-£W- ß

- f- n-eqsS hnhn[ $ ]co-£-W-ßƒ°m-h-iy-amb teml- $ \nco-£W
- °
- p-dn∏v
\y-ap-≈h
- b
- mtWm? Ipd-™h- b
- p-ap-≠v. teml-ß-fpsS ImTn-\y-Øn-ep≈ ßƒ, IØn XpS-ßn-bh
$ tkmUnbw sIm≠v hyXymkw Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂p. (]cn-Nn-
\n¿an® IØn \ΩpsS X-amb teml-ßƒ Hcp IØn D]-
Bh-iy-ßƒ°v D]-tbm- tbm-Kn®v apdn®v t\m°p-∂p).
Kn-°m≥ Ign-bptam?
$ teml-ßsf XIn-Sp-I- $ teml-ßsf ASn-®p-]c- Øn XIn-Sp- $ teml-ßsf XIn-Sp-I-fm°n D]- $ teml-ßsf ASn-®p-]c- Øp∂ Nn{X- $ \nco-£-W-°p-dn-∏v,
fm°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ I-fm°n am‰m≥ Ign-bpw. Cu khn- tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ kµ¿`-ßƒ ßƒ, ]co- £ - W - Ø n- \ m- h - i y- a mb hni-Ie
- \
- °
- p-dn∏v
kµ¿`-ßƒ GsXm-s°- ti-j-X-bmWv amen-b-_n-en-‰n. Is≠-Øp-∂p. XpS¿∂v eLp-]- teml-ßƒ, Np‰nI
bmWv ? $ hnhn[ teml-ß-fpsS amen-b-_n- co-£-W-ß-fn-eqsS teml-ßsf
$ F√m teml-ß-tfbpw en‰n hyXy-kvXa- m-Wv. ASn-®p-]-cØn XIn-Sp-I-fm-°m-
ASn-®p-]-cØn XIn-Sp- sa∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p (]cn-Nn-X-
Ifm-°m≥ Ign-bptam? amb teml-ßƒ, Icn-°´ XpS-
ßn-bh Np‰n-I-sIm≠v ASn-°p-
∂p)
259
260
$ teml-ßsf Iºn-If- m°n $ teml-ßsf hen-®p-\oń t\¿Ø $ teml-ßsf Iºn-I-fm°n D]- $ teml-ßfpw Ah-bpsS UIv‰n-en‰n $ $ ]q¿Øn-bm-°nb
D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kµ¿`- Iºn-I-fm°n am‰mw Cu khn-ti-j- tbm- K n- ° p∂ kµ¿`- ß - ƒ hne-Ifpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]ńI ]ńI
ßƒ GsXm-s°-bmWv? X-bmWv UIv‰n-en‰n Is≠Øn ]ń-Is- ∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. $ hni-Ie
- \
- I
- p-dn∏v
$ F√m teml- ß - s fbpw $ hnhn[ teml-ß-fpsS UIv‰n-en‰n
Iºn-I-fm°n am‰m≥ Ign- hyXy-kvXa- m-Wv.
bptam?
$ teml-ßƒ sshZyp-Xn-I- $ teml-ßƒ \∂mbn sshZypXn IS- $ N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ, eLp-]-co- $ N¿®m kqN- I - ß ƒ, ]co- £ - W -
SØn hnSptam? Øn-hn-Sp-∂h- b
- m-Wv. £Ww (hnhn[ teml-ßfn-eqsS Øns‚ Nn{Xo-Ic- W
- w, ]co-£W kma- $ N¿®m-°p-dn-∏v, \nco-
$ teml-ßf- psS sshZypXn $ hnhn[ teml-ß-fpsS sshZypX sshZypXn IS-Øn-hn´p \S-Øp∂ {Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh £-W∏ - ´- n- I, hni-Ie
- -
IS-Øn-hn-Sm-\p≈ Ign-hv Nme-IX- b- n¬ hyXym-ka- p-≠v. ]co- £ - W w) F∂n- h - b n- e qsS \-°p-dn∏v
Hcp t]mse-bmtWm? teml-ßƒ \√ sshZypX Nme-
I- ß - f m- s W∂pw Ah- b psS
sshZypX Nme-IX hyXy-kvX-am-
sW∂pw Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂p.
$ teml- ß ƒ Xm]sØ $ teml-ßƒ s]mXpsh \√ Xm]-Nm- $ N¿®, ]co-£Ww F∂n-hb - n-eqsS $ N¿®m kqN-Iß - ƒ, ]co-£W
- Ø
- n-\m- $ N¿®m-°p-dn-∏v, \nco-
ISØn hnSptam? e-Iß
- f- m-Wv. teml-ßf- psS Xm]-Nm-eI - X- s- b- h-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ £-W∏- ´- nI
$ teml-ß-fpsS Xm]sØ $ hnhn[ teml-ß-fpsS Xm]-Nm-e- °p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
IS-Øn-hn-Sm-\p≈ Ignhv IX hyXy-kvXa- m-Wv. $ Xm]-Nm-e-IX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Hcp t]mse-bmtWm? Øp∂ kµ¿`-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-
∂p.- e - L p- ] - c o- £ - W - Ø n- e qsS
teml-ßf- psS Xm]-Nm-eI - X- b- n¬
hyXymk-ap-s≠∂v Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂p.
$ hyXykvX teml-ß-fpsS $ Xpey-h-en-∏-ap≈ hyXykvX teml- $ N¿®, ]co-£Ww F∂n-hb - n-eqsS $ N¿®m kqN-Iß - ƒ, ]co-£WØn\m- $ N¿®m-°p-dn-∏v, \nco-
Htc-h-en-∏-ap≈ Ij-W- ß-fpsS Ij-W-ßƒ°v hyXykvX teml-ß-fpsS km{µ-X-sb-°p- h-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh £-W]- ńI
ßƒ°v Xpey-`m-c-am-bn-cn- `mc-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. dn®v a\- n-em-°p∂p (Xpey-h-en-
°ptam? $ teml-ßƒ s]mXpsh `mc-°q-Sp-X- ∏-ap≈ ]cn-N-Xhpw e`y-am-b-Xp-
ep-≈h - b
- m-Wv. amb teml-ß-sf-SpØv Xq°w
I≠v ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p) Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-∂p.
$ s_√p-I-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W- $ teml-ßƒ°v Dd® {]X-e-ß-fn¬ $ N¿®, \nco-£Ww F∂n-hb - n-eqsS $ N¿®m kqN-Iß- ƒ $ N¿®m-°p-dn-∏v, \nco-
Øn\v teml- ß ƒ°v X´p-tºmƒ {]tXy-IX - cw i_vZw ]pd- teml-ßƒ°v Dd® {]X-e-ß- £-W°- pdn∏v
]Icw ac-°-jWw D]- s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. fn¬ X´p-tºmƒ {]tXy-I-Xcw
tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bptam? i_vZa- p-≠m-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ Ign-hp-
s≠∂v Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂p.
$ teml- ß ƒ s]mXpsh $ teml-ßƒ s]mXpsh Jcm-h-ÿ- $ Bh¿Ø-\-∏-ń-I-bpsS hni-I-e- $ Bh¿Ø-\-∏-ń-I, IT@school, $ \nco-£W
- °- p-dn-∏v,
GXv hÿ-bn¬ ImW-s∏- bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \w, sF.Sn A‰v kvIqƒ en\- Linux - se gperiodic/Kalzium N¿®m-°p-dn∏v
Sp∂p? $ teml-ßƒ°v s]mXpsh Db¿∂ Iv k nse gperiodic/Kalzium F∂o tkm^v‰v shb-dp-Iƒ, tNmZym-
$ teml-ß-fpsS {Zh-\n-e, {Zh-\n-ebpw Xnf-\n-eb
- p-ap-≠v. F∂o tkm^v‰v shb-dp-If- p-]t- bm- hen.
Xnf- \ ne XpS- ß n- b h Kn®p≈ hnh-ct- i-Jc- Ww F∂n-h-
Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw? bn-eqsS teml-ßf- psS Ah-ÿ,
{Zh-\n-e, Xnf-\ne F∂n-hs- b-°p-
dn-®p≈ [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂p.
$ teml- ß ƒ°v Ime- { I- $ Ccpºv Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ teml-ßƒ $ ]co-£-Ww, \nco-£-Ww, N¿® $ teml-\m-i\w hy‡-am-°p∂ Nn{X- $ teml-ßƒ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-am- $ t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v,
taW am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p- Ah-bpsS kº¿°w aqew ]e am‰- F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Ccpºv Xpcp-ºn- ßƒ, teml-\m-i\w kw`-hn® hkvXp- bp≈ kº¿°w aqew Ffp∏w t{]mPIvSv Ubdn
∂pt≠m? ßƒ°pw hnt[-ba- m-hp-∂p-≠v. °p∂ hnhn[ kml-N-cy-ßƒ °ƒ, N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ. \in-®p-t]m-Ip∂Xn\m¬ Ahsb
$ teml- ß ƒ°p- ≠ m- I p∂ $ F√m teml-ßfpw Hcp t]mse-b√ Is≠-Øp-∂p. $ t{]mPIvSv ]T-\Ø
- n-\m-hi
- y-amb kma- kwc-£n-t°-≠X - p≠v F∂v at\m-
am‰- ß ƒ F√m teml- \mi-\Ø
- n\v hnt[-ba- m-hp-∂X
- v. $ t{]mPIvSv ]T-\Ø
- n-eqsS teml- {Kn-Iƒ `mhw
ßƒ°pw Hcp t]mse- ß-fpsS \mi-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-
bmtWm? Ip∂ hyXykvX kml-Nc- y-ßfpw
am‰-ßfpw a\- n-em-°p-∂p˛ Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-∂p.
261
]mT-`m-K-ØneqsS
samUyq-ƒ ˛ 1
Dt±iyw :
teml-ß-fpsS ùXn-I-Kp-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ Is≠-ØpI
{]{In-b-Iƒ : enÃnßv , s]mXp- N ¿® Ch- b n- e qsS kp]- c n- N n- X - a mb teml- ß sf
Is≠Øn Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-K-ßƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
$ ]co-£W \nco-£-W-ßƒ, N¿® Ch-bn-eqsS teml-ß-fpsS teml-Z-yp-Xn, ImTn-\-yw,
amen-b-_n-en-‰n, UIv‰n-en-‰n, km{µX, tkmWm-dn‰n XpS-ßnb ùXnI KpW-ßƒ Is≠-
Øp-∂p.
kma-{Kn-Iƒ : sSÃv _p°nse Nn{X-ßƒ, ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nƒ, IT@School en\Ivkv g
periodic /kalzium software, Ccp-ºmWnIƒ Aeq-an-\nbw Iºn, a·o-jyw dn∫¨, kn¶vjo-
‰v, Fadn t]∏¿ (Dc-°-S-em- v), tkmUnbw temlw, IØn, Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn¬, tIm∏¿,
Aeq-an-\n-bw, Asb¨ F∂n-h-bpsS Htc I\-Øn-ep≈ t\¿Ø Iºn-Iƒ, 6V _m‰dn
an√n-A-Ωo-‰¿, hb¿, _ƒ_v.
Ipń-Iƒ Ah¿°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-amb teml-ßƒ kzbw enÃv sNø-s´. Ipd®v t]¿°v Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬IpI. k-z¥w enÃn¬ C√m-Øh a‰v Ipń-Iƒ tI´v Fgp-X-
s´. CØ-cØnep≈ s]mXp N¿®-bn-eqsS enÃv kºp-jvS-am-°-Ww.
enÃv : Fe, Al, Cu, Au, Ag, Zn, Cr, Ni, Sn, Pb...........................................
Cu teml-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-ßƒ N¿®-bn-eqsS ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øs´. {Kq∏p-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-
W-Øn-eqsS ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww. sSÃv _p°n¬ bqWn-‰ns‚ BZ-y-t]-Pn¬ sImSpØ
Nn{Xßƒ d^¿ sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
temlw D]-tbm-K-ßƒ
$ ]Wn-bm-bp-[-ßƒ $ hm¿∏v Iºn-Iƒ
$ P\¬°-ºn-Iƒ $ \q¬Iºn-Iƒ
$ BWn $ s]ń
Fe $ b{¥-`m-K-ßƒ
$ Im¿_¨ Ão¬, sÃbn≥ekv
Ão¬ XpS-ßnb hnhn[
teml-k-¶-c-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥
$ ]m{X-ßƒ $ dq^p-Iƒ
$ Nme-I-°-ºn-Iƒ $ Icn-a-cp-∂n¬ tN¿°m≥
$ ^¿-Æn-®¿ $ B`-c-W-ßƒ
Al $ Uyp-dm-ep-an≥, a·m-enbw
XpSßnb teml-k-¶-c-ßƒ $ ]m°nßv t^mbn-ep-Iƒ
\¿Ωn-°m≥
$ B‚n\Iƒ $ dn^vfIvdp-Iƒ
Au $ B`-c-W-ßƒ $ tKmƒUv tπ‰n-ßn\v
(CeIv-t{Smtπ-‰n-ßn\v)
262
Ag $ B`-c-W-ßƒ $ CeIv-t{Smtπ-‰n-ßn\v
$ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv k¿°o-´p-Iƒ
$ Nme-I-°-ºn-Iƒ $ ]n®-f, HmSv XpS-ßnb
teml-k-¶cßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥
$ ]m{X-ßƒ
Cu $ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv˛k¿°o-´p-Iƒ $ ta¬°qc \n¿Ωn-°m≥
$ ss{Usk¬ $ Atb-Wns‚ \mi\w
Zn $ ]n®f, K¨sa-‰¬ XpS-ßnb XS-bm-\p≈ Bh-cWw
teml-k-¶-c-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ (Km¬h-ss\-knßv)
Cr $ AsbWns‚ \mi\w $ sÃbn≥ekv Ão¬ t]mep≈
XS-bm-\p≈ BhcWw \n¿Ωn-°m≥ teml-k-¶-c-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥
Ni $ sÃbn≥ekv Ão¬ t]mep≈ $ \n°¬ tπ‰n-ßn\v
temlk¶-c-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ $ A¬\nt°m t]mep≈ teml
k¶-c-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥
Sn $ Asb-Wns‚ \mi\w XS-bm\p≈ $ tkmƒU¿ t]mep≈
Bh-cWw \n¿Ωn-°m≥ (Sn≥ XInSv) teml-k-¶-c-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥
$ Cubw ]qip-∂-Xn\v.
Pb $ tÃmtdPv sk√p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥ $ a’-y-_-‘\ he-I-fpsS `mK
ambn LSn-∏n-°p∂ teml-tKm-f-
ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v.
B`-c-W-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-\mbn tKmƒUpw kn¬hdpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw IpńIƒ

Duln®v FgpXn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-´.
$ \√ Xnf-°-ap-≈-h-bmWv
$ Xnf°w \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ I-gn-hp≠v
$ hfsc t\¿Ø XIn-Sp-Ifpw Iºn-I-fp-am-°m≥ km[y-amWv
$ Xm-c-X-ta-y\ ImTn-\yw IqSp-X-em-Wv.
]co-£n®p t\m°mw
1. BZ-y-tØXv {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-ambn \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv C-cp-ºm-Wn, Aeq-an-\nbw Iºn,
a·-o-jyw dn∫¨, kn¶v jo‰v XpS-ßn-bh Dc®v t\m°m-\mbn \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv.
Fadn t]∏¿ Ij-W-ßƒ Hmtcm-{Kq-∏n\pw \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \nco-£-W-ßƒ tcJ-
s∏-SpØn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
2. tkmUnbw apdn-s®-Sp°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w hfsc {i≤-tbmsS \S-Ø-Ww. {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-
\-ambn \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. sImSn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®v tkmUnbw ]pd-sØ-
SpØv tªUv sImt≠m IØn-sImt≠m apdn-s®-Sp-°-Ww. tkmUnbw ico-c-`m-K-ß-
fn¬ kv]¿in-°m≥ CS-h-c-cp-Xv. apdn® `mKw \nco-£n-°m≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw
D≠m-°-Ww. \nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. apdn-s®-SpØ
Ij-W-ßƒ Xncn®v Ip∏n-bn-en-Sm≥ ad-°-cpXv. \S-Ønb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
263
\-Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb teml-ß-fpsS s]mXp-k-z-`mhw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. teml-ß-
fpsS ImTn-\ysØ°p-dn®p≈ Bi-b-ßƒ N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
an°-hmdpw teml-ßƒ°pw \√ ImTn-\-y-ap-≠v. F∂m¬ B¬°en teml-ßƒ arZp-
hmWv
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
B¬°-en-tem-l-ßƒ arZp-hm-Im-\p≈ ImcWw:
Ch-bnse B‰-ß-fpsS _ml-y-sj-√n¬ Hcp Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ am{Xw D≈-Xn-\mepw
Ch-bpsS B‰-ßƒ°v hep∏w IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xn-\mepw {InÃ-en¬ B‰-ßƒ XΩn-
ep-ff BI¿j-W-_ew Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmWv
teml-ßsf XIn-Sp-I-fm°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ kµ¿`-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ enÃv sNøs´
sSIvÃv_p°nse Nn{Xw 15.2 d^¿ sNø-Ww.
$ P\¬∏m-fn-Iƒ $ hmXn¬∏m-fn-Iƒ
$ dq^v jo‰p-Iƒ $ B`-c-W-ßƒ
$ ]m°n-ßn\v $ anTm-bn-s∏m-Xn-Iƒ
$ hm¿∏v ]e-I-Iƒ
(anTm-bn-s∏m-Xn-I-fmbn ]e-t∏mgpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Aeq-an-\n-b-Øns‚ \ndw \¬Inb
πmÃnIv jo‰p-I-fmWv F∂ Imcyw Hm¿°p-I)
Aeq-an-\nbw Iºn, sNºv Iºn, Ccp-ºm-Wn, Icn-°´ XpS-ßnb ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ Np‰nI D]-
tbm-Kn®v hoń¬ sh®v ASn®v ]c-Øm≥ {ian-°m-\mbn Ipń-I-tfmSv t\csØ \n¿t±-in-®n-
cn-°-Ww. hnhn[ teml-ßƒ ASn®v ]-c-Øn-°n-ńb kmºn-fp-Iƒ s^kn--en-t‰-‰¿ ¢mkn¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
teml-ß-fp-sS- am-enb_nen-‰n°v ImcWw:
teml-ß-fn¬ B‰-ß-ƒ -X-Ωn¬ i‡n-bp≈ _‘-\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. F¶nepw Cu
_‘\w Ab-hp-≈-XmWv (not rigid) AXm-bXv GXv c≠v B‰-ßƒ XΩnepw
\n›n-X-amb Hcp cm-k-_-‘\w C√. Cu _‘\w Znim-am-‰-Øn\v AXo-X-
amWv (non-directional) AXn-\m¬ teml-Øn\v ta¬ _ew {]tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ
AXnse B‰-ß-fpsS \nc-Iƒ H∂n-\p-aosX as‰m-∂mbn \oßp-∂p.(Sliding)
CXv sX∂n-am-d¬(Slipping) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. …n∏nßn\v tijw- A-Xns‚
{InÃ¬ LS-\-bn¬ am‰w kw`-hn-°p-∂n-√. AXn-\m-emWv Chsb _ew {]tbm-
Kn®v hnhn[ BIr-Xn-I-fn-te°v am‰m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xv.
_ew ChnsS {]tbm-Kn-°p∂p
Nn{Xw (a)
264
Nn{Xw (b)
teml{In-Ã-en¬ B‰-ß-fpsS ÿm\w

(a) Slipping \v apºv (b) Slipping \v tijw
c≠v Nn{X-Ønepw Hmtcm B‰hpw AXn\v Np‰p-ap≈ B‰-ß-fp-a-bp-≠m-°p∂
temlob _‘-\-Øn\v bmsXmcp am‰hpw kw`-hn-°p-∂n-√.
amen-b-_n-en‰n G‰hpw IqSnb teml-amWv tKmƒUv. Aeq-an-\n-b-Øns‚ t\¿Ø XIn-

SpIƒ -kw-L-Sn-∏n®v {]Z¿in-∏n-°-Ww.
teml-ßsf IºnIfm°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ kµ¿`-ßƒ Is≠Øn ]ń-Is
- ∏-SpØs´.
temlw Iºn-I-fm°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-k-µ¿`-ßƒ

Aeq-an-\nbw Nme-I-I-ºn-Iƒ
SßvÃ¨ _ƒ_n-\p-≈nse ^ne-a‚ v
tKmƒUv B`-c-W-ßƒ
kn¬h¿ B`-c-W-ßƒ
Fßs\ Bkq-{XWw sNømw?

F√m teml-ßƒ°pw sshZ-yp-Xnsb ISØn hnSm-\p≈ Ignhv Hcp-t]m-se-bmtWm F∂v
Is≠-Øm-\mbn Ipń-Iƒ {Kq∏v N¿®-bn-eqsS Hcp ]co-£Ww cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. CXns‚
Ah-X-c-W-Øn\v tijw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Nn{Xw 15.3 t\m°n Xmc-X-ayw sNbvX-tijw
{]h¿Ø\w Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww.
tIm∏¿, Aeq-an-\nbw, Asb¨ F∂o teml-ß-fpsS Iºn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Ch Htc
I\-Øn-ep-≈X- m-bn-cn-°W
- w. ]c-am-h[n \of-Øn-ep≈ Iºn-If
- mWv FSp-t°-≠X
- v. F√m‰n\pw
Htc \of-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. XΩn¬ kv]¿in-°mØ hn[-Øn¬ tImbn-ep-I-fm°n D]-tbm-Kn-
°mw. 6V _m‰dn D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.. an√n AΩo-‰dpw tSm¿®v _ƒ_pw k¿°o-ń¬ LSn-
∏n°Ww.
]co-£Ww \SØn e`n® hnh-c-ßƒ ]ńI 15.3 ¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-´.
ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn® teml-ß-fn¬ Nme-IX G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tIm∏-dn\pw Ipdhv Asb-
Wn\pw Bbn-cn-°pw.
265
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
Specific conductance F∂ tXmXn-emWv ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS conductivity Af-
°mdv. 1 m2 tOZ-X-e-hn-kvXo¿Æ-ap-≈Xpw 1m \of-ap-≈-Xp-amb Hcp ]Zm¿∞-
Øns‚ Id‚ v hln®v sIm≠p-t]m-Im-\p≈ Ign-hm-bmWv CXv IW-°m-°p∂Xv.
Siemen metre -1 (S/m) F∂ bqWn-‰n-emWv CXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-dv. Nme-IX G‰hpw
IqSnb temlw kn¬h-dm-Wv.
Metal Specific conductance

Fe 112 x 106 S/m
A1 377 x 106 S/m
Cu 607 x 106 S/m
Ag 629 x 106 S/m
teml-ß-fpsS Xm]-Nm-e-IX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnhn[ kµ¿`-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ N¿®-
bn-eqsS enÃv sNø-s´.
$ ]mN-I-∏m-{X-ß-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw
$ CkvXn-cn-s∏-ń-bpsS \n¿ΩmWw
$
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
teml-ß-fpsS B‰-ßƒ Xmc-Xtay\ hep∏w IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bpsS
_mly-sj-√nse Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ°v \yq¢n-b- p-am-bp≈ BI¿jWw Ipd-
hm-bn-cn-°pw. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ Ch-bnse _mly-sj-√nse Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Iƒ°v
Ne-\-kzm-X{¥yw IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. "Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ kap{Z'Øm¬ Np‰-s∏´
t]mÃohv Kernal or core Ifmbn teml-ßsf IW-°m-°mw. Cu tImdp-I-
fpsS Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ BI¿j-W-_ew temlo-b-_‘\w F∂v
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Cßs\ teml-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kzX{¥ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS km∂n-

≤y-amWv Ah-bpsS Db¿∂ sshZyp-XN
- m-eI
- X
- bv°pw Db¿∂ Xm]-Nm-eIXbv°v
teml-Zyp-Xn-°p-sams° Imc-Ww.
266
]ńI 15.4 ambn _‘-s∏´ ]co-£Ww \S-Øm-\mbn Htc hep-∏-Øn-ep≈ hy-X-yÿ
teml-ß-fpsS Iºn-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m≥ km[n-®n-s√-¶n¬ Htc hym-]vX-Øn-ep≈ teml-
I-yq-_p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CØcw Iyq-_p-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ em_v D]-I-c-W-ßƒ
kssπ sNøp-∂n-S-ßn-fn¬ e`-y-am-Wv.
`mcw G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tIm∏-dn\pw Ipdhv Aeq-an-\n-b-Øn\pw Bbn-cn-°pw.
km{µX F∂ ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn®v thWw C°m-cyw t{ImUo-I-cn-°m≥ bqWn‰v hym-]vX-Øn-
e-S-ßnb am v BWt√m AXns‚ km{µ-X. Cu teml-ß-fpsS km{µX Xmsg sImSpØ
]ńI t\m°n Xmc-X-ayw sNø-s´.
temlw km{µX (300 K. Dujvam-hn¬)

Cu 8.86 g/cm3
Fe 7.87 g/cm3
A1 2.70 g/cm3
¢m n¬ e`-y-amb hnhn[ teml-ßƒ sIm≠p≈ hkvXp-°-sfbpw (D-Zm. C≥kv{Sp-sa‚ v

t_mIvkv, e©v t_mIvkv) teml-ßƒ sIm-≠-√mØ hkvXp-°-sfbpw s]≥kn¬ sIm≠v
Xń i_vZ-ap-≠m-°p-I. A1 t^mbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn®pw Cu ]co-£Ww \S-ØWw. i_vZ-Øn-
ep≈ {]tX-y-IXbpw hy‡-Xbpw Xncn-®-dn™v Is≠Øn tkmWm-dn‰n F∂ ]Zw Ah-X-
cn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kvIqƒ em_nse ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nƒ, sF.Sn & kvIqƒ en\Ivkv g periodic /kalzium
F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n®v sSIvÃn¬ \nt±¿in-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´. teml-
ßsf Is≠Øn Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS sSIvÃv _p°n-ep≈ ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fn-¬ AS-
bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. kuI-c-y-Øn-\mbn {]Ir-Xn-ZØ aqe-I-ßƒ am{Xw (90 FÆw) ]cn-K-
Wn®v sIm≠v hnh-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-bm¬ aXn.
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb Nn{Xw
$ teml-ß-fpsS BsI FÆw : 65
$ teml-ß-f-√mØ aqe-I-ßƒ : 25 (Ch-bn¬ D]-tem-l-ßfpw Dƒs]-Spw)
$ teml-ßƒ s]mXpsh Jcm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ {Zmh-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ teml-amWv sa¿°pdn (Hg)A¥-co£ Dujvamhv
h¿≤n-®m¬ {Zmh-Im-hÿ {]m]n-°p∂ teml-ß-fmWv Cs hpw Ga hpw
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
teml-ß-f-√mØ aqe-I-ßsf Atem-l-ßƒ, D]-tem-l-ßƒ, D¬Ir-jvS-aq-e-
I-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw Xncn-°mw.
cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Ce-Iv-t{Sm¨ \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ aqe-
I-ßƒ teml-ß-fpw, Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ kzo-I-cn-°p∂ aqe-I-ßƒ Atem-l-ß-fp-
am-Wv. cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°mØ aqe-I-ß-fmWv D¬Ir-jvS-aq-e-I-
ßƒ
267
1 2
268
H He
ssl{U-P≥ ]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nƒ loenbw
Hydrogen Helium
3 4 aqe-I-ß-fpsS ]ńI 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
enYnbw s_dn-enbw t_mtdm¨ Im¿_¨ ss\{S-P≥ HmIvkn-P≥ ^vfqdn≥ \ntbm¨
Lithium Beryllium kqN-\-Iƒ At‰m-anI \º¿ Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
{]XoIw
11 12
hmX-Iß- ƒ t]cv 13 14 15 16 17 18
{ZmhI-ßƒ Cw•ojv `mj-bnse t]cv Al Si P S Cl Ar
123
123
123
123
123
123
Na
tkmUnbw
Mg Aep-an-\nbw knen-°¨
sa·ojyw Ir{Xna aqeIßƒ em‰n≥ / {Ko°v `mj-bnse t]cv t^mkv^d- kv kƒ^¿ t¢mdn≥ B¿tKm¨
Sodium (Natrium) Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 35 36
31
K
s]m´mkyw
Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe
Ccpºv Co Ni Cu
tIm∏¿ Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Im¬kyw kvIm≥Unbw ssS‰m-\nbw ht\-Unbw t{Imanbw amw-K\
- okv Iron tImt_mƒ´v \n°¬ Copper kn¶v Kmenbw sP¿ta-\nbw B¿k-\nIv skeo\nbw t{_man≥ {In]vt‰m¨
(Kalium) Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese (Ferrum) Cobalt Nickel (Cuprum) Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
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37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
47
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn
Sn≥ Sb Te I Xe
dp_o-Unbw kvt{Sm¨jyw bn{Snbw kn¿t°m-Wnbw \ntbm-_nbw tamfn-_U
v n\w sSIvt\jyw dptY-\nbw tdmUnbw ]te-Unbw kn¬h¿ ImUvanbw C≥Unbw B‚n-aWn sSeq-dnbw Ab-Un≥ knt\m¨
Tin
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver (Argentum) Cadmium Indium Antimony (Stibium) Tellurium Iodine Xenon
(Stanum)
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W
SMvÃ¨ Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
t_cnbw em≥Y\w lm^v\nbw πm‰n\w kz¿Ww sa¿°pdn seUv s]mtfm-Wnbw
koknbw S≥Smew Tungsten do\nbw Hmkvanbw Cdn-Unbw Mercury Xmenbw Lead _nkvaØv AÃm-‰n≥ dtUm¨
Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Platinum Gold Polonium
Caesium Tantalum (Wolfrum) Rhenium Osmium Iridium (Aurum) (Hydrarygyrum) Thallium (Plumbum) Bismuth Astatine Radon
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106
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87 88 89 104 105 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 116
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uuo
{^m≥knbw tdUnbw BIv‰n\nbw dpY-¿t^m¿Unbw Uyq_v\w kot_m¿Knbw t_mdnbw lm nbw ao‰n-t\-dnbw UmwÃmUvjyw tdm¨Po-\nbw D\q-≥_nbw D\q≥{Snbw D\q≥Izm-Unbw D\q≥s]‚nbw D\q≥slIvknbw D\q≥-HI
- Sv nbw
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquddium Ununpentium Ununhesium Ununoctium
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58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 71 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
kodnbw {]kn-tbm-Unan-bw \ntbm-Unan-bw s{]man-Ønbw kta-dnbw bqtdm-∏nbw KtUm-en-\nbw sS¿_nbw Unktv {]m-knbw tlmƒanbw F¿_nbw Xqfnbw bnt´¿_nbw ept´jyw
Praseody- Dysprosium Erbium Thulium Lutetium
Cerium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Holmium Ytterbium
mium
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
tXmdnbw s{]m´m-Iv‰n\nbw bptd-\nbw s\]v‰yq-Wnbw πqt´m-Wnbw Ata-cn-knbw Iyqdnbw s_¿°n-enbw Iment- ^m¿Wnbw sF≥Ão-\nbw s^¿anbw sa≥U-te-hnbw t\mt_-enbw temd≥knbw
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
]ńI 5.4
$ teml-ß-sfbpw Atem--l-ß-sfbpw th¿Xn-cn®v ImWn-°m-\mbn t_mIvkv Idp-∏n®v ImWn-®ncn°p-∂p.
$ {]IrXn-ZØ aqe-I-ßƒ 90 FÆ-amWv (Bt‰m-anI \º¿ 1 apX¬ 92 hsc Ch-bn¬ Tc bpw Pm Dw Ir{Xn-a-am-Wv.
$ D]-tem-l-ßsf (Metalloid) AS-bmfw sImSpØv ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch `mKn-I-ambn teml-ß-fp-sSbpw Atem-l-ß-fpsS KpW-ßƒ
ImWn-°p-∂p.
D]te-ml-ßƒ : 7 FÆw (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po)
At D]-tem-l-Øn¬s∏-SpØp∂p.
D¬Ir-jvS-aq-e-I-ßƒ : 6 FÆw
Nne teml-ß-fpsS {Zh-\ne sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
Hg : 234K (-390C)
Cs : 301.6K (28.60C)
Ga : 303 K (300 C)
CXp-hsc tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\s-∏-SpØn teml-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Is≠-Ø-

ep-I-fpsS Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°-s´. Ch-bn¬ \n∂v teml-ß-fpsS s]mXp-hmb ùXnI
KpW-ßƒ Is≠Øn enÃv sNø-Ww. Xmsg sImSpØ {]Imcw Ahsb t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-
≠XmWv.
s]mXp-hmb ùXnI KpW-ßƒ
$ Xm]-Nm-e-I-ß-fmWv
$ sshZ-ypX Nme-I-ß-fmWv
$ teml-ß-fpsS ]pXp-Xmbn apdn® {]X-e-ßƒ°v \√ Xnf°w D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu
khn-ti-jX teml-Z-ypXn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
$ ASn®v ]cØn XIn-Sp-I-fm°n am‰m-hp-∂-XmWv (am-enb_nen-‰n)
$ hen®v \oń Iºn-I-fm°n am‰m-hp-∂-XmWvv (U-Iv‰n-en-‰n)
$ Dd® {]X- e - ß - f n¬ X´p- t ºmƒ {]tX- y - I - X cw i_v Z w ]pd- s ∏- S p- h n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v
temlßƒ°v Ign-hp≠v (skmtWm-dn-‰n)
$ _lp-`q-cn-]£w teml-ßfpw Im-Wn-°p∂ a‰v ùXnI KpW-ßƒ.
-˛ Im-Tn-\yw IqSp--X-emWv
˛ km{µX IqSp-X-emWv
˛ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.
samU-yqƒ ˛ 2 v
Dt±iyw :
teml-\m-i-\-Øn\p Imc-W-am-Ip∂ LS-I-ßƒ Is≠-Øp∂-Xn\v
{]{In-b-Iƒ : ]co-£W \co-£-W-ßƒ, N¿®, d^-d≥kv, t{]mPIvSv {]h¿Ø\w Ch-bn-
eqsS teml-\m-i-\-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcW t\Sp-∂p.
kma-{Kn-Iƒ: sSÃvS-yq-_p-Iƒ, Xpcp-ºn-√mØ Ccp-ºm-Wn-Iƒ, \o‰p-I-°, \q¬, tkmUnbw
t¢mssd-Uv, Bkn-Uv, tIm¿°p-Iƒ,Pew.
am‰-ßƒ teml-ß-fnepw
\nX--y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ teml-amWv Asb¨. Cu
teml-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ t\csØ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. C°m-cyw recall sNøp-I.
Ccp-ºns‚ Xpcp-ºn-°¬ sIm≠p≈ {]bm-k-ßƒ N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠Øn Fgp-X-s´.
269
$ Xpcp-ºn-°¬ aptJ\ temlw \jvS-s∏-Sp∂p
$ b{¥-ßfpw a‰v D]-I-c-W-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-iq-\-y-am-Ip-∂p.
$ tIm¨{Io-‰ns‚ _ew Ipd-bp-∂p.
$ Ccp-ºv hkvXp-°-fpsS `wKn Ipd-bp-∂p.
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kml-N-c-y-ßƒ 12345678901234567
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Cu `mKØv sImSpØ ]co-£Ww c≠mgvN apºvXs∂ sNbvXp sh®n-cn-
°-Ww. AXn-\m¬ t\csØ Xs∂ ¢m vdqw kml-N-c-y-ap-≠m°n Ipń-
Iƒ {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\Øn-eqsS sNbvXv ¢m ntem em_ntem sh°-Ww.
Xosc Xpcp-ºn-°m-ØXpw ]pXn-bXpw Htc hep∏-Ønep-≈Xpamb Ccp-
ºmWn thWw ]co-£-W-Øn\v FSp-t°-≠-Xv. \o‰p-I° FSpØ sSÃv
Syq-_n¬ BWn \o‰p-I-°-bp-ambn kº¿°-Øn¬ hcm-Xn-cn-°m≥ {i≤n-
°-Ww. AXn-\mbn BWn Nn{X-Øn-teXv t]mse sIńØp-°n-bn-S-Ww.
Hmtcm Ipńbpw Cu ]co-£-W-ßƒ ho-ń¬ sh®v \S-Ø-s´. hoń¬ e`-y-
amb hkvXp-°ƒ Bb-Xn-\mepw A]-I-S-clnXam-b-Xn-\mepw CØcw
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{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hoń¬ sh®v IqSn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ipń-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°- 1234567890
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Ww. H∂n-S-hn´ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ \nco-£n®v Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°-Ww. 1234567890
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\nco-£-W-ßƒ
$ tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv emb-\n-bnepw Bkn-Unepw C´v sh® sSÃvSyq-_p-I-fnse BWn-
I-fmWv \∂mbn Xpcp-ºn-®-Xv.
$ hm-bp-hn¬ Xpd-∂p-sh® CcpºmWn hfsc sNdnb tXmXn¬ a{Xw Xpcp-ºn-®p.
$ \o‰p-I° FSpØ sSÃvSyq-_nse BWn°v bmsXmcp am‰hpw kw`-hn-®n-√.
\nco-£-W-ßƒ {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn--t®-c-Ww. Ccp-ºv Xpcp-ºn-°p-
∂-Xns‚ thKX IqSp∂ kml-N-c-y-ßƒ
$ Cu¿∏-Øns‚ km∂n-≤yw
$ BknUv, eh-W-ßƒ, B¬°en Ch ebn®p InS-°p-∂Xv
Cu¿∏-Øns‚ km∂n-≤yw Xpc-ºn-°¬ Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS ]cn-k-cØv GsXms° kml-N-c-y-ß-fn-ep≈ Ccp-ºmWv IqSp-X¬ Xpcp-
ºn-°p-∂-sX∂v Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
$ F√m-bvt∏mgpw P\me Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ `mKsØ Iºn-Iƒ.
$ h¿j-ß-fmbn s]bn‚ v sNømsX sh®tXm s]bn‚ v Cf-In-t∏m-btXm Bb Ccpºv
$ IS¬Øoc-Øp≈ hoSp-I-fnse Ccpºv hkvXp-°ƒ
$
Htcm∂ns‚bpw Imc-W-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ {Kq∏v N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠-Ø-´.
$ IS¬ØocØv hmbp-hn¬ Cu¿∏mwiw IqSp-X-em-bn-cn°pw Cu Cu¿∏-Øn¬ eh-W-
ßƒ ebn®p tN¿∂n´p≠m-Ipw.
$ s]bn‚ v Ccp-ºns\ AXns‚ ]cn-k-chp-am-bp≈ kº¿°w C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv
s]bn‚Sn®m¬ Xpcp-ºn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
270
$ Ccpºv \in-°p-∂-psh-¶nepw AXns‚ Hcp teml-k-¶-c-ambXn\m¬ sÃbn≥ekv
Ão¬ (L-S-I-ßƒ Fe, C, Ni, Cr) \mi-\-hn-t[-b-a-√.
]co-£WØneqsS B¿Pn® Adnhv {]tbm--P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ a‰v kml-N-c-y-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ
Is≠-Ø-Ww.
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
Xpcp-ºn-°-ens‚ ck-X{¥w
Asb¨ sshZ-yp-Xcmk{]h¿Ø\ ê-ambmWv Xpcp-ºn-°p-∂-Xv. AsbWpw
AXn-e-S-ßnb amen-\-yßfpw CeIvt{Sm-Up-I-fm-bpw. AXn\v ta¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-
cn-°p∂ Cu¿∏w Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse-‰mbpw \nc-h[n sNdnb sshZ-ypXcmk-sk-√p-
Iƒ cq]w sIm≈p-∂p. Cu¿∏-Øn¬ hbp-hnse hmX-I-ß-fmb O2, CO2 Ch
ebn®v InS-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse-‰mbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Asb-Wnse
amen-\-y-ßƒ°v Asb-Wn-s\°mfpw Ce-Ivt{Sm-t]m-kn-‰ohv kzm`mhw Ipd-hm-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Asb¨ amen-\-y-ßƒ°pw XpS¿∂v amen-\-y-ßƒ Ce-IvS-
t{Sm-sse-‰n-te°pw Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssIam‰w sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ Asb-Wn\v
CeIvt{Sm¨ \jvS-s∏´v Fe2+ Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. CXv Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse-‰nse OH-
Atbm-Wp-I-fp-ambn tN¿∂v Fe (OH)2 Bbn amdp-∂p. XpS¿∂v CXv HmIvkoI-
c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-ambn sslt{U-‰Uv Asb¨ 3+ Hmss¢Uv Bbn amdp-∂p.
(Fe2 O3 x3 H2O) CXmWv Xpcpºv.
Pe-Øn¬ eh-W-ßtfm Bkn-Up-Itfm ebn®v InS-°p-tºmƒ AXv \√ Ce-
Ivt{Sm-sse-‰mbn h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Ccpºv thK-Øn¬ Xpcp-ºn®v t]mIp-
∂-Xv.
Xpcp-ºn-°¬ XS-bm-\p≈ hnhn[ am¿§-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ {Kq∏v N¿®bneqsS Is≠-Ø-s´.
$ s]bn‚ v ASn-°p-∂p.
$ b{¥-`m-K-ß-fn¬ {Kokv CSp-∂p.
$ teml Bh-cWw D≠m-°p-∂p.(Zn, Sn, Cr XpS-ßnb teml-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v \mi-
\-km-[-y-X-bp≈ teml-ßsf Bh-cWw sNøp-∂p.)
CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ temlw \in-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ ImWw N¿®-bn-eqsS Is≠-Ø-s´.
C\n Ipń-Iƒ teml-\m-i-\-Øn\v Hcp {]mtbm-KnI \n¿∆-N\w cq]o-I-cn-°-s´.
t{]mPIvSv
hnhn[ teml-ßƒ°v kw`-hn-°p∂ \mi-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w Hcp t{]mP-IvSn-eqsS
\S-Øm-\p≈ km[-yX Chn-sS-bp-≠v. CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Øp∂ N¿®-bn-eqsS Dcp-
Øn-cn-bp∂ {]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ ]cn-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww. t{]mPIvSv Gs‰-Sp-
t°-≠-Xv.
d^-d≥kn-eq-sSbpw N¿®-bn-eq-sSbpw \nco-£-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øm-
h-∂-Xm-Wv.
Nne N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Aeq-an-\nbw sIm≠p≈ ^¿Æn-®-dn\pw P\m-e-Iƒ°pw s]bn‚ v sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m?
271
$ kn¶v jo‰p-Iƒ, Sn≥jo-‰p-Iƒ Ch Ffp-∏-Øn¬ \in-°p-∂pt≠m?
$ ssk°n-fns‚ _mdpw dnΩpw t{Imanbw ]qin-b-Xm-Wv. Cu t{Imaobw \mi-\-hn-t[-b-
am-Ip-∂pt≠m?
$ Ipń-I-fpsS sh≈n B`-c-W-ßƒ°v Ime-{I-taW D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-sa¥v?
$ kz¿Æw AXns‚ Xnf°w \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Imc-W-sa¥v?
$
Cu t{]mPIvSv {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-ambn \S-Øp-∂-XmWv DNnXw t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-
dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww. t{]mP-IvSns‚ Hmtcm L´-hpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-S-Ww.
Reference
$ Handbook of Fabrication process ASM international
$ Orvilla D Lascone, Mel M. Schwartz
$ IT@ School linux gperiodic/kalzium software.
272
16 Pew
F√m Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb Hcp ]Zm¿∞-amWv Pew. `qan-bn¬ km[m-

c-W-bmbn {Zmh-I-cq-]-Ønepw Nne-t∏mƒ Jc-cq-]-Ønepw (a™p-I-´) hmX-I-cq-]-Ønepw
(\ocm-hn) Pew e`y-amWv. `qan-bn¬ Gdn-b-]¶pw Pe-amWv (71 %). Pe-Øn¬ At\Iw
]Zm¿∞-ßƒ ebn-®p-tN-cpw, Pe-Øn\v [mcmfw D]-tbm-K-ßƒ D≠v, XpS-ßnb Ht´sd
hkvXp-X-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Pe-Øns‚ khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m\pw AXns‚ kmaq-lnI {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-
dn-bm\pw Ipń-Isf {]m]vX-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu ]mT-`m-K-Øn-eqsS Int´≠ Bi-b-ßƒ,
[mc-W-Iƒ, tijn-Iƒ, at\m-`m-h-ßƒ F∂nh t\-Sp-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ X{¥-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-
cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. A[ym-]n-I-bp-tSbpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fp-tSbpw Iq´m-bva-tbmsS Pe-kw-c-£W
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏´v Pe-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hns\ kz¥w Pohn-X-Ønepw kaq-l-
Ønepw KpW-]-c-ambn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu ]mT-`mKw klm-b-I-c-am-I-Ww. aq∂v
samUyq-fp-I-fn-em-bmWv Cu ]mT-`m-K-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ Pew ]e-t∏mgpw Hcp X¿°-hn-j-b-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ hni-Ie\w sNbvXv
Pe-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ Pe-Øns‚ \yq{S¬ kz`mhw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]co-£W \nco-£-W-ß-fn¬
G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ `qan-bnse Pe-e-`y-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hn-eqsS Xs‚ {]tZ-isØ Pe-e-`yX F{X-
bp-s≠∂p Is≠Øn AXv \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Pe-kw-c-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-
te¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
D≈-S° hni-I-e\w
samUyqƒ 1
Pe-Øns‚ hym]-I-amb D]-tbm-K-Øn-\m-[m-cmb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ (3 ]ocn-b-Uv)
samUyqƒ 2
Pe-Øns‚ \yq{S¬ kz`m-hw, km¿hoI emb-I-kz-`m-hw, Pe ImTn-\yw (3 ]ocn-b-Uv)
samUyqƒ 3
Pe-e-`y-X, Pe-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww, Pe-ip-≤o-I-c-W-L-´-ßƒ imkv{Xo-b-amb Pe-am-t\-Pvsa‚ v
(1 ]ocn-b-Uv)
273
274
{]iv\taJe: imkv{Xo-b-amb ÿe-Pe amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ A`mhw
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ F¥p-sIm-≠mWv $ `qan-bn¬ Pohs‚ \ne-\n¬]n\v Pew $ Nn{Xw, ]{X-I-ńw-Kp-Iƒ, N¿® $ N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ, ]{X- $ hni-I-e\ Ipdn∏v
Pew Hcp X¿° hnj- A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-am-Wv. F∂n-h-bn-eqsS \nXy-Po-hn-X- Ønse Xe-s°-´p-I-fpsS
b-ambn amdp-∂Xv? $ a‰v {Zmh-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-ÿ- Øn¬ Pe-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw sImfm- j v , Nn{X- ß ƒ
$ GsXms° Bh- i y- ambn Pe-Øn\v Ht´sd khn-ti-j-X- t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂nh $ \nco-£-W-Ip-dn∏v
ßƒ°mWv \mw Pew Iƒ D≠v. $ ]co-£Ww, \nco-£Ww F∂n- $ sX¿tam-ao-‰¿, Pew, ioX-
- D ]- t bm- K n- ° p- ∂ Xv ? $ Pe-Øn\v \n›n-X-amb Jc-\n-e-bpw, h-bn-eqsS Pe-Øns‚ Jc-\ne, an-{in-Xw, kv]ncn‰v emºv,
{Zh\n-ebpw Xnf-\n-e-bp-am-Wv. {Zh- \ n- e , Xnf- \ ne F∂nh sSÃv Syq_v, _o°¿ apX-
CØcw D]- t bm- K -
em- b h
ßƒ°m-[m-c-amb $ Pe- Ø ns‚ Xnf- \ n- e sb kzm[o- \ n- Is≠-Øp-∂p. $ \oco-£-W-Ip-dn∏v
$ Xnf® sh≈w, kndn-©v,
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ °p∂ Hcp LS-I-amWv a¿Zw. $ ]co-£W - Ø - n-eqsS Xnf-\n-esb
Nn{Xw apX-em-bh
Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? $ Pew sFkmbn amdp-tºmƒ AXns‚ kzm[o- \ n- ° p∂ LS- I - a mWv $ N¿® kqN-I-ßƒ, hni-I-
hym]vXw-h¿≤n-°p-∂p. a¿Zw F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. e-\w, Nn{X-ßƒ apX-em- $ hni-I-e\ Ipdn∏v
$ hfsc Db¿∂ hnin-jvS-Xm-]-[m-cn-X- $ Nn{X-hn-i-I-e-\w, N¿®, kqN-I- bh
bp≈ ]Zm¿YamWv Pew. ßƒ F∂n- h - b n- e qsS Pew $ sX¿tam-ao-‰¿, Pew, shfn-
$ Pe- Ø n¬ hyXykv X hkv X p- ° ƒ sFkm- I p- t ºmƒ hym]v X w s®- Æ , _o°- d p- I ƒ, $ \nco-£W Ipdn∏v ˛
ebn®p tN¿∂m¬ Pe-Øn\v AXm- IqSp-sa∂pw km{µX Ipd-bp- hm´¿ _mØv , kv ] ncn‰v hni-I-e\w
Xns‚ kz`mhw ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. sa∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. emºv Nn{Xw ˛ Xm]-\ne
$ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]Zm¿Y-ßsf ebn-∏n- $ ]co-£-Ww, \nco-£Ww, Nn{X- ImWn-°p∂ Nm¿´v
°m-\p≈ Ignhv Pe-Øn-\p-≠v. hn-i-I-e-\w, Um‰m hni-I-e\w $ B¬°- e n, Bkn- U v , $ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v
$ Nne ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ ebn®p tN¿∂ Pe- F∂n- h - b n- e qsS Pe- Ø ns‚ en‰vakv t]∏¿, CuSO4,
AXn-kq-£va -I-W-ß-fmWv ]Zm¿Y \n¿an-Xn-bnse
ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ß-sf-∂p≈ Xncn-®-dnhv
Øn¬ tkm∏v ]X-bn-√, Cu {]tXy-I- hninjvSXm]-[mcnX-sb-°p-dn-®v KMnO4

X-bmWv Pe ImTn-\yw. [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. $ sh≈w, shfn- s ®- Æ , $ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v
$ XmXv°m-enI ImTn-\yhpw ÿnc ImTn- $ ]co-£-Ww, \nco-£Ww F∂n- asÆÆ ebn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn- $ \nco-£-W-°p-dn∏v
\y-hp-ap≠v. h-bn-eqsS Pe-Øns‚ khn-ti- \mbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂ $ hnh-c-ti-J-c-Ww,
$ `qan-bn¬ BsI e`y-amb Pe-Øns‚ j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. hkvXp-°ƒ ˛ tkm∏ns‚ hni-I-e-\-Ip-dn-∏p-Iƒ
$ ]co-£Ww \nco-£-Ww, N¿®m ¢o\nßv B£≥ ˛ hmb- $ ]ńI hni-I-e\w
3% am{X-amWv IpSn-sh-≈-ambn D≈-Xv.
\m-°p-dn∏v
$ hnhn[ am¿K- ß ƒ D]- t bm- K n®v kqN-I-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
PesØ ip≤o-I-cn°m≥ Ignbpw hnhn[ hkvXp-°sf ebn-∏n-
$ Pew Aaq- e y- a mb H∂m- W v AXv °p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ Pe- Ø ns‚
]mgm°n If-b-cp-Xv. Ignhv a\- n-em-°p-∂p.
{]iv\taJe: imkv{Xo-b-amb ÿe-Pe amt\-Pvsa‚ns‚ A`mhw
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ ]co-£-Ww, \nco-£Ww, N¿® $ CaCl2, NaCl, CaSO 4,
F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Pe-Im-Tn\yw Ca(HCO3)2 Pew, tkm∏v,
F∂ {]Xn-`m-ks- Ø-°p-dn®v a\- sSÃv Syq_p-Iƒ, kv]ncn´v
n-em-°p-∂p. emºv, Ae-°p-Imcw apX-
$ {]mtZ-inI Pe-e-`y-X-sb-°p-dn- em-bh.
®p≈ At\z-j-Ww, hnh-c-ti-J- $ ]©m-b-Øns‚ hn`-h-`q-
c-Ww, F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Pe-e- ]Sw ˛ N¿®m kqN- I -
ßƒ hni-I-e\ Ipdn-∏p-
`yXsb°p-dn®v Pe-Øns‚ D]-
Iƒ `qan-bn¬ e`y-am-Ip∂
`m- K - s Ø- ° p- d n®pw [mcW
Pe-Øns‚ Afhv Xmc-
ssIh-cp-∂p. Xayw sNøp∂ {Km^nIv Nn-
$ ^vtfmNm¿´v, hnh-cWw F∂n-h- {Xo-I-cWw.
bn- e qsS Pe- i p- ≤ o- I - c - W - $ ^vtfmNm¿´v
Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ ]cn- $ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\p≈
N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. am¿K-ßƒ, ]ńI apX-em-
$ hnh-ct- i-Jc- W
- w, ]ńI F∂nh bh
D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn \nXy-Po-hn-X-
Pe-kw-c-£-W-{]-h¿Ø\w Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \ne-
\n¬∏n\v Bh- i y- a m- s W∂v Xncn- ® - d n™v kzbw
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-S¬.
Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ sh≈-

Øns‚ Afhv a\- n-em-°p-
∂p.
275
]mT`mKØneqsS
samUyqƒ 1
Dt±iyw :
Pew ]e-t∏mgpw Hcp X¿° hnj-b-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ hni-I- e\w sNbvXv Pe-
Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ bqWn-‰ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ sImfmjv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn N¿®-bmImw.
So®¿ Hcp tNmZyap∂-bn-°p-∂p.
$ Pew Hcp X¿° hnj-b-amtWm? AØcw hm¿Ø-Iƒ \nß-fpsS {i≤-bn¬ s]ń-
´pt≠m? F¥m-bn-cn°mw CXn\v Imc-Ww?
hy‡n-K-X-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°m-\-h-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. XpS¿∂v {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂p.
Bh-iy-amb Nne N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ Nm¿ń-tem, t_m¿Untem tcJ-s∏-SpØn \¬Im-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ
$ Pe-Øns‚ e`y-X-°p-dhv
$ Pe-Øns‚ hymh-km-bnI {]m[m\yw
$ Pe-Øns‚ Im¿jnI {]m[m\yw
$
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn {Kq∏p-Iƒ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-
s´. s]mXp Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw So®¿ t{ImUoI-cn-°p-∂p.
$ Pe-Øns‚ D]-t`mKw h¿≤n-°p-∂Xpw e`y-X-Ip-d-bp-∂-Xpw.
$ AanX Pe-Nq-jWw
XpS¿∂v Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-ßƒ enÃv sNøp-∂p.
hy‡n-K-X-ambn enÃv sNøp-∂p.
{Kq∏n¬ ]¶p-h-bv°p∂p
s]mXp Ah-X-cWw
So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cn-t°≠Xv
$ Blmcw ]mIw sNøp-∂-Xn\v
$ hkv{X-ßƒ Igp-Ip-∂-Xn\v
$ hml-\-ßƒ hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\v
$
$
$
CØcw D]-tbm-K-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn Pe-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥ms°
F∂ tNmZy-ap-∂-bn®v N¿®-Xp-S-cmw.
N¿®sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne tNmZy-ßƒ So®¿°v D∂-bn-°mw.
276
$ hkv{X-ßƒ Igp-Ip-∂-Xn\pw Xd- hrØn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\pw Pe-Øns‚ GXv khn-ti-j-
X-I-bmWv \mw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
CØcw tNmZy-ßƒ°v Ipń-Iƒ DØcw Is≠Øn hy‡n-K-X-amtbm {Kq∏p-X-e-Øntem
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-b-ßƒ So®¿ t_m¿Un-tem, Nm¿ńtem tcJ-s∏-SpØn t{ImUo-
I-cn®v Ipń-I-fpsS kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn F∂v Dd∏p hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ an° ]Zm¿Y-ß-sfbpw ebn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv Pe-Øn-\p-≠v.
$ hnhn[ Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ Pew \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
CØcw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°v Imc-W-amb Pe-Øns‚ ùXn-IKp-W-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp∂
GXm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ So®¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-
{XWw sNø-Ww. AXn-\mbn So®¿ Hcp {]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
Pew \ocm-hn-bm-°m\pw Xncn®v \ocmhn Pe-am-°m\pw Ign-bp-sa∂v \nßƒ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠-
t√m. CXp-t]mse PesØ sFkm°n am‰p-hm≥ km[n-°ptam? GXv Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ h®mWv
Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.
]mT-`m-KØv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]co£Wßƒ ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb
aps∂m-cp°w \SØn So®¿ ap≥Iqń sNbvXp-t\m°n {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-sW∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-
≠-Xm-Wv.
Bh-iy-amb N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.
$ {ôknwKv anIvkvN-dn¬ Pew Cd-°n-sh-°p-∂-Xn\v apºv Pew GX-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv?
$ Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Pe-Øns‚ Dujvamhv F{X?
$ {ôknwKv anIvkvNdn¬ Pew Cd-°n-sh®v A¬∏-k-abØn\v tijw Pe-Øns‚
Dujvamhv IqSp-I-bmtWm Ipd-bp-I-bmtWm sNøp-∂-Xv?
$ GXv Dujvam-hn¬ FØn-t®-cp-tºm-gmWv Ah-ÿm-am‰w D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv.
$ Pew Jcm-hÿ {]m]n-°p-∂Xv Cu Dujvam-hn-emtWm
$ F¶n¬ Pe-Øns‚ Jc-\ne (freezing point) F{X?
$ Jc-\ne-°v {]mtbm-KnI \n¿h-N\w cq]o-I-cn-°mtam?
N¿®mkq-N-I-ßƒ°v hy‡n-K-X-ambn DØcw Is≠-Ø-s´.
{Kq∏n¬ ]¶p-sh-°m-\-h-kcw \¬I-Ww.
s]mXp Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw So®¿ cq]-s∏-tS≠ Bibw t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
t{ImUo-IcWw
km[m-cW A¥-co£ a¿±-Øn¬ Hcp {ZmhIw Jcm-hÿ {]m]n-°p∂ Xm]-\n-esb
AXns‚ Jc-\ne F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
277
]co-£Ww 2
$ sSÃvSyq_v ]pd-sØ-SpØv sFkns\ Dcp-Im≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I. Cu {]h¿Ø\w Ipń-
Iƒ Xs∂ sNø-s´. sFkv Dcp-In-Øo-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Xm]-\ne sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ D]-
tbm-Kn®v \nco-£n-°-s´.
Xm]-\ne \nco-£n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-tijw So®¿ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
$ sFkv ]q¿W-ambn Dcp-In-Øo-cp-∂-Xp-hsc Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw am‰-ap-≠mtbm?
$ sFkv {Zmh-Im-hÿ {]m]n-°p∂ Xm]-\ne F{X?
$ F¶n¬ sFkns‚ {Zh-\ne F{X?
$ {Zh-Wm-¶-Øn\v {]mtbm-KnI \n¿∆-N\w cq]o-I-cn-°ptam?
$ Pe-Øns‚ Jc\nebpw {Zh-\nebpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-ap-t≠m.
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ°v hy‡nKX-ambn DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. Is≠-
Ønb hnh-c-ßsf {Kq∏n¬ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂p. Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. s]mXp-hn¬ t{ImUo-
I-cn-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv
$ km[m-cW A¥-co-£-a¿±-Øn¬ Hcp Jcw {Zmh-Im-hÿ {]m]n-°p∂ ÿnc-amb
Xm]-\n-e-bmWv {Zh-\ne
$ Pe-Øns‚ Jc-\nebpw sFkns‚ {Zh-\ne Htc Xm]-\n-e-bm-Wv.
XpS¿∂v ASpØ ]co-£-W-Øn-te°v Ipń-Isf \bn-°p-∂p.
Hcp _o°-dn¬ A¬∏w Pe-sa-SpØv Xnf-∏n-°p-∂p. Hmtcm Ipńbpw sX¿tamao‰dnse doUnw-
ßn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w \nco-£n-°p-∂p. So®¿ Nne N¿®mkqN-I-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p.
$ Pe-Øn¬ sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ XmgvØn sh®-t∏mƒ D≠mb Xm]-\ne F{X?
$ Xnf-°p-tºmƒ sX¿tam-ao-‰-dnse Xm]-\n-e°v F¥v kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
$ \ocm-hn-bm-Ip-tºm-gp≈ Xm]-\ne?
$ ]q¿W-ambpw \ocm-hn-bmbn amdp-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Dujvamhn\v Fs¥-¶nepw am‰w kw`-
hn-°p-∂pt≠m?
$ Pew AXns‚ hmX-Im-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øp-tºm-gsØ Xm]-\ne F{X.
$ Pew {Zmh-Im-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v hmX-Im-hÿ {]m]n-°p∂ Xm]-\n-e-bmtWm CXns‚
Xnf-\ne?
$ F¶n¬ Pe-Øns‚ Xnf-\ne F{X.
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hniI-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ hn[-
am-bn-cn-°Ww So®¿ CS-s]-tS-≠-Xv.
Ipń-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-Øn-eqsS Bibw t{ImUo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Hcp {ZmhIw Xnf-°p∂ ÿnc-amb Dujvam-hns\ AXns‚ Xnf-\ne F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
C{Xbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNbvX Ipń-I-tfmSv Xs‚ imkv{X ]pkvX-I-Øn-\-IsØ ]ńI
16.1 ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
278
Xnf-\n-esb a¿±w kzm[o-\n-°ptam
]mT-]p-kvXI- Ø
- nse ]co-£W \nco-£W - ß
- ƒ \mtem At©m Unkvt]m-kn-_nƒ kndn©v
D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v Ipń-Isfs°m≠v sNøn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ¢mkn¬ sh≈w Xnf-∏n-°p-
hm-\p≈ kma-{Kn-Iƒ ap≥Iqń Xøm-dm-°Ww (kv]ncn‰p emºpw 250 an√n _o°dpw sh≈hpw
ss{St∏mUv Ãm‚pw, Iºnh-ebpw Ds≠-¶n¬ sh≈w Xnf-∏n-°mw.)
]mT-`m-KsØ N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w t_mIvkn¬ sImSp-Øn-
cn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS \nXy PohnX kµ¿`-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn N¿®-bm-Imw.
hmbv°-IsØ hmIzw
Nne N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.
$ kvt{Sm D]-tbm-Kn®v sh≈w IpSn-°p-tºmƒ sh≈w hmbv°-IØv Ib-dm≥ Imc-W-
sa¥v?
$ hmbv°IsØ hmbp-hns‚ a¿±w Ipd-b-W-sa-¶n¬ Ahn-sS-bp≈ hmbp \o°w sNø-
s∏-tS-≠-X-t√?
$ Fhn-tS-bv°mWv hmbp \o°w sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?
So®-¿ Adn-bm≥ ˛ hmbv°-IsØ hmbp izmk-tImiØnte°v hen-s®-Sp-°p-I-
bm-Wt√m sNøp-∂-Xv.
$ kndn-©nse ]nÃ¨ ]pd-tIm´v hen-°ptºmƒ AXn-\-IsØ hmbp-a¿±-Øn\v F¥v
am‰-am-bn-cn°pw D≠m-hpI?
$ hmbp \o°w sNø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ hmbv°-IsØ a¿±w IqSptam Ipd-bp-tam? CØcw
Imcy-ßƒ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬In- Xnf-\n-ebpw a¿±hpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Hmtcm-L-´-Ønepw So®-
dpsS CS-s]-S¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv.
kndn-©nse Pew Xnf-°p-∂-Xn-\p-Im-c-W-amb Bibw t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS a¿±w
Ipd-bp-tºmƒ Xnf-\ne Ipdbpw F∂ [mc-W-bn-te°v Ipńsb FØn-°-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w
Ipń-I-fpsS ap∂-dnhv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ]mT-`m-K-Ønse Nn{Xw 16.5 hc-°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-
∂p. CXn¬ \n∂pw NqSm-°p-tºmƒ(-Xm-]-\ne h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ) ]Zm¿Y X∑m-{X-Iƒ AI-
ep-sa-∂pw, XWp-°p-tºmƒ ASp-°p-sa-∂p-ap≈ Bi-b-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cmw.
Cu Bibw t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ipń-I-fpsS kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-
s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cpØpIbpw thWw. AXn-\p-tijw So®¿ ¢m n¬ Hcp {]iv\w D∂-bn-
°p∂p.
XWp-°p-tºmƒ ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS X∑m-{X-Iƒ ASp-Øp-h-cn-Ibpw hym]vXw Ipd-bp-I-bp-
amWv sNøp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ \ndsb sh≈-sa-SpØv AS® Hcp Ip∏n {^nUvPn¬ h®v XWp-
∏n-®-t∏mƒ Ip∏n s]mń-t∏m-Ip-∂Xv \nß-fpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏ń-cn-°p-a-t√m. F¥m-bn-cn°pw
CXn\v Imc-Ww?
{Kq∏p-Iƒ N¿®-sN-ø-s´.
]mT-`m-K-Ønse Nn{Xw 16.6, 16.7 F∂o Nn{X-ßfpw AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ N¿®m-kq-N-I-
ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øq. AtXm-sSm∏w Pe-Po-hn-Iƒ F∂ t_mIvkp-I-fnse hnh-c-ßfpw
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øq. kzbw Adnhp \n¿Ωn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ So®¿ Bh-iy-amb N¿®m kqN-
I-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n®v Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬Iq.
279
$ Pew XWp-°p-tºmƒ hym]vXw IqSp-I-bmtWm Ipd-bp-I-bmtWm sNøp-∂-Xv.
$ hym]vXw IqSp-tºmƒ km{µ-X-bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-sa¥v?
$ sFkv sh≈-Øn¬ s]mßn-°n-S-°ptam?
$ sFkvI´ FSpØv sh≈-Øn¬ C´p t\m°p. F¥mWv ImWp-∂-Xv. ImcW-sa¥v?
CØcw N¿®m-kq-N-I-ß-fn-eqsS Pe-Øn\v a‰p {Zmh-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂-ambn Fs¥-
s°tbm {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Ds≠∂v Ipń-I-sf-sIm≠v Nn¥n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.
{Kq∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°nb Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw cq]-s∏-tS≠ Bibw So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
a‰v {Zmh-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn XWpØv Jc-ambn amdp-tºmƒ hym]vXw h¿≤n-
°p∂ {]tXy-IX Pe-Øn-\p≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w hym]vXw h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ sFkns‚ km{µX
Ipd-bp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
Cu coXn-bn¬ Bib hy‡X hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
sFkn-\p-≈n¬ Pe-X-∑m-{X-bnse Hmtcm HmIvkn-P≥ B‰hpw \mev ssl{U-
P≥ B‰-ß-fm¬ sS{Sm-lo-{U¬ cq]-Øn¬ Np‰-s∏-ń-cn-°pw. CXn¬ c≠v _‘-
ßƒ covalent bond Dw cs≠Æw i‡n-Ip-d™ ssl{U-P≥ t_m≠pI-fpamWv.
CXns‚ ê-ambn sFkn\v AIws]m≈-bmb Hcp cq]w D≠m-Ipw. (Open
cage like structure of ice) AXn-\memWv XWp-°p-tºmƒ Pe-Øn\v hym]vXw
IqSp-∂Xpw km{µX Ipd-bp-∂-Xpw.
H δ+ H
covalent bond
104o Oδ− O
H
d
Hδ+ H H
n bon
ge
O dro
Hy
H
O
H
H O
H
H
O
H H
H
H H
Open cage like structure of ice
280
H
H H H
H
O
Pe-Øns‚ Akm-[m-cW kz`m-h-ßƒ

$ PesØ 00 C ¬ \n∂pw 40 C hsc NqSm-°p-tºmƒ hnImkw kw`-hn-°p-
∂-Xn\p ]Icw kt¶mNw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
$ sFkn\v Pe-sØ-°mƒ km{µX Ipd-hm-Wv.
0-40 hscbp≈ Xm]w AIw s]m≈-bmb sFkns‚ ssl{U-P≥ t_m≠p-I-
fpsS hnL-S-\-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. X∑qew sFkns‚ LS\ XI-cp-
Ibpw Pe-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ ASp-Øp-h-cp-Ibpw sNøpw. 40C \pap-I-fn¬ Pew NqSm-
°p-tºmƒ X∑m-{X-I-fpsS Ne-\-th-KX IqSp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah AI-em≥ XpS-
ßp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ hym]vXw IqSp-∂p, km{¥X Ipd-bp∂p 40C apX¬ Xnf-\n-
e-hsc ssl{U-P≥ t_m≠ns‚ LS-\bv°v am‰w D≠m-Ip∂n√.
Reference: (Physical Chemistry by PURI and SHARMA)
hninjvS Xm]-[m-cnX
So®¿ ¢m n¬ as‰mcp {]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS Pe-Øns‚ as‰mcp khn-tij kz`m-
hsØ Ipń-I-fpsS apºmsI Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw, Ipń-Isf khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øm-
\p≈ kzbw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-°p-hm\pw Ign-bpw.
{]iv\w : Nn{Xw 16.8 \nco-£n-°m\mh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\p-tijw Hcp tNmZyap∂-bn-°p∂p.
tNmZyw : A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ C{X-am{Xw hyXymkw hcp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ \ΩpsS ico-
c-Øns‚ Xm]-\n-e-bpw A{X-I≠v amtd-≠-X-s√. Aßs\ amdm-Ø-Xn¬ Pe-
Øn\v ]¶p-t≠m.
Cu {]iv\sØ hy‡n-]-c-ambn Btem-Nn-°p-hm≥ Ah-kcw \¬In-s°m≠v Ah-c-h-cp-tS-
Xmb Dul-ßƒ ]d-bm-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Cu Dulw icn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]co-£Wambm-tem.
]mT-`m-K-Ønse ]co-£Ww Bkq-{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ N¿®-bm-hmw.
281
$ Fs¥ms° kma-{Kn-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cmw?
$ ]co-£-W-coXn Fßns\?
$ \oco--£W ê-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-ßs\?
hy‡-amb Bkq-{XWw {Kq∏n¬ \S-°-s´. ]co-£Ww ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb GI-
tZi ka--bhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
hy‡-amb Bkq-{XWw \SØn ]co-£Ww ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬sht®m em_n¬ ht®m \n¿∆-
ln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
So®¿ Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ ap≥Iqń kwL-Sn-∏n®v Hcm-h¿Øn sNbvXv hnP-bn-°p-sa∂v
Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
]mT-`m-K-Ønse {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw N¿®m-kqN-I-ßfpw Ipń-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
\nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ t^m¿am‰v hnI-kn-∏n-°m≥ So®¿ klm-bn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Htc Af-hn¬ Xm]w \¬Ip-tºmƒ hnhn[ ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS Xm]-\n-e-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ h¿[-
\hv Htc tXmXn-e√ F∂ Bi-b-amWv Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n-t°-≠-Xv.
]co-£-W-Øns‚ BZy-L-´-Øn¬ Pe-Øn-s‚bpw shfn-s®-Æ-bp-tSbpw Xm]-\ne \nco-
£n®v tcJ-s∏-SpØn F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. XpS¿∂v Pe-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne 50C
h¿≤n-°p-tºm-gp≈ shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS Xm]-\ne tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v N¿®-bm-Imw.
$ Htc Af-hn¬ Xm]w \¬Inbt∏mƒ Pe-Øns‚ Xm]-\n-e-bnse h¿≤-\hpw shfn-
s®-Æ-bpsS Xm]-\n-e-bnse h¿≤-\hpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-tWm.
$ Pe-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne 50C h¿≤n°p-tºmƒ shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS Xm]-\n-e-bnse h¿≤-
\hv F{X?
$ F¶n¬ Pe-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne 10Ch¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ shfn-s®-Æ-bpsS Xm]-\n-e-bnse
10C h¿≤-\hv F{X-bmIpw?
$ Cu ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ Hcp Intem{Kmw hoXw FSp-Øm¬ Ah-bpsS Xm]-\ne 10C h¿≤n-
°m≥ GXn-\m-bn-cn°pw IqSp-X¬ Xm]w \¬tI-≠n-h-cn-I?
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipń-Iƒ \nK-a-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-s´. s]mXp-
hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Hcp \n›nX Af-hn-ep≈ hyXy-kvX-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS Xm]-\ne 10C h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥
Bh-iy-amb Xm]-Øns‚ Afhv hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw.
$ bqWn‰v amkv (1 Kg) ]Zm¿Y-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne 10C h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb
Xm]-Øns‚ Af-hmWv B ]Zm¿Y-Øns‚ hnin-jvT-Xm-]-[m-cn-X.
282
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
km-[m-c-W Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ ˛ 293K
]Zm¿∞w hnin-jvT-Xm-]-[m-cnX JKg-1K-1
Pew 4200
shfn-s®Æ 2100
Ccpºv 460
sNºv 385
Ak-‰nIv BknUv 1960
sa¿°pdn 140
Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

IS¬Im-‰pw, Ic-°m‰pw Fßns\ D≠m-Ip-∂p- F∂v Nn¥n-®n-´p-t≠m. Cu {]Xn-
`m-k-hpw Pe-Øns‚ hnin-jvT-Xm-]-[m-cn-Xbpw XΩn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-ap-
t≠m.
$ aÆn-t\-°m-fpw hnin-jvT-Xm-]-[mcnX IqSp-X-emWv sh≈-Øn-\v. Bb-Xn-
\m¬ ]I¬k-a-bØv Ic thK-Øn¬ NqSp-]n-Sn-°p-∂p. Icbv°v apI-fn-ep≈
hmbphpw AtXm-sSm∏w NqSm-Ip-∂p. NqSp-]n-Sn® hmbp km{µ-X-Ip-d™v
apI-fn-te°v {]h-ln-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ cm{Xn-bn¬ Ic thKw XWp-°p-∂p.
IS¬ kmh-[m-\Ø - nse XWp-°q. At∏mƒ IS-en-\p-ap-If- nse NqSp-≈h
- mbp
km{µ-X Ipd™v apI-fn-te°v t]mIp∂p XXv^-e-ambn Ic-bn¬ \n∂p≈
XWpØ-hm-bp IS-en-te°v {]h-ln-°p-∂p.
$ hml-\-ß-fpsS tdUn-tb-‰-dp-I-fn¬ sh≈-sam-gn-°p-∂Xv {i≤-bn¬s]-ń-´p-
≠m-Ip-a-t√m. Pe-Øns‚ hnin-jvT-Xm-]-[m-cn-X-bp-ambn CXn\v h√ _‘-
hp-ap-t≠m.
A¥-co-£-Ønse Xm]-\ne hyXymkw hcp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS ico-c-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne AX-
\-p-k-cn®v amtd-≠-Xs√? Cßs\ amdm-Ø-Xn¬ ico-c-Ønse Pemw-i-Øn\v ]¶pt≠m
F∂ {]iv\sØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn\v apI-fn¬ sImSpØ ]co-£-W-ßfpw DZm-l-c-
W-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-s√m.
a‰v {Zmh-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn hfsc Db¿∂ hnin-jvT-Xm-]-[m-cn-X-bp≈ Hcp
]Zm¿Y-amWv Pew F∂ Bibw IqSn t{ImUo-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-°-Ww.
samUyqƒ 2
Dt±iyw : Pe-Øns‚ \yq{S¬ kz`mhw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]co-£W \nco-£-W-ß-
fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p.
]mT-`m-K-Ønse {]{Inb D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Hmtcm Ipńbpw Pe-Øns‚ \yq{S¬ kz`mhw
Xncn-®-dn-b-s´.
Pe-Øns‚ kz`m-h-sØ-∏‰n \nK-a-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn®v imkv{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ø-s´.
283
XpS¿∂v ip≤-P-e-Øns‚ cpNn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ N¿® \S-°p-Ibpw Pe-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-
h-kvXp-°ƒ ebn®p tNcp-tºmƒ Pe-Øns‚ kz`m-h-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-sØ-°p-dn®pw
N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. Bh-iy-amb N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
$ ip≤-P-e-Øns‚ cpNn F¥m-Wv.
$ Aev]w ]©-kmc tN¿Ømtem
$ Aev]w D∏p--tN¿Øm-tem.
\nd-Øns‚ Imcy-Øntem
$ Aev]w s]m´mkyw s]¿am-wK-t\‰v tN¿Øm-tem.
$ Aev]w tIm∏¿ kƒt^‰v tN¿Øm-tem.
Ipń-Iƒ ]co-£n®p t\m°-s´.
Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw \¬Ip-a-t√m.
]co-£W \nco-£-W-Øn-\p-tijw Ipń-Iƒ \nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøs-´
Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww.
Ah-X-cn-∏n® Imcy-ßƒ So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠Xv
$ ip≤-P-e-Øn\v cpNn-bn-√.
$ Pe-Øn¬ hyXykvX hkvXp-°ƒ ebn-®p-tN-cp-tºmƒ Pe-Øn\v AXmXv hkvXp-°-
fpsS kz`mhw ssIh-cp-∂p.
$ \nd-Øns‚ Imcy-Ønepw ebn-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-Øns‚ \ndw ssIh-cp-∂p.
Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°-s´.
C∂v \nXyPo-hn-X-Øn¬ Pe-Øns‚ Cu khn-ti-j-X-Isf GsX√mw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ D]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v F∂v N¿® sNøp-∂p.
hnh-c-ßƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
XpS¿∂v So®¿ Hcp tNmZy-ap-∂-bn-°p-∂p. GsXms° hkvXp-°-sf-bmWv Pe-Øn\v ebn-∏n-
°m≥ Ign-bpI? a‰v {Zmh-I-ßƒ°v CØcw {]tXy-I-X-bp-t≠m.
N¿®
Ipń-Iƒ°v Duln-°p-hm-\-h-kcw \¬I-Ww. hy‡n-K-X-ambn GXm-\pw-t]¿ {]Xn-I-cn-°-
s´. XpS¿∂v hnhn[ {Zmh-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v GXm\pw ]Zm¿Y-ßsf Iqń-Iƒ ebn-∏n®p
t\m°-s´.
Bh-iy-amb ]co-£W{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-a-t√m. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
]co£Ww D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Is≠-Ønb hnh-c-ßƒ imkv{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
s]mXp-hmbn Is≠Ønb Imcy-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. So®¿ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
$ Pe-Øn¬ an° ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw ebn°p∂p.
$ AXp-sIm≠v Pew Hcp km¿ho-I-em-b-IamWv.
284
So®¿ as‰mcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°p-∂p.
an° ]Zm¿Y-ß-sfbpw ebn∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv Pe-Øn-\p-≠t√m F¶n¬ ]ns∂ hkv{X-
ßƒ Ae-°p-∂-Xn\v tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ Bh-iy-apt≠m?
Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°mØ ]Zm¿∞-ßfpw Ds≠∂ hkvXpX ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ]mT-`m-
K-Ønse tkm∏ns‚ hrØn-bm-°¬ {]h¿Ø\w F∂ t_mIvkv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-
s°m-≠p≈ N¿®-bm-Imw.
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
sh≈-Øns‚ cmk-L-S\
$ c≠p ssl{U-P≥ B‰hpw Hcp HmIvkn-P≥ B‰hpw tN¿∂-XmWv Hcp
Pe-X-∑m-{X.
$ HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-Øns‚ {[ph-ß-fn-emWv ssl{U-P≥ B‰-ßƒ \ne-bp-d-
∏n-®n-cn-°p∂Xv.
$ AXp-sIm≠v `mKnI t]mkn-‰ohv Nm¿÷v ssl{U-P≥ B‰-ß-fnepw `mKnI
s\K-‰ohv Nm¿÷v HmIvkn-P≥ B‰-Ønepw D≠m-Ipw.
$ sh≈-Øns‚ t]mfm¿ kz`mhw F∂mWv CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
$ FXn¿Nm¿÷p-Iƒ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kmam-\y-X-Xzw-sh®v Hcp Pe-X-
∑m-{X-bnse `mKnI t]mkn-‰ohv Nm¿÷p≈ ssl{U-P≥ B‰hpw ASpØ
Pe-X∑- m-{X-bnse `mKnI s\K-‰ohv Nm¿÷p≈ HmIvkn-P≥ B‰hpw XΩn¬
kmam\yw i‡-amb Hcp _‘\w D≠m-°pIbpw (Hydrogen bond) AXp-
hgn Iptd X∑m-{X-Iƒ IqSn-t®-¿∂v X∑m-{X-I-fpsS sNdp-Iq-´-am-bn´v \ne-
\n¬°pIbpw sNøp∂p. as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ kmam\yw i‡-
amb ssl{U-P≥ t_m≠p-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-Im-cWw Pe-X-∑m-{X-Iƒ
]c-kv]cw IqSn-t®-cp-∂p. Cu Imc-W-Øm-emWv Hc-¥-co£ a¿±-Øn¬ 00C
apX¬ 1000C hsc {Zmh-I-ambn Pe-Øn\v \ne-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv am{X-
a√ Pe-Øns‚ t]mfm¿ kz`mhw eh-W-ßsf Ffp-∏-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-
∂p. Cu Imc-W-ß-fm-emWv Pew Hcp km¿hn-I-em-bIw Bb-Xv. DZm-l-c-
W-ambn A¬]w BknUv KpW-ap≈ hkvXp-°-fp-ambn sh≈-Øn\v
kº¿°w h∂m¬ AhnsS £mc-KpWw ImWn®v sh≈w AXns\ ebn-
∏n-°pw. £mc-Kp-W-ap≈ hkvXp-°-fp-ambn kº¿°-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ Aæ-
KpWw ]pd-sØ-SpØv AXns\ ebn-∏n-°pw. kº¿°-Øn-¬ G¿s∏-tS-≠Xv
HmIvkn-P≥ `mK-amtWm ssl{U-P≥ `mK-amtWm F∂p-am{Xw Xocp-am-\n-
°-s∏-Sm-\p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv sh≈-Øn\v Cu kz`mhw ImWn-°m-\m-hp-∂-
Xv. Cu Ign-hp-aqew -sh≈w GXp {]X-e-Øn¬ IqSn Hgp-In-bmepw B {]X-
e-Ønse Ht´sd hkvXp-°sf sh≈w X∂n¬ ebn-∏n®v IqsS Iqń-bn-cn-
°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v AXy¥w Bh-iy-amb t]mjI ]Zm¿Y-
ßfpw a‰p Nne-t∏mƒ hn\m-i-Im-cn-I-fmb cmk-]-Zm¿Y-ßfpw Cßs\
ebn-∏n-°-s∏s´∂n-cn-°mw.
285
ip≤-Pe
- Ø
- n\v Aæ-Kp-Wtam £mc-Kp-Wtam C√. \n¿hocyw AYhm \yq{S¬
BWv. Pe-Øns‚ pH aqeyw 7 BWv. pH aqeyw 7 ¬ Ipd-™m¬ Akn-
UnIv KpWhpw 7˛¬ IqSnbm¬ B¬°en KpWhpw ImWn-°pw. ip≤-P-e-
Øn\v aW-an-√, \nd-an-√, cpNn-bn√ F∂m¬ aW-ap≈ ]Zm¿Yßƒ tN¿°p-
tºmƒ sh≈-Øn\v B ]Zm¿YØns‚ aWw e`n-°pw, cpNn-bp≈ ]Zm¿Yw
tN¿Øm-¬ Pe-Øn¬ B cpNn e`n°pw. \nd-ap≈ ]Zm¿Yw tN¿Øm-tem,
Bcp-ambn kº¿°w h∂mepw kº¿°-Øn-em-Ip∂ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS
kz`mhw ImWn-°pw.
hkv{X-ß-fn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°mØ ]Zm¿∞-ßsf \o°w-sN-øp-∂-
Xn-\p-th≠n tkm∏v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p F∂ Bibw Ipń-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-s´.
Pe-Im-Tn\yw
Nne sh≈-Øn¬ tkm∏v ]X-bn√ F∂ {]iv\w D∂-bn-°p-Ibpw ]mT-`m-KØv \¬In-bn-
cn-°p∂ ]co-£-W-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw thWw.
Bh-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ
$ tkmUn- b - Ø n- s ‚bpw, a·o- j y- Ø n- s ‚bpw Im’y- Ø n- s ‚bpw t¢mssd- U p- I - f pw,
ss_Im¿_-tW-‰p-Ifpw
$ Pew
$ Bh-iy-Øn\v sSÃv Syq_p-Iƒ
F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ]co-£-W-ß-fnte¿s∏-Ss´. \nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ø-s´.
Bh-iy-amb N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ \¬In \oco-£-W-^-e-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNø-Ww.
$ GsXms° eh-W-ßƒ ebn-°p-tºm-gmWv tkm∏v \∂mbn ]X-bp-∂-Xv.
$ GsXms° eh-W-ßƒ ebn-°p-tºm-gmWv tkm∏v ]X-bm-Ø-Xv.
\nK-a-\-ßƒ imkv{X ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp--Ø-s´.
tkm∏v ]X-bp∂ Pehpw tkm∏v ]X-bmØ Pehpw Ipń-Iƒ Is≠-Ø-s´.
Hmtcm {Kq∏pw Ah¿ Is≠-Ønb Imcy-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.
hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.
\nK-a-\-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
tkm∏v ]X-bmØ PesØ ITn-\-Pew F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. ImTn-\y-Øn\p ImcWw Im’y-
Øn-s‚bpw sa·o-jy-Øn-s‚bpw eh-W-ß-fm-Wv.
CØ-c-Øn¬ eh-W-ßƒ ebn®p tNcp-tºmƒ Fs¥ms° {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ßƒ
D≠mIpw F∂ N¿®-bn-eqsS Pe-Im-Tn-\ysØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-b-Ww.
tkm∏v ]X-bm-Xn-cp∂ emb-\n-Isf kv]ncn‰v emºv D]-tbm-Kn®v NqSm°n t\m°n GsXms°
kmºn-fp-I-fn¬ ho≠pw tkm∏v ]X-bp-∂p-s≠∂v Is≠-Øp-∂p. CXn¬ \n∂pw NqSm-°n-
bm¬ am‰m-hp∂ Pe-Im-Tn-\y-ap-s≠∂pw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ÿnc-Im-Tn-\yhpw Xm¬°m-enI
ImTn-\yhpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS
ÿnc-Im-Tn-\y-sØ am‰m-\p≈ am¿K-ß-sf-°p-dn®v N¿®-bm-Imw.
286
]mT-`m-K-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]co-£Ww sNbvXp-t\m-°m-\-h-kcw \¬I-Ww.
Ipń-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø¬ imkv{X ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
Is≠-Øn-b-Im-cy-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Bh-iy-am-sW-¶n¬ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn-
®p-sIm≠v So®¿°v Hcp Ipdn∏v imkv{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw.
$ Pe-Im-Tn\yw
$ Xm¬°m-enI ImTn-\y-Øn\v Imc-W-amb ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ Gh. Ch \o°w sNøp-∂-
sX-ß-s\.
$ ÿnc-Im-Tn-\y-Øn\v Imc-W-amb ]Zm¿∞-ß-tfh? CXv \o°w sNøp-∂-sX-ß-s\?
$ CØcw ImTn-\y-ßƒ sIm≠v Fs¥ms° {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ß-fmWv D≠m-°p-∂Xv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. Ah-X-cn-∏n® Imcy-ßƒ aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øn\v hnt[-
b-am-°p-at√m?
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
Pe-Im-Tn\yw
sh≈-Øns‚ arZpXzw A\p-k-cn-®m-Wv tkm∏ns‚ ]X-bn¬ G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-
Iƒ D≠m°p-∂-Xv. ]X-cq-]o-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-hns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
sh≈sØ c≠mbn Xncn-°mw. arZp-Pew (Soft Water) F∂pw ITn-\-Pew (Hard
Water) F∂pw, sh≈-Øn¬ ebn-®p-tN¿∂n-´p≈ Im’y-Øn-s‚bpw a·o-jy-
Øn-s‚bpw eh-W-ß-fmWv ]X-bnse G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
Xv. Cu eh-W-ßƒ H´p-an-√mØ Pew arZp-Pew F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Im’y-Øn-s‚bpw a·o-jy-Øn-s‚bpw Awiw Iq´p-tºmƒ ImTn-\yhpw IqSpw.
ImTn\yw IqSnb sh≈hpw tkm∏pw tNcp-tºmƒ Im’y-Øn-s‚bpw a·o-jy-
Øn-s‚bpw Atbm-Wp-Iƒ tkm∏n-s‚ s\K-‰ohv Atbm-Wp-ambn tN¿∂v CXv
Ah-£n-]vX-s∏-Sp∂p Hcp kwbp‡w D≠m-Ipw. AXn\p tijta tkm∏v ]X-
bp-I-bp-≈p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ITn-\-P-e-Øn¬ tkm∏v ]X-bp-I-bn-s√t∂m ITn-
\-Pew D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ IqSp-X¬ tkm∏v sNe-hm-Ip-sat∂m ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
Pe-Im-Tn\yw c≠v Xc-Øn-ep-≠v. Xm¬°m-enI ImTn\yw (Temprorary Hard-
ness) ÿnc-Im-Tn\yw (Permanent Hardness) ss_Im¿_-tW‰v eh-W-ß-fm-
Wv ebn®p tN¿∂n-´p-≈-sX-¶n¬ AXv Xm¬°m-enI ImTn\yw am{X-am-Wv.
sh≈w Xnf-∏n-®m¬ Xm¬°m-enI ImTn\yw amdpw. As√-¶n¬ sh≈-Øn¬
A¬∏w NpÆmºv tN¿Ømepw aXn-bm-Ipw.
Nne cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ tN¿Øv cmk-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bmse ÿnc-Im-Tn\yw
\o°m-\mIq. CØcw cmk-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ H∂mWv tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW-‰v.
ImTn\yØn\p Imc-W-am-Ip∂ Im’yw a·ojyw -e-h-W-ß-fpsS Awiw 17.1
]n.]n.-F-Ωn¬ (parts per million) IqSp-X-ep≈ sh≈-amWv s]mXpsh ITn-\-P-
e-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv. [Hcp an√n{Kmw ehWw Hcp en‰¿ sh≈-Øn¬ AS-
ßn-b-XmWv Hcp ]n.]n.-Fw. Hcp Intem-{Km-ans‚ ]Øp-e-£-Øn¬ Hcw-iw
AXm-bXv Hcp {Kmans‚ Bbn-c-Øn-sem-cw-iw.]
287
ITn-\-Pew sIm≠v KpWhpw tZmj-hp-ap-≠v. Xo sISp-Øm-\pw, tXm´w \\°m-
\pw, IpSn-°m\pw sXcp-hp-If
- nse sNfn-\o-°m-\p-sams° arZp-Pe
- t- Ø-°mƒ \√Xv
ITn-\P- e
- a
- m-Wv. F∂m¬ Ae-°m-\pw, ]m{X-ßƒ Igp-Im-\pw, £ucw sNøm\pw,
Ipfn-°m\pw ITn-\-Pew D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ tkm∏v \jvS-Øn\v Imc-W-amIpw.
(Pe-Im-Tn\yw 50 ]n.]n.-F-Ωn¬ IqSp-X-em-bm¬ {]tXyI {]{In-b-Iƒ hgn
ImTn\yw \o°nbm¬ am{Xta ]e Bh-iy-ßƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm-\m-Ip,)
Xm¬°m-enI ImTn-\y-w\o°w sNøm-\p≈ am¿§w
1. NqSm-°¬
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3+ CO2 + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3+ CO2 + H2O
NqSm-°p-tºmƒ eh-W-ßƒ Ah-£n-]vX-s∏-Sp-∂p.
2. ¢m¿°v coXn
Xm¬°m- e nI ImTn- \ y- a p≈ Pe- Ø n¬ \n›nX Af- h n- e p≈ NpÆmºv
tN¿Øm¬ ss_Im¿_-tW-‰p-Iƒ Im¿_-tW-‰p-I-fmbn Ah-£n-]vX-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 MgCO3 + CaCO2 + 2H2O
ÿnc ImTn\yw \o°w sNøm-\p≈ am¿K-ßƒ
\n›nX Af-hn-ep≈ tkmUnbw Im¿_-tW‰v tN¿Øv Pe-Øns‚ ÿnc-Im-
Tn\yw \o°w sNømw.
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3+ 2 NaCl
MgSO4 + Na2CO3 MgCO3+ Na2SO4
samUyqƒ 3
Dt±iyw :
`qan-bnse Pe-e-`y-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Adn-hn-eqsS Xs‚ {]tZ-isØ Pe-e-`yX F{X-bp-
s≠∂p Is≠Øn AXv \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\v Pe-kw-c-£W {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te¿s∏-tS≠
Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
{]h¿Ø-\-{Iaw
$ ]mT-`m-K-Ønse ss] Ub{Kw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.
$ a‰v d^-d≥kn-eqsS `qan-bnse Pe-e-`y-X-sb-°p-dn®pw ip≤-P-e-Øns‚ Af-hn-s\-°p-
dn®pw hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂p.
$ XpS¿∂v Hmtcm Ipńbpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-Øn-ep≈ Pe-e-`y-Xbpw ip≤-P-
e-Øns‚ Afhpw hnh-c-ti-J-cW {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Is≠-Øp-∂p.
$ Pe-hn-`hw imkv{Xo-b-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv Fßs\-sb∂v {Kq∏v N¿®-bn-eq-
sSbpw skan-\m¿ Ah-X-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw t_m[-h¬°-cW {]{In-b-bn-eq-sSbpw ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
288
$ kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw imkv{Xo-b-amtWm F∂v ]co-£n-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ Pe-ip-≤o-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n\pw Pe-kw-c£
- W
- Ø
- n\pw am¿K-ßƒ Is≠Øn Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°p∂p.
`qan-bnse Pe-e-`y-Xsb ImWn-°p∂ B[n-Im-cnI hnh-c-ßƒ AS-ßnb ss]U-b-{K-tam,
{Kmt^m Nm¿ń¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp-]-tbm-Kn®v ip≤-P-e-Øns‚ Afhv F{X-
sb∂v Is≠-Øn. N¿®-bmImw AXn\v ]mT-`m-K-Ønse ss]U-b-{Khpw a‰p Nn{X-ßfpw
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
`qan-bnse IpSn-sh-≈-Øns‚ e`yX hfsc ]cn-an-X-am-sW∂pw AXv Icp-X-temsS hnth-N-
\-_p-≤n-tbmsS Fßns\ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa-∂pap≈ Bi-b-Øn-te-°mWv N¿® \bn-t°-
≠-Xv. Cu N¿®-bpsS XpS¿{]-h¿Ø\w Xß-fpsS ]©m-b-Ønse Pe-e-`yX F{X-tØm-
f-ap-s≠∂v Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-te-°m-bm-tem.
Ipń-Isf hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn\v Fßn-s\-sbms° klm-bn-°m-\m-Ipw. Iq´mbn Btem-Nn-
®p-Iq-sS. Ah-iy-amb N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
$ ]©m-b-Øn¬ BsI F{X IpSpw-_-ßƒ D≠v?
$ Cu IpSpw-_-ßƒs°√mw Bh-iy-Øn\v ip≤-Pew e`y-am-tWm?
$ ]©m-b-Øns‚ GXp `mK-ØmWv IpSn-sh≈ £maw t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv?
$ CXv ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]©m-bØv / {]mtZ-inI `c-W-IqSw Fs¥ms° \S-]-Sn-I-
fmWv kzoI-cn®p hcp-∂-Xv?
$ GsXms° Pe-t{km-X- p-I-fmWv ]©m-b-Øn\v kz¥-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv?
F¶n¬ CØcw Imcy-ßƒ At\z-jn®v Is≠-Øp∂sX-ß-s\. ]©m-b-Ønse Pe-e-`yX
Adn-bm≥ F¥p-am¿K-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
hn`-h-`q-]Sw CXn-\mbn ]cn-tim-[n-®m-tem. GsXms° Pem-i-b-ß-fmWv ]©m-b-Øn-ep-
≈-Xv. CØcw Imcy-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºm-gt√ a‰v hgn-Iƒ \ap-°p-ap-
∂n¬ sXfn-bp-I. So®-dpsS CS-s]-S¬ hy‡-amb Bkq-{XWw \S-°-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-
cn-°-Ww.
hnhn[ {Kq∏p-Iƒ°v hnhn[ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \¬In hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-am-Imw. Hcp eLp-k¿t∆
t{]mP-IvSn-eqsS ]©m-b-Ønse Pe-e-`y-X-sb-°p-dn®pw ip≤-P-e-Øns‚ Af-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw
Is≠-Ø¬ \S-Øm≥ Ign-bn-s√.
tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßƒ IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw hni-I-e-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-Ibpw
thWw.
hnh-c-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®v sNdp-Ip-dn∏v Ipń-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°-s´. ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°phm-
\h-kcw \¬I-Ww. Ah-X-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw N¿®-bm-hmw. IpSn-sh≈w kwc-£n-°-s∏-tS-
≠-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bm-Imw. ]©m-b-Ønse Pe-t{km-X- p-Iƒ Fßns\ `mhn-bnse
IpSn-sh≈ t{kX- m°n am‰mw F∂ N¿®-bn-eqsS IpSn-sh≈ ip≤o-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v
Adn-hp-t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]co-£-W-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Smw. ChnsS ip≤-Pe kwkvI-c-W-Øn\pw
kwc-£-W-Øn\pw D]tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]c-º-cm-K-Xhpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb coXn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-
s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
AØcw coXn-I-fpsS Ãn¬ tamU¬ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-am-bm-tem kvIqfnse
kvIqfnse imkv{X-{]-Z¿i\Øn¬ Ah-Xc
- n-∏n-°phm\p≈ Hc-hk
- c
- a
- mbn ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-
\-ßƒ amt‰-≠-X-s√.
289
XpS¿∂v kz¥w hońse Pe-hn-\n-tbmKw imkv{Xo-b-amtWm A√tbm F∂v ]mT-`m-K-
Ønse t^m¿am‰v D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Is≠-Ø-s´. CXv Pew kwc-£n-t°≠ kz¥w Npa-
X-e-sb-°p-dn®v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ambmbn amd-Ww.
$ aq∂m-asØ tamUyq-fns‚ A\p-_-‘-{]-h¿Ø-\-ambmWv Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂
{]h¿Ø--\ß-- sf ImtW-≠-Xv.
]mgm-Ip∂ Pew, Pohn-X-hpw...
h¿j°m-eØv CjvSw-t]mse s]øp∂ ag, th\-¬°meØv shf-f-Øn\v th≠n Ae-
bp∂ P\-ßƒ. 44 \Zn-Ifpw [mcmfw Pe kvt{XmX- p-ap≈ tIc-f-Øn¬ CXv \nXy kw`-
h-amWv Cu Ah-ÿbpsS N¿®bn-eqsS Pe Zu¿e-`y-sØ-°p-dn®pw Pehn\n-tbm-K-sØ-
°p-dn®pap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-te°v IS-°m-as√m. GsXms° hn[-Øn¬ sh≈w ]mgm-
Ip∂psh∂pw AXv kwc-£n°s]tS-≠Xv Fß-s\-sb∂pw Ipń-Iƒ°v [mc-W-bp-≠m-
IWw
AXphgn \mSn\pw hcpw Xe-ap-dbv°pw Cu ktµiw FØn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠coXn-bn-
emWv {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNtø-≠-Xv. CXn-\mbn Hcp t{]mPIv‰v {]h¿Ø\w \¬Ip-∂-Xt√
\√Xv
So®-tdm-Sv...
t{]mPIv‰v {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ChnsS hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. {]k‡`mKß-
ƒ am{Xw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p.
Cu t{]mP-IvSns‚ {]iv\m-h-X-cWw Fß-s\-bmhmw?
Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw Hcp ZnhksØ Pe-Øns‚ D]-tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn-s®mcp N¿®-bm-bmtem?
CXn\v Fs¥ms° N¿®m-kq-N-I-ß-fmhmw
$ Hcp Znh-ksØ sh≈-Øns‚ Bh-iy-sa-s¥m-s°-bmWv?
$ Hmtcm-∂n\pw Bhiyamb sh≈-Øns‚ GI-tZi Af-sh-{X-bmWv
$ \Ωƒ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv C{X-am-{X-amtWm?
$ sh≈w ]mgm-°p-∂pt≠m? (Ds≠-¶n¬ F{X-tØmfw).
CXn¬ \n∂pw ]mT-`m-KØv \¬Inbncn-°p∂v ]ńI 16.1 ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfp-
sSbpw, Hcmƒ°v th≠Xv F∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ IW-°p-ambn _‘-
s∏SpØn bYm¿∞-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Afhv Xmc-Xayw sNbvXpw hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
\S-Øp-I? F¶n¬ CXv Hmtcm-Ip-ń°pw sNbvXp t\m°m-hp-∂-Xs√. At∏mƒ CsXmcp
hy‡n-KX t{]mPIv‰v Bbn sNbvXvIqsS?
$ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßƒ sNdp{Kq∏p-I-fn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn®v Ah-Xn-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv kabw
em`n-°m≥ klmbI-as√?
$ hnh-c-ß-fpsS A]-{K-Y\hpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ \nK-a-\-ßfpw XpS¿∂v Is≠Øn
IqsS
$ XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ˛ kzbw-sN-tø-≠Xpw t_m[-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\mbn sNtø-≠Xpw
Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp \S-∏n-em-°p-as√m (]mT-`m-KØv \¬Inb \n¿t±i-ßƒ°-\p-k-
cn®v).
290
$ t{]mPI‰v {]h¿Ø\w Ign-™m¬ CXns‚ dnt∏m¿´v \n›nX t^m¿am-‰n¬ FgpXn
ka¿∏n-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p-IqsS?
So®-tdm-Sv...
t{]mPvIv‰p-ambn _‘-s∏SpØn sNøm-hp∂ XpS¿{]-{h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kqN-\-Iƒ
$ Pe-kw-c-£-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Ipń-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬
$ t]mÃ¿ {]N-c-W-ßƒ
$ Pe-hn-\n-tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v kvIqfns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fnepw ¢m v apdn-I-fnepw
t_m¿UpIƒ
$ Sm∏p-I-fpsS ASpØv Pe-hn-\n-tbm-K-Øn¬ anXXzw ]men-°p∂Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±i-ßƒ
]Xn-°¬
sh≈w sh≈w k¿∆{X ""Xp≈n- Ip-Sn-°m-\n-√s{X'' F∂ Bi-bsØ- B-kv]-Z-am-°n-
bp≈ N¿®-bn-eqsS Peaen-\o-I-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw Pe ip≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X-
sb-°p-dn®pw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Ip-as√m
CXv Ipd®p IqSn ck-I-c-am-°m≥ aen-\-P-ew -kr-jvSn-°p∂ {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ tUmIyq-
sa‚-dn-Iƒ/ hoUn-tbm--¢n-∏nw-Kp-Iƒ/^vtfmNm¿´p-Iƒ
]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ, t^mt´m-Iƒ F∂nh e`y-am-°n°qsS
$ Pe-ip≤oI-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Ffp∏w a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Ipń-Iƒ°v t\cn-´p≈
A\p`hßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂X -- t√ \√Xv? CXn-\mbn Hcp ô¬Uv{Sn∏v kwL-Sn-∏n-®mtem?
CXv Ftßm-s´m-s°-bmImw?
kuI-cyhpw e`y-Xbpw A\p-k-cn®v
$ Pe AtXm-dn-ń-bpsS ip≤-Pe hnX-cW πm‚n-te°v
$ Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnepw a‰pw ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ aen-\-P-e-kw-kvIc-W-πm‚p-I-fn-te°v
CØ-c-samcp ô¬Uv {Sn∏v \S-Øp-tºmƒ A[ym-]nI FsXms° Xc-Øn-ep≈ Bkq-
{XWw \S-ØWw?
$ kµ¿in-t°≠ ÿew Xocp-am-\n-°¬
$ kµ¿in-t°≠ ÿe-Øp-\n∂pw DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-h-cpsS kΩXw hmß¬
$ kµ¿i\-k-abw Xocqam\n-°¬
$ kµ¿in-°p∂ ÿesØ kuI-cy-ßfpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ap≥Iqń Adn-b¬
$ kµ¿it\m-t±-iyhpw Ipń-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb hkvXp-XI
- fpw _‘-s∏-´h
- sc t\csØ
t_m[ys∏-Sp-Øepw AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ aps∂m-cp-°-ßfpw \S-Ø¬
$ kµ¿i-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v \S-Øn-∏n-s‚bpw hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw kuI-cy-
Øn-\mbn Ipń-Isf {Kq∏p-I-fm-°¬
(hnhn[ \ne--hm-c-°m¿ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hn[w {Kq∏v -Xn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \√Xv)
$ hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb tNmZym-hen {Kq∏p-N¿®bn-eqsS I≠-Ø¬
$ kµ¿i-\-k-a-bw, kµ¿in-°p∂ ÿesØ kuI-cy-ßƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, ]men-t°≠
Imcyßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s]-Sp-Ø¬.
291
$ klm-b-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb kl-{]-h¿Ø-Isc Is≠-Ø¬
$ ô¬Uv {Sn∏n-s\-°p-dn®v c£n-Xm-°sf Adn-bn-°epw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ klmbw tXSepw
(c£n-Xm-°sf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kz¥w -Ip-ń-I-fpsS kuIcyßƒ am{Xw
t\m°p-∂-Xn-\√ IqsS-Iq-´p-∂-sX∂v {]tXyIw Hm¿Ωn∏n-°Ww)
\n¿∆-l-W-L-´-Øn¬ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v t\m°mw
$ \n›-bn® {]Imcw IrXy-k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ ô¬Uv {Sn∏v \S-∏m-°¬
$ Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-ß-ƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw Ah tcJ-s]-Sp-Øp-∂p-s≠∂pw Dd-
∏m-°¬
$ Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßƒ ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ \¬I¬
$ Ipń-I-sf-√m-hcpw kpc-£n-X-ambn Xncn-s®-Øn-bn-´ps≠∂v Dd-∏m-°¬
CXns‚ t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-epw- \-S-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv?
$ tiJ-cn-®-hn-h-c-ßƒ {Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sNbvXv t{ImUo-I-cn-°s´
$ XpS¿∂v Ch s]mXp-{Kq-∏n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p
$ A[ym-]n-I-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS s]mXp [mc-W-Iƒ cq]-s∏-SpØp∂p.
So®-tdmSv...
$ Pe kwkvI-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p∂ hn[-am-bn-cn-°Ww t{ImUo-
I-cWw \S-tØ-≠Xv
$ Is≠-Ønb hnh-c-ßƒ Dƒs∏SpØn Pe kwkvI-c-W-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp eLp-Ip-dn-∏v
Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v \n¿tZ-in°mw
$ CXv aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw sNømw
Fs¥ms° XpS¿ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmImw
$ Pe iq≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ hnhn-[-L-´-ßƒ ˛ amXrIm \n¿ΩmWw
$ aen-\-P-e-kw-kvI-c-Whpw ip≤-Pe kwkvIc-Whpw XΩn-ep≈ kmay-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ
Is≠-Ø¬
Cßs\ I≠-Ønb hnh-c-ßƒ imkv{X ]pkvX-I-Øn¬/ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-®p-
sh∂v Dd-∏m-°-Ww.
(1) Htc Afhv sh≈w {]j¿Ip-°-dnepw km[m-cW ]m{X-Ønepw NqSm-°nbm¬ sh≈w
Xnf-°p-∂X -- n\v th≠ ka-bsØ kw_-‘n® A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ØnemWv Zo]phpw
tcJ-bpw. Ip°-dn¬ thK-Øn¬ Xnf-°p-sa-∂mWv Zo]p-hns‚ A`n-{]mbw F∂m¬
CXn\v FXn-c-`n-{]m-b-amWv tcJ-bp-tSXv
(a) Xnf\n-ebpw a¿±hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w F¥mWv?
(b) \nßƒ BcpsS A`n-{]m-b-tØmSv tbmPn°pw AXns‚ \ymbo-I-cWw F¥mWv?
(2) kt¥m-jns‚ hoń¬ ]mN-I-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv Ipg¬In-W-dnse sh≈-am-Wv.
IpSn-°p-hm-\p≈ sh≈w NqSm-°n-b-t∏mƒ ]m{XØns‚ hi-ß-fn¬ GtXm Hcp
292
]Zm¿Yw ASn™v IqSn-bXv I≠p. ]m{Xw \√Xpt]mse hrØn-bm-°m-ØXmImw
ImcWw F∂p Icp-Xn, hrØn-bm°n sh≈-Øn¬ H∂pw ASn™p IqSn-bn√ F∂v
Dd∏v hcpØn as‰mcp kmºnƒ sh≈w NqSm-°n. At∏mgpw ]gb Ah-ÿ.
F¥m-bn-cn°pw CXn\p Imc-Ww?
CØcw N¿®-I-fn-eqsS Ipń-bpsS \nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]iv\-ß-fn-te°v {i≤-
Xn-cn®v AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ hy‡-X-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v {ian-°p-a-t√m. IqSp-
X¬ DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw {]iv\-ßfpw Iq´mb N¿®-bn-eqsS cq]o-I-cn®v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-
°qsS?
293
17 emb-\nIƒ
\mw \nXyPohn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ F√m hkvXp-°fpw ip≤ ]Zm¿Y-ßtfm an{in-X-
ßtfm BWv. Chsb ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w an{in-X-ß-fnse GIm-fl-I-ß-
sf-bpw, `n∂m-fl-I-ß-sfbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-®-dn-bp--∂Xv \mw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hkvXp-°sf
Ipdn-®p≈ ]T\w Ffp-∏-am-°pw. hnhn[ Ah-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂p-≠m-
Ip∂ hyXykvX Xcw emb-\n-I-fnse eo\w, embIw F∂nh th¿Xn-cn-®-dnbp-∂Xv \nXy-
Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _\-[-s∏´ ck-X-{¥-]-T-\-Øn¬ hfsc {]m[m-\y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Cu bqWn-
‰nse \nc-h[n {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ipń-Isf IS-Øn-hn-Sp-tºmƒ emb\n, sImtfm-bn-Uv,
kkvs]≥j≥ F∂n-h-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-sf-Ip-dn-®p≈ IrXy-amb [mcW Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-
hnepw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. \mw \ntXy\ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ \nc-h[n ]Zm¿∞-
ßƒ t\¿Ø emb-\n-bpw, KmV-em-b-\n-bpw, ]qcn-X-em-b-\n-bp-sam-s°-bm-sW-∂p≈ Xncn-
®-dnhpw D≠m-tI≠-Xp-≠v.
\ΩpsS Pohn-X-Øns‚ `mK-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ioX-f-]m-\o-b-ß-fnepw `£y-h-kvXp-°-
fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {]tXy-IX
- cw \nd-ßs
- fbpw {]nk¿th-‰o-hp-Is
- fbpw Ipdn-®p≈ Adnhv
t\Sp-∂Xv imkv{Xo-b-amb BtcmKy kwkvImcw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-Ipw.
CØcØnep≈ e£y-ßƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn-\mbn aq∂v samUyq-fp-I-fn-embn Nn´-bmb {]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fmWv Cu bqWn-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ emb-\n-Isf \n¿Ωn®v Ah-bnse LS-I-
ßsf hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS eo\w embIw F∂nh F¥m-sW∂v Xncn-®-
dnbp∂Xn\v.
$ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS t\¿Ø-em-b-\n, KmV-em-b\n, ]qcn-X-em-b\n, AXn-]q-
cnX emb-\n, tebXzw F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n® [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw Chsb Xs‚
Pohn-X-Ønse ]e kµ¿`-ß-fnepw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈ Ignhv t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ emb-\n, kkvs]≥j≥, sImtfm-bnUv F∂n-h-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn®dn™v
]Zm¿∞-ßsf Cu coXn-bn¬ Xcw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv t\Sp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ ]m\o-b-ß-fnepw, a‰v `£W ]Zm¿Y-ß-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-
I-ca
- mb cmk-]Z- m¿∞-ßsf Ipdn®v [mcW D≠m-Ip-∂X
- p-hgn imkv{Xo-ba
- mb BtcmKy
kwkvImcw hf-¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
samUyqƒ 1 : emb-\n-Iƒ eo\w, embIw (2 ]ocn-b-Uv)
samUyqƒ 2 : emb-\n-I-fpsS KmV-X, t\¿Ø-em-b-\n, KmV-em-b-\n, ]qcn-X-em-b-\n,
AXn-]q-cnX emb\n, tebXzw, kkvs]≥j≥ (3 ]ocn-b-Uv)
samUyqƒ 3 : Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-amb cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ ˛ Nmb-ßƒ, {]nk¿th-
‰ohvkv (1 ]ocn-bUv)
294
{]iv\taJe: hniz-am-\-h≥ F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv cq]-s∏-SmØ Ahÿ,
]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z]
- c- a- mb hyh-km-bh
- ¬°-cW
- Ø
- n-t‚bpw \K-ch
- ¬°-cW
- Ø
- n-t‚bpw A`mhw
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ emb-\n-Iƒ \nXy-Po-hn- $ eo\w emb- I - Ø n¬ ebn- ∏ n- ® mWv $ Nn{X- h n- i - I - e - \ w, N¿®, \nco- $ ]ń- I , Nn{Xw, N¿®m $ \nXy- P o- h n- X - Ø n¬ $ hnhn-[-Xcw em\-bn-Iƒ
X-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw emb\n Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ £Ww F∂n-h-bn-eqsS eo\w, kqN-I-ßƒ emb-\n-bpsS enÃv sNøp-∂p.
kzm[o\w sNep- Ø p- Af- h p≈Xns\ embIw F∂pw embIw Ch th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I. {]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn- $ emb- \ n, kv s ]≥j≥,
∂pt≠m? Ipd™ Af- h p- ≈ - X ns\ eo\w $ Pe-em-b-\n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂p. $ ]ńI bp-∂p. sImtfm-bnUv Ch-bpsS
$ PesØ k¿∆-em-b-I- F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. hnhn[ Pe-em-b-\n-I-fpsS enÃv $ sh≈w, ]©- k m- c , $ Pe-Øns‚ khn-ti- khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]ń-I-
ambn ]cn-KW - n-°∂
- s- X- $ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]Zm¿Y-ßsf ebn- Xøm-dm-°p-∂p. ]co-£-Ww, \nco- tNm°v s]mSn, •m v , j- X - I ƒ Xncn- ® - d n- s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
¥p-sIm≠v? ∏n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv Pe-Øn-\p-≠v. ]qcn- £Ww F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ]qcn-X- tSm¿®v, se≥kv apX-em- bp∂p $ ]ń-I, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw
$ ]c- k v ] cw Ie¿Øn- X-em-b-\nbpw AXn--]q-cnX emb-\nbpw em- b - \ n, AXn- ] q- c nX emb\n bh $ ]Zm¿Y-ßsf A\p-
bm¬ emb-\n-Iƒ D≠m- D≠v. F∂nh Xøm- d m- ° p- ∂ p. ]co- $ CuSO4, NaCl, KNO3, -t- bm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬
-Iptam? $ an{in-Xß
- sf teb-Xz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm- £W \nco- £ - W - ß ƒ, N¿® \q¬, kv ] ncn‰v em_v , am‰m\pw {]tbm-P\-
$ Ir{Xna ]m\o-b-ßfpw \-Øn¬ kkvs]≥j-\p-Iƒ bYm¿- F∂n-hb - n-eqsS hnhn-[X - cw emb- _o°¿. s∏- S p- Ø m- \ p- a p≈
Ip∏n ]m\o- b - ß fpw ∞ emb-\n, sImfm-bnUv F∂n-ßs\ \n-Ifpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X- $ ]ń-I, hnhn-[-Xcw ]m\o- at\m-`mhw
Btcm-Ky-Øn\v lm\n- Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-\m-Ipw. Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. b-ß-fpsS te_-ep-Iƒ $ BI¿j-I-amb
I-c-am-Iptam? $ Ir{Xn-a-]m-\o-b-ß-fnepw `£y-h-kvXp- $ N¿®, ]ń-Ih - n-iI - e
- \
- w, hnh-ct- i- apX-em-bh ]m\o-b-ß-fpw `£y-
°-fnepw \ndhpw aWhpw cpNnbpw J-cWw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS `£y-h- h-kvXp-°fpw ico-c-
e`n- ° m- \ mbn hnhn[ cmk- h - k v X p- kvXp-°-fnepw ]m\o-b-ß-fnepw Øn\v lm\n-I-c-am-
°ƒ tN¿°m-dp≠v Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw tN¿°p∂ cmk- h - k v X p- ° sf sW∂ Xncn-®-dnhv
ico-c-Øn\v tZmjw sNøp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
295
]mT-`m-K-tØ°v
samUyqƒ
Dt±iyw :
hyXy-kvX-Xcw emb-\n-I-fnse eo\w, embIw F∂nh GXmsW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
$ hnhn[ emb-\n-Iƒ enÃp sNøp-∂p.
$ hnhn-[-Xcw emb-\n-I-fpsS N¿®
$ emb-\n-I-fnse LS-Ißƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
$ hnhn[ emb-\n-I-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw
Jcw + {ZmhIw
{ZmhIw + {ZmhIw
$ N¿®, ]ńI ]q¿Øo-I-cWw F∂n-h-bn-eqsS \n¿Ωn-°-s∏´ emb-\n-I-fnse eo\w,
embIw F∂nh Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
hoSp-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[ Xcw ]m\o-b-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ N¿®-bneqsS ]mT-`m-K-
tØ°v IS-°m-a-t√m. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ emb-\n-Iƒ enÃp sNø-s´.
$ Nmb
$ Im∏n
$ tamcpw sh≈w apX-em-bh
Ch-bpsS \n¿ΩmW coXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v N¿®-sN-øp-∂Xv IqSp-X¬ [mcW t\Sp-∂-Xn\v D]-
I-cn-°p-a-t√m.
""]m\o-b-ß-sf√mw an{in-X-ß-fmWv'' ˛ F∂ {]kvXm-h\ ªm°v t_m¿Un¬ Fgp-Xp-
Itbm Nm¿ń¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXp-sIm≠v Ipń-I-fpsS {]Xn-I-cWw Bh-iy-s∏-
Smw.
{]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ imkv{X-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
an{in-X-ß-fn¬ GIm-fl-I-an-{in-X-ßfpw `n∂m-flI an{in-X-ß-fp-ap-≠v. an{in-X-
ß-fpsS kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F√m-`m-KØpw Hcp t]mse-bm-sW-¶n¬ AØ-
c-Øn-ep-≈-h-bmWv GIm-flI an{in-Xw. DZm: ]©-km-c-sh-≈w, IS¬sh-≈w,
hmbp, HmSv, ]n®f. an{in-X-ß-fpsS kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ F√m `mKØpw
Hcp-t]m-se-b√
- m-Øh
- b
- mWv `n∂m-flI an{in-Xß
- ƒ. DZm: {Kmss\-‰v, sNfn-sh≈w
hnhn-[-Xcw emb-\n-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Ipń-Isf ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°p-I.
Bh-iy-amb kma{Kn-Iƒ
CuSO4, NaCl, ]©-kmc, Pew, sSÃvSyq_v hnhn[ embn-\n-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v Ipń-Iƒ ]ńI
]q¿Øn-bm-°-s´.
296
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Jc-]-Zm¿∞ßƒ {Zmh-I-ß-fn¬ ebn®v emb\n D≠m-Ip-∂p.
Hcp {Zmh-I-Øn¬ as‰mcp {Zmh-IsØ ebn-∏n-°mtam?
Jc-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ {Zmh-I-Øn¬ ebn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ am{X-a√ emb\n D≠m-Ip-∂Xv F∂
[mc-W-bn-te-°mWv Cu {]h¿Ø\w.
ip≤-cq-]-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {Zmh-I-ßsf sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv DNn-Xw.
DZm: asÆÆ + s]t{Smƒ
B¬°-tlmƒ + Pew
A\p-tbm-Py-amb N¿®-bn-eqsS eo\w, embIw F∂nh t{ImUo-I-cn-°m-a-t√m.
N¿®m-kq-NIw
$ GXv GXn-emWv ebn-®Xv?
$ IqSnb Af-hnep≈ ]Zm¿Yw GXv?
$ Ipd™ Af-hnep≈ ]Zm¿Yw GXv?
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
eo\w, embIw F∂n-hsb ]cn-K-Wn-°pI am{X-amWv sNøp-∂-Xv. c≠pw ]c-
kv]cw ebn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Peob emb-\n-I-fn¬ Pe-sØ-bmWv emb-
I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
PesØ km¿h-em-b-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-hm≥ hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v.
$ Db¿∂ {Zh-\n-ebpw Xnf-\n-ehpw
$ A¥-co£ a¿±-Øn¬ 00C apX¬ 1000 Chsc {Zmh-I-cq-]-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-
hm-\p≈ Ignhv
$ Db¿∂ {Zho-I-cW eo\-Xm-]-hpw, _mjv]o-I-cW eo\Xm]hpw
$ Pe-Øn\v t]mfm¿ kz`m-hw, Db¿∂ ssU Ce-Iv{SnIv tIm¨Ã‚ v- Ch
D≈-Xp-sIm≠v -e-h-W-ßƒ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ ebn-°p-∂p.
$ ssl{U-P≥ t_m≠v. (Hydregen Bond)
ssl{U-P≥ t_m≠v ImcWw ]©-kmc •qt°m-kv, Aan-t\m-B-kn-Uv, bqdnb XpS-ßnb
[mcmfw kwbp-‡-ßƒ Pe-Øn¬ ebn-°p-∂p.
Pew, saY-t\mƒ, FY-t\mƒ, t•jn-b¬ Ak‰nIv Bkn-Uv, KmV-kƒ^yq-cnIv BknUv
F∂nh ssl{U-P≥ t_mÜv sIm≠v Iq´-ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂ Db¿∂ Xnf-\n-e-bp≈
kwbp-‡-ß-fm-Wv. Chbv°v a‰v t]mfm¿ kwbp-‡-ß-fmb HCl, H2S, SO2 F∂n-h-tb-°mƒ
Xnf-\n-e IqSp-X-em-Wv. Pe-Øn¬ Bkn-Uv, B¬°-en, i‡n-tb-dnb HmIvkn-Im-cn, \ntc-
Ivko-Imcn F∂nh ebn-∏n-®m¬ Ah PesØ hnL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. CsX√mw Pe-Øns\
k¿h-em-b-I-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-hm-\p≈ {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv.
297
IqSp-X¬ emb-\n-I-fpsS DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-a-
t√m. Ch Hmtcm-∂n-sebpw eo\-sØbpw, emb-I-sØbpw Ah¿ th¿Xn-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Ø-s´.
samUyqƒ ˛ 2
Dt±iyßƒ
$ emb-\n-I-fp-sSbpw kkvs]≥j-\p-I-fp-sSbpw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ emb\n-Iƒ D≠m-°phm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS ùXn-Im-h-ÿ-bv°-\p-k-
cn®v hyXy-kvX-Xcw emb-\n-Ifps≠∂v a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ hyXykvX ]Zm¿Yß-fpsS tebXzw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, ]qcn-X-em-b-\n, AXn-]q-cn-X-
em-b\n F∂nh \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw.
$ sImtfm-bn-Up-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
{]{In-b-Iƒ
$ hnhn-[-em-b-\n-I-fpsS \n¿Ωm-Ww, \nco-£-Ww, N¿®
$ hyXykvX ùXn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ eo\w, embIw F∂n-hsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn
hnhn-[-Xcw emb-\nIƒ, AXn-]q-cnX emb\nIƒ F∂nhbpsS \n¿Ωm-Ww.
$ sImtfm-bn-Up-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂p.
]c-kv]cw Ie¿Øn-bm¬ emb\n BIp-tam?
{Kq∏v Xncn™v Ipń-Iƒ ]co-£Ww sNø-s´.
1.) sh≈w + ]©-kmc
2) sh≈w + tNm°p-s]mSn
F∂n-hsb ]c-kv]cw Ie¿Øp-I. \nco-£W ê-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. \nco-
£n-t°-≠Xv
$ IWnI-Isf ImWp-∂-Xv.
$ IWn-IIƒ ASn-bp-∂-Xn\v
$ {]Imiw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ ]mX
(CXn-\mbn s]≥tSm¿®v D]-tbm-Kn®v {]Im-isØ emb-\n-I-fn-eqsS IS-Øn-hn-Sp-I)
(sSIvÃv _p°nse N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßƒ IqSn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv)
]©-kmc + Pew tNm°p-s]mSn + Pew
ASn-bp-∂n√ ASn-bp∂p
IWn-I-Isf ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√ IWn-I-Isf ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂p
Acn-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂n√ Acn-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂p
{]Imi ]mX-Im-Wm≥ Ign-bn√ {]Imi ]mX ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂p
\nco-£-W-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ emb\n, kkvs]≥j≥ F∂nhbpsS khn-ti-j-X-
Isf t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
298
IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ \¬Im-a-t√m.
kkvs]≥j≥ emb\n
$ aÆv + Pew D∏v emb\n
$ ^pUvI-f¿ + Pew
$ NpÆmºv + sh≈w hmbp-
A[nI hnh-c-Øn-\v
{]tXy-IX emb\n sImtfm-bnUv kkvs]≥j≥
IWn-II
- f
- psS hep∏w 1 nm 1 nm - 100 nm 100 nm
IWn-I-fpsS \ne-v H‰-X∑
- m{Xbm hfsc henb X∑m-{Xbm hfsc henbtXm
\ne∏v tbm Atbm tbm100 apX¬ 1000 X∑m-{X- H∂n®v \n¬°p∂tXm
WpI-fmtbm Iƒhsc H∂n®v tN¿∂tXm Bb X∑m-{X-Iƒ
ASn-bm-\p≈ Ignhv ASn-bn√ km[m-cW coXn-bn¬ ASn-bp∂p
ASn-bn-√.
Acn®v am‰¬ Acn-®vam-‰m≥ km[m-cW ^nƒ´¿ t]∏¿ Acn-®vam-‰m≥ Ignbpw
Ign-bn√ D]-tbm-Kn®v Acn-®vam-‰m≥
Ign-bn√
{]Imiw IS∂p {]Im-i]
- mX {]Im-i]
- mX ImWp-hm≥ {]Im-i]
- mX ImWp-
t]mIp-tºmƒ ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp∂p. (SnÜ¬ hm≥ Ign-bp∂p.
Ign-bn√ CÎvSv (Tyandall effect) ({]-Xn-^-e-\w)
kkvs]≥j≥, emb\n F∂n-hbv°v IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ \¬In Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-hm-
\p≈ {]h¿Ø\w \¬Ip-∂Xv Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-Øn-bXv Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bp-
a-t√m.
CXp-hsc N¿®-sN-ø-s∏´ emb\n \n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn® ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS ùXnI
Ah-ÿ-Iƒ Fgp-Xm-a-t√m. XpS¿∂v IqSp-X¬ ùXnI Ah-ÿ-bn-ep≈ emb-\n-Isf Ipdn®vv
N¿®-sN-øp-I.
$ Jcw + {ZmhIw
$ {ZmhIw + {ZmhIw
Pz√dn-I-fpsS ]ckyw ImWn-°p-Itbm Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNbvXp sIm≠v kz¿Æm-`-c-
W-ß-fnse LS-I-ßsf Ipdn®v N¿®-sN-øpI N¿® kqN-Iw.
$ B`-cW kz¿Æ-Ønse LS-I-ßƒ Fs¥ms°?
$ kz¿Æm-`-c-W-Øn¬ kz¿Æ-tØbpw tIm∏-dn-t\bpw {]tXyIw ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bptam?
$ ]©-km-c-em-b-\n-bnte-Xp-t]mse kz¿Æm-`-c-W-Ønepw F√m `mK-ß-fp-sSbpw khn-
ti-jX Hcp t]msebmtWm?
$ kz¿Æm-`-cWw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ F√m `mKhpw Dc®v t\m°m-dpt≠m?
F¥p-sIm≠v?
299
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
916 kz¿Æm`-cWw F∂Xv 916 mg kz¿Æhpw 84 mg Cu Dw BWv
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ ]Zm¿Yßfpw ]c-kv]cw ebn-°p-∂p.
$ Ch GIm-flI an{in-X-ß-fmWv
$ emb-\n-bmWv
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
hnhn-[-Xcw emb-\n-Iƒ
eo\w embIw DZm-l-cWw

Jcw Jcw teml-k-¶cw
Jcw {ZmhIw ]©-kmc emb\n
Jcw hmXIw A¥-co-£-hm-bp-hnse Ab-Un≥
{ZmhIw Jcw kn¶pw sa¿°p-dnbpw (kn¶v Aam¬Kw)
{ZmhIw {ZmhIw B¬°-tlmƒ Pew
{ZmhIw hmXIw Pe-_mjv]w
hmXIw Jcw ssl{U-P≥ ]te-Un-b-Øn¬ ebn-®Xv
hmXIw {ZmhIw tkmUm-hm-´¿
hmXIw hmXIw hmbp
F{X-tØmfw ebn-∏n°mw
sSIvÃv_p°n¬ \n¿t±-in-∏n® {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ {Kq∏-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ sNø-s´.
N¿®-bn-eqsS KmV-em-b-\n, t\¿Ø emb\n F∂nh F¥m-sW-∂p≈ [mcW D≠m-°p-
hm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-a-t√m.
N¿®m kqNIw
$ GXn-emWv IqSp-X¬ eo\w ebn®v tN¿∂Xv?
$ emb-\n-bpsS KmVX F∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥mWv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.
$ KmV emb-\n, t\¿Ø emb\n
t{ImUo-I-cWw \SØn Bibw cq]o-I-cn-°p-I.
¢m n¬ Hcp {]iv\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
Hcp •mkv sh≈-Øn¬ F{X D∏v ebn-∏n-°mw.
{]h¿Ø\w Ipń-Iƒ sNø-s´.
Hcp •mkv sh≈-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n ebn--°p∂ D∏ns‚ Afhv ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn 100 {Kmw
sh≈-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n ebn-°p∂ D∏ns‚ Af-hmWv tebXzw F∂ Bibw D≠m-°p-
300
I-bm-Wn-hnsS e£yw. AXn-\mbn ebn-∏n-°p-hm≥ FSp-°p∂ D∏ns‚ Afhv IrXy-ambn
FSp-°p-hm≥ kuIcyw Ds≠-¶n¬ IrXy-ambn sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv. Cs√¶n¬ Xq°n-sb-SpØ
NaCl s‚ sNdp s]mXn-Iƒ Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXpw km[y-a-s√-¶n¬ sNdnb kv]q¨ D]-
tbm-Kn®v Afhv Is≠-Øp-I. ]cam-h[n ebn-∏n-®-Xn\v tijw. tebXzw F¥m-sW∂
kqN\ \¬Iq. XpS¿∂v {Km^nse NaCl s‚ tebXzw \n›nX Xm]-\n-e-bn¬ Is≠-
Øm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-I. XpS¿∂p≈ N¿®-bn-eqsS ]co-£-W-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn® NaCl s‚
Afhv Is≠-Øs´
N¿®mkqNIw
$ D]-tbm-Kn® Pe-Øns‚ Afhv F{X?
$ NaCl s‚ teXzw (At∏m-gsØ Xm]-\nebn¬) F{X?
$ ebn®v tN¿∂ NaCl s‚ Afhv F{X?
$ ]qcnX emb\n F¥mWv?
]co-£W - Ø- n-s‚bpw, N¿®-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ ]qcn-Xe
- m-b\n F¥m-sW∂v t{ImUo-
I-cn-°p-I.
100ml PeØn¬ D∏ns‚ teb-Xz-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ D∏v ebn-∏n°m≥ Fs¥-¶nepw am¿§-
apt≠m F∂ Hcp {]iv\w ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
{Kq∏n¬ N¿®-sNbvXv Bi-b-ßƒ Ah¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s´.
Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn Nne kµ¿`-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv \√-Xm-bn-cn-°p-a-t√m.
DZm: XWpØ sh≈-Øn-emtWm NqSp-sh-≈-Øn-emtWm ]©-kmc IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn¬
ebn-°p-∂Xv?
CXp-t]msebp≈ IqSp-X¬ A\p-`-h-ßƒ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Nne ]co-£-W-ß-fpsS km[y-Xbpw ChnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. sSkvSyq-_n¬ ]©-
km-c-bp-sStbm CuSO4 s‚tbm ]qcn-X-em-b\n D≠m°n Xm]-h¿≤-\bn-eqsS tebXzw
IqSp-∂p F∂v Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°mw.
]co-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw N¿®-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
""km[-cW \ne-bn¬ Xm]-\ne IqSp-tºmƒ tebXzw IqSp∂p''
F√m ]Zm¿Y-ß-fp-sSbpw tebXzw Cß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°ptam?
{Km^v hni-I-e\w
{Km^ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nne tNmZy-ßƒ {Kq∏v N¿®bv°v \¬Iq.
$ F√m ]Zm¿Y-ß-fp-sSbpw Xm]-\ne IqSp-tºmƒ tebXzw IqSp-∂pt≠m? CXv Hcp
t]mse-bmtWm?
$ Xm]-\n-ebpw teb-Xzhpw XΩn¬ _‘-apt≠m?
$ Xm]-\ne IqSp-tºmƒ tebXzw Ipd-bp∂ ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ Dt≠m? GXm-Wh?
AXn-]q-cnX emb\n
Xm]-\ne h¿≤n-∏n-®m¬ tebXzw IqSp-sa∂ [mcW Ipń-°p-≠v. Cu Xm]-\ne ]g-b-]Sn
Bbm¬ emb-\n°v F¥vam-‰-amWv D≠m-Ip-∂Xv?
301
CXn-\mbn Ipń-Isf ]co-£-W-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Ømw.
CuSO4 s‚ A¥-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bnse ]qcnX emb\n So®¿Xs∂ \n¿Ωn®v (ap≥Iq-ń)
IpńIƒ-°mbn \¬Imw. sSÃyq-_n¬ bn¬ 10ml hoXw \¬In AXn¬ A¬]w CuSO4
IqSn CSp-I. ebn-∏n-°m-sX-In-S-°p∂ eo\sØ NqSm°n ebn-∏n-°p-I. Cu emb-\n-sb
{i≤m]q¿hw A¥-co-£-Xm-]-\n-e-bn-te°v XWp-∏n-°p-I. eo\w ebn® Ah-ÿ-bn¬Xs∂
ÿnXn-sN-øp∂Xv ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. CXmWv AXn]qcnX emb-\n.
{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ kabw IqSp-X¬ {i≤o-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
{InÃ¬ hf¿®
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v th≠n-h-cp∂ ka-bsØ Ipdn®v {i≤n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬
ap≥Iq-ń-sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ dnkƒ´v ¢m n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. At∏mgpw Ipń-
bpsS Pn⁄m-ksb XS-k-s∏-Sp-ØmsX Cu {]h¿Ø\w Ipń-Iƒ°v {Kq∏v ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ \S-Øp-hm≥ Ah-kcw sImSp-°p-∂Xv D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°p-at√m? AXns‚ \nco-
£Ww ¢mkv ka-b-Øn\v ]pdØv Ah¿ \S-Ø-s´.
kma-{Kn-Iƒ
_o°¿, Pew, KNO3 Zfiv, \q¬ kv]ncn‰v emºv.
{]h¿Ø-\-coXn
_o°-dn¬ 50 {Kmw Pew FSp-°p-I. 20 {Kmw KNO3 FSpØv ebn-∏n®v Bh-iy-amb tXmXn¬
ho≠pw tN¿Øv ]qcn-X-em-b\n \n¿Ωn-°p-I. Xm]\ne h¿≤n-∏n®v IqSp-X¬ eo\w ebn-∏n-
°p-I. CXns\ kmh-[m\w XWp-°p-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-I. Cu L´-Øn¬ KNO3 s‚
KmVemb\nbn¬ ap°n DW-°nb (ap≥Iqń Xøm-dm-°-Ww) \q¬ emb-\n-bn¬ ap°n-sh-
bv°p-I. BZy-Xm-]-\n-e-bn¬ FØp-tºmƒ \q¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. KNO3 s‚ {InÃ-ep-Iƒ
\qen¬ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bpw.
sImtfm-bn-Up-Iƒ
emb-\n-I-sf-°p-dn®pw kkvs]≥j-\p-Isf Ipdn®pw Ipń°v [mc-W-bp-≠v.
Hcp {]iv\w ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I. "A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Pe-_m-jv]-apt≠m'
Fßs\ t_m[y-s∏-Spw.
CXn-\p≈ Hcp {]h¿Ø\w Ipń-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNø-s´.
\n¿t±-in-°m-hp∂ {]h¿Ø\w
Hcp •m n¬ sFkpIjWw FSpØv •mkns‚ ]pdw \nco-£n-°p-I. N¿®-bn-eqsS \nK-
a\w t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-I.
N¿®m kqNIw
$ \nco-£-W-êw
$ •mkns‚ ]pdØv Pe-Xp≈n ImWp-hm≥ ImcWw
$ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ CXns\ ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?
XpS¿∂v A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Pe X∑m-{X-Iƒ GsX√mw cq]-Øn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v F∂ tNmZyw
D∂-bn-°mw.
302
$ aqS¬ a™v
$ ag-Xp≈n
N¿®m kqNIw
$ Ch-bn¬ GXns‚sb√mw IWn-I-Isf t\cn´v ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
$ {]Imiw ]Xn-°p-tºmƒ ]mX-Im-Wp-∂Xv GXn-se-√mw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ Pe _mjv]w em-b-\n-bmWv
$ aqS¬ a™v sImtfm-bn-Um-Wv.
$ ag-Xp-≈n-bp≈ hmbp kkvs]≥j-\mWv
sImtfm-bn-Up-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-cWw
$ t\¿∏n® I™n-sh≈w
$ tlmtam-Po-\nkv sNbvX ]m¬
$ Faƒj≥
$ ]pI
$ ]X
t\¿∏n® I™n-sh-≈-Øns‚ \nco-£WØneqsS t\Snb Bibw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.
\nco-£n-t°-≠-Xv.
$ IWn-I-fpsS ASn-b¬
$ IWn-Isf ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.
$ tek¿ {]Imiw/tSm¿®v {]Imiw IS-Øn-hn-S-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ {]tXy-I-X.
N¿®-bn-eqsS sImtfm-bn-Up-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®v emb-\n-IfpsSbpw
kkvs]≥j-\p-Ifp-sSbpw {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
samUyqƒ -˛ 3
Dt±iyw :
Ir{Xna ]m\o-b-ß-fnepw Blm-c-km-[-\-ß-fnepw a‰pw tN¿°p∂ \nd-ß-sfbpw {]nk¿th-
‰o-hp-I-sfbpw ]‰n-bp≈ [mcW D≠m-°p-∂Xn\v
{]{Inb
hoSp-I-fn¬ D≠m-°p∂ ]m\o-b-ß-sfbpw Ir{Xna ]m\o-b-ß-sfbpw Ipń-Iƒ enÃv sNø-
s´. XpS¿∂v Ir{Xna ]m\o-b-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-I.
]m\o-b-ß-fnepw `£y-h-kvXp-°-fnepw Cu tN¿°p∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°sf kw_-‘n®v N¿®
BIm-a-t√m. CXn-\mbn Sn._n bnse ]ń-Ibpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
N¿®m-kq-NIw
$ ]m\o-b-ß-fn¬ \ndw tN¿°p-∂Xv F¥n\v
303
$ hoSp-I-fn¬ km[-cW D≠m-°p∂ ]m\o-b-ß-fnepw, `£-W-km-[-\-ß-fnepw \ndw
tN¿°m-dpt≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ GsX√mw?
$ `£y-h-kvXp-°ƒ tISp-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ km[m-cW tN¿°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ, {]tXyI
cmk-h-kvXp-°ƒ.
N¿®-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `£W km[-\-ß-fn¬ \nd-Øn-\pw, tISp-Iq-Sm-sX-bn-cn-°p-
hm\pw Nne ]Zm¿∞-ßƒ tN¿°p-∂p-s≠∂v t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw. IqSmsX Ir{Xna ]m\o-b-
ß-fnepw ]e `£Wkm[-\-ß-fnepw {]nk¿th-‰o-hp-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-ap-s≠∂pw t{ImUo-
I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Ipń-I-fpsS \ne-hm--c-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Blm-c-]-Zm¿∞-ß-fnepw, ]m\o-b-ß-fnepw tISp-
Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Zm¿∞-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kzbw ]T-\-Øn\v Hcp Ah-
kcw \¬Ip-a-t√m.
Fßs\ \S-∏n-em-°mw.
{Kq∏-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ipń-Iƒ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Ø-s´. Bkq-{XWw sNøp-hm≥ Ah,-
kcw \¬I-Ww. Sn._n bnse hnh-c-ßƒ am{Xw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØmsX hnhn[ coXn-bn¬
hnh-c-ti-J-cWw Ipń-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p-s≠∂v So®¿ Dd∏v hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
$ Ip∏n-I-fn-sebpw ]mbv°-‰p-I-fn-sebpw te_¬.
$ hnhn[ d^-d≥kv kma-{Kn-Iƒ
$ t_°-dn, ^mÃv^p-Uv apX-em-b-h-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-ambn A`n-
ap-J-Øn\v Ah-k-c-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ah-cp-ambn A`n-ap-Jw.
Ipń-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn a‰v {Kq∏p-ambn Bibw
]¶psh°p-∂psh∂v So®¿ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-a-t√m.
304
18 Im¥n-IX
sshZypXn t]mse Im¥n-I-Xbpw Hcp {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. ]pcm-X-\-Imew apX¬ a\p-
jy\v Cu {]Xn-`m-k-sØ∏‰n Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
600 _n.kn bn¬ Xs∂ {Ko°p-Im¿°v Ccp-ºns\ BI¿jn-°p∂ Hcp I√n-s\-∏‰n Adn-bm-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Gjym ssa\-dn¬ at·jy F∂ ]´-WØn-\-SpØp I≠n-cp∂ Cu I√ns‚
t]cv am·‰-bn‰v F∂mWv. Cu t]cn¬ \n∂mWv am·‰v (magnet) F∂ hm°ns‚ D¤hw
F∂mWv Hc-`n-{]m-bw. CXp kw_-‘n®v hyXy-ÿ-ß-fmb a‰v A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-ap-≠v. am·-
‰ns‚ ae-bm-f-Øn-te-°p≈ `mjm-¥-co-I-c-W-amWv Im¥w. Im¥-Øns‚ ùXnI KpW-ß-
fmWv Im¥n-I-X (magnetism). XpS¿∂v \S∂ ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬ kzm`m-hnI Im¥-ß-fn¬
\n∂v thdn´v Ir{Xn-a-Im-¥-ßƒ D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m\pw Ahsb h≥tXm-Xn¬ a\p-jys‚
ùXn-I-hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb hf¿®bv°p {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw XpS-ßn. a\p-jys‚
A[zm\w eLq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ (DZm: Ce-Iv{SnIv tamt´m¿, am·-‰nIv
s{Ibn≥) hnt\m-Z-Øn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Iƒ (DZm: euUv kv]o°¿, Sn. hn) ]T-\-Øn\pw Kth-
j-W-Øn\pw th≠ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ (DZm: AIvk-e-td-‰dp-Iƒ, lm{U≥ sImssf-U¿, Iºyq-
´-dp-Iƒ) F∂n-ßs\ Im¥-Øns‚ {]mtbm-KnI taJ-e-Iƒ A\-h-[n-bm-Wv. hfsc efn-X-
amb _m¿ amKv\‰pw, emS-Im-¥hpw apX¬ \n¿ΩmWØn¬ AXn-k-¶o¿Æ-Xbpw, SÏ-
W-°n-\p `mc-hpap≈ Im¥-ßƒ hsc C∂p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ka-
kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw Im¥-Øn\v Hcp CS-ap-≠v.
hkvXp-°-fn¬ Im¥n-IX Fß-s\-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p-sh∂ At\z-j-Whpw Cu Imf-b-f-hn¬
\S-∂n-´p-≠v. Im¥-{[p-h-ßsf Is≠-Ø-epw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ KWnX kao-I-
c-W-ßfpw hf¿∂p h∂-t∏m-gmWv 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ sshZyp-Xnbpw Im¥n-I-Xbpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘hpw ]n∂oSv B‰-Øns‚ LS-\bpw I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-´Xv. XXv^-e-ambn Im¥n-
I-X-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]e-[m-c-W-Ifpw ]pXp°n Fgp-tX≠n h∂p. At∏mƒ Im¥-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´v "CeIvt{Sm am·-‰nkw' F∂ Hcp ]pXnb imJ-bp-≠m-°n.
Hcp am·-‰n\v F√mbvt∏mgpw c≠p {[ph-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw GI-{[phw Akm-[y-
am-sW∂pw ÿm]n-°p∂ Hcp eLp-]-co-£-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu A[ymbw Bcw-`n-°p-
∂-Xv. Hcp Im¥n-I-h-kvXp-hns\ Fßs\ Im¥-h¬°-cn-°m-sa∂pw Im¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-
Sp∂Xns‚ kq£va-Xe hni-Zo-I-cWw Fs¥-∂p-amWv XpS¿∂p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C≥U-
Iv£≥ aqe-ap≈ Im¥-h¬°-c-Ww, sshZyp-X-Im-¥-ßƒ, Im¥n-I-h¬°-c-W-Øn¬ hkvXp-
°-fpsS Im¥n-I-Kp-W-Ønep≈ hyXymkw Ch Cu A[ym-bØ -- n¬ eLp-hmbn N¿®
sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. XpS¿∂v Du¿P-X-{¥-Ønse Hcp {][m\ k¶¬]-amb ô¬Un¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp∂ Im¥n-Ia- fi
- e (magnetic field) sØbpw AXnse Im¥n-I_
- e tcJ-Iƒ F∂ k¶¬∏-
sØbpw ]‰n-bp≈ {]Xn-]m-Z-\-amWv. `qIm-¥-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp sNdnb kqN-\-tbm-Sp-
IqSn Cu A[ymbw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.
305
306
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
Hcp Im¥sØ c≠p $ GI-{[p-h-Im-¥-ßƒ Akm-[y- $ Hcp lmIv t km tªUns\ $ _m¿am-·-‰v, lmIvtkm-tª- $ ]co- £ - W - ß - f n- e qsS $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
IjvW- ß - f m- ° n- b m¬ am-Wv. Im¥-h-XvI-cn®v c≠v IjvW- Uv, \q¬. imkv{X XØ-z-ßƒ a\-
Ah Hcp {[phw am{X- $ Hcp Im¥n- I - h - k v X p- h ns\ ß- f m°n Ah- b psS {[ph- n- e m- ° m\pw \nXy
ap≈ Im¥- ß - f mbn knwKnƒS®v coXn D]-tbm-Kn®v ßƒ Is≠Øp∂ {]h¿Ø- Pohn- X - Ø n¬ Ah
amdptam? Im¥-h-XvI-cn-°mw. \w. {]tbm- P - \ - s ∏- S p- Ø m-
\p≈ at\m-`m-hw.
Hcp Im¥nI hkv X p $ At‰m-anI Im¥-ßfpw Ah- $ sSÃyq-_n¬ Ccp-ºvs]m-Sn-Iƒ $ _m¿ am·-‰v, Im¥-kq-Nn, $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
Im¥- h - X v ° - c n- ° - s ∏- S p- bpsS {Iao-I-c-Whpw C´v Im¥- h - X v I - c n- ° p∂ sSÃyq-_v, Ccp-ºp-s]m-Sn. kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw
tºmƒ F¥mWv kw`-hn- {]h¿Ø-\w.
°p-∂Xv?
]i- s bm∂pw D]- t bm- K n- $ Hcp Im¥- Ø ns‚ km∂n- [ y- $ Im¥-Øn¬ sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ $ _m¿am-·‰- v, sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
°m-sX-bpw, sImfp-Øn-bn- Øn¬ Hcp Im¥n- I - h kv X p ]nSn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]h¿Ø- kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw
Sm- s Xbpw ¢n- ∏ p- I fpw Im¥-ambn amdp∂ {]Xn-`m-k- \w.
sam´p-kq-Nn-Ifpw Xqßn- amWv Im¥n-I-t{]-c-Ww.
°n-S-°p-∂Xv Fßn-s\-
bmWv?
sshZypXn D]tbm- K n®v $ sshZypXn {]h-ln-°p∂ Nme- $ Hcp ]®n-cp-ºm-Wn-bn¬ sNºp- $ ]®n- c p- º m- W n, Ih- N nX $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
Hcp Im¥nI hkv X p- I- Ø n- \ p- N p‰pw Im¥n- I - a - Iºn Np‰n AXns‚ A{K- sNºp-I-ºn, Un.kn sk√p- kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw
hns\ Im¥- h - X v I - c n- fiew cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. ßƒ _m‰-dn-bp-ambn LSn-∏n- Iƒ, sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ
°m≥ km[n-°ptam? °p∂ {]h¿Ø-\w.
e u U v k v ] o - ° - d n s e $ ]®n-cp-ºn\p e`n® Im¥-i‡n $ Hcp Im¥-Øns‚ {[ph-Øn¬ $ _m¿am-·-‰v, ]®n-cpºv Iºn, $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
Im¥w F¥p-sIm≠v ]®n- \ne-\n¿Øm-\p≈ Ign-hn-√. Hcp ]®n-cnºv Iºnbpw Hcp Dcp-°vI-ºn, Ccp-ºp-s]m-Sn. kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw
cp-ºvsIm≠v \n¿an-°p-∂n- Dcp-°p-I-ºnbpw h®-tijw
√. Ah Ccp- º p- s ]m- S n- b n¬
ap°n-sb-Sp-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-
\w.
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
Im¥-Øn-\p-Np‰pw Im¥- $ Im¥n-Ia- fi
- e
- w, ^vfIvkv tcJ- 1. {S^n¬ Pe-sa-SpØv a[y-`m-K- $ {S^v , Pew, _m¿am- · - ‰ v , $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
Øns‚ i‡n A\p-`-h- Iƒ, ^vfIvkv tcJ-Iƒ DØc Ømbn _m¿am- · - ‰ v h®v kqNn, sX¿tamtImƒ $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw
s∏-Sp∂ taJe Fßs\ {[ph-Øn¬ \n∂pw Bcw-`n-°p- sX¿tam-tImƒ IjvW-Øn¬ IjvWw.
Xncn-®-dn-bmw. ∂p. kqNn ]nSn-∏n®v Ptem-]-cn-X-
^vfIvkv km{µX eØn¬ h®p- s Im- ≠ p≈
{]h¿Ø-\w.
2. Hcp •mkv jo‰n\v -ap-I-fn¬ $ •mkvjo-‰v, Ccp-ºp-s]m-Sn, $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

Ccp- º p- s ]mSn hnXdn ASn- _m¿am-·-‰v. $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw
bn¬ _m¿am-·‰v h®p-sIm-
≠p≈ {]h¿Ø-\w.
3. Hcp t{Umbnw-Kvjo-‰n¬ _m¿ $ t{Umbnw-Kvjo-‰v, _m¿am-·-‰v, $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

am·‰pw am·-‰nIv tImºkpw am·- ‰ nIv tImº- k v , $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw
D]-tbm-Kn®v Im¥n-I-_-e-tc-J- s]≥kn¬
Iƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
Hcp Im¥sØ Nc-Sn¬ $ `qan Hcp _m¿ am·-‰p-t]mse $ Im¥w Nc-Sn¬ sIń-Øq-°p- $ Im¥w, NcSv $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
Xq°n- b n- ´ m¬ AXv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. ∂p. $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw
sX°p-h-S°mbn
\n¬°p- ∂ Xv F¥p-
sIm≠v?
307
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ Im¥n-I-h-kvXp-hns\ knwKnƒ S®v coXn--bn¬ Im¥-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p
]co-£Ww aqew a\- n-em-°p-I.
$ Im¥-ßƒ Ft∏mgpw Cc-´-{[p-h-ap-≈-h-bm-bn-cn°pw GI-{[p-h-Im-¥-ßƒ Akm-[y-am-
sW∂p t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-I.
$ Im¥n-I-hkvXp Im¥n-I-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-XXzw a\- n-em-°p-I.
At‰m-anI Im¥-ßƒ F∂ Bibw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ Im¥n-I-t{]-cWw sIm≠v Im¥n-I-h¬°-cWw \S-°p-∂-Xpw, AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-Ip∂
Im¥n-I-{[p-h-ßfpsS kz`m-hhpw a\- n-em-°p-I.
$ sshZyp-Xn-sIm≠v Im¥n-I-h¬I-cWw Fßs\ km[y-am-°mw, sshZyp-X-Im-¥-Øns‚
{]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂nh a\- n-em-°p-I.
$ Im¥n-I-h¬°-c-W-Øn¬ Dcp-°n-\pw, ]®n-cp-ºn\pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ a\- n-
em°n Ah Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v a\- n-em-°p-I.
$ Im¥nI afiew F∂ {][m-\-s∏´ Bi-bw, Im¥n-I-_-e-tc-J-Iƒ F∂ k¶¬]w
Ch a\- n-em-°p-I.
$ `qIm-¥-sØ-∏‰n [mcW D≠m-°pI.
D≈-S°hni-I-e\w
samUyqƒ 1
Im¥nI hkvXp-hns\ Im¥-h-XvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ knwKnƒS®v coXn, Im¥-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Xzw, GI-{[p-h-Im-¥-ßƒ D≠m-°pI Akm[yw (2 ]ncn-b-Uv).
samUyqƒ 2
Im¥n-I-t{]-c-Ww, sshZyp-Xn-sIm-≠p≈ Im¥n-I-t{]-c-Ww, Im¥n-I-kz-`m-h-Øn¬ Dcp-°n-
\pw, ]®n-cp-ºn\pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw (2 ]ncn--b-Uv).
samUyqƒ 3
Im¥n-I-a-fi-ew, Im¥n-I-_-e-tc-JIƒ, `qIm¥w (2 ]ncn-b-Uv).
]mT-`m-Kßfn-eqsS
samUyqƒ 1
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ AΩp-hns‚ IY Ipń-Iƒ hmbn-°-s´. CØcw
A\p-`-h-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ ]d-b-s´. XpS¿∂v So®-dns‚ CS-s]-S-en-eqsS ]co-£Ww sNøm-
\p≈ Bh-iy-IX Ipń-I-fn¬ DS-se-Sp-°-Ww. Hcp \√ Im¥w s]mń®v If-bm-Xn-cn-°m-
\mWv lmIvtkm tªUv Im¥-h-XvI-cn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-hgn
Hcp Im¥nI hkvXp-hns\ Fßs\ Im¥-h-XvI-cn°mw F∂p-IqSn Ipń-Iƒ°v a\-kn-em-
°mw.
308
Bh-iy-am-bh D]-I-c-W-ßƒ :
20sk.ao ˛ 30 sk.ao \of-ap≈ lmIvtkm-tªUv ˛1, i‡-amb _m¿am·‰v ˛ 1
lmIvtkm tªUv πw_nw-Kn-s‚-tbm, hb-dnw-Kn-
s‚tbm km[-\-ßƒ hn¬°p∂ IS-I-fn¬ e`y-
am-Wv. {]bmkw IqSmsX IjWw Ij-W-ambn
ssIsIm≠v HSn-s®-Sp-°m-sa-∂-XmWv CXns‚
{]tXy- I X. CXp ASpØ ]co- £ - W - Ø n\p
{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Spw. D]-tbm-Kn®p tX™p-t]mb
lmIvtkm-tª-Up-Iƒ In´m\pw hnj-a-an-√. Dc- A B
k¬ Bh¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v tªUn-\p-≠m- Nn{Xw˛18.1
Ip∂ Im¥-i‡n IqSpw. F¶nepw Im¥-h¬°-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]cn-[n-bp-≠v. Im¥--

h¬°-cn® lmIvtkm tªUns\ Hcp I\w Ipd™ NcSn¬ Xq°n-bn´v ]Xps° Id-°n-hn-
´m¬ s]s´∂p Xncn®p hcp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Im¥nI h¬°-cWw aXn-bm°mw Cu coXn knwKnƒ
S®v coXn (single touch method) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
$ Ipń-Isf kuI-cy-ap≈ {Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p.
$ Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw Hmtcm sk‰v D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p.
$ _m¿ am·-‰ns‚ {[ph-ßsf Xncn-®-dn™v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p (km[m-cW _m¿
am·‰p-I-fn¬ {[ph-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°pw. F¶nepw \qen¬ sIń-Øq-°n-
bn´v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv).
$ lmIvtkm tªUns‚ Hc-‰Øv A bpw at‰ A‰Øv B F∂pw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ Im¥-Øns‚ N {[phw-sIm≠v lmIvtkm tªUns\ A apX¬ B hsc XpS¿®-bmbn
XS-hp-∂p. B bn¬ FØn-bm¬ am·-‰ns\ Db¿Øn N t]mƒ ho≠pw A bn¬ sIm≠p-
h-c-Ww. A apX¬ B hsc XS-hWw lmIvtkm-tªUv \∂mbn Im¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p
Ign-™m¬ AXn-\p-≠mb {[ph-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°mw.
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ
$ ]co-£-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn® Im¥-Øns‚ {[phw GXm-bn-cp∂p? (N/S)
(DØcw : N)
$ lmIvtkm tªUns‚ GX-{KØp \n∂pw XShn XpSßn (A/B)?
(DØcw : A)
$ A F∂ A{K-Øp-≠mb {[phw GXmWv? (N/S)?
(DØcw : N)
$ B F∂ A{K-sØm? (N/S)?
(DØcw : S)
\nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXv t{ImUo-I-cn-bv°Ww t{ImUo-I-cWw Cß-s\-bm-bn-
cn°pw.
knwKnƒ S®v coXn-bn¬ Im¥n-I-h-kvXp-hns\ Im¥-Øns‚ GXp {[phw sIm≠mtWm
XShn XpS-ßn-b-Xv, XShn XpS-ßnb A‰Øv AtX {[phw cq]-s∏-Spw.
309
Im¥-Øns‚ S {[phw sIm≠v A bn¬ \n∂v XS-hn-Xp-S-ßn-bm¬ A bn¬ cq]-s∏´ {[phw
I≠p-]n-Sn-®v Cu \nK-a\w Dd-∏n-°p-I-bp-am-hmw.
Hcp Im¥sØ c≠mbn apdn-®m¬ DØ-c-{[phw am{X-ap-≈Xpw Z£n-W-{[phw am{X-ap-≈-Xp-
amb Hmtcm Im¥w D≠m-Ipsam? Aßs\ hniz-kn® Hcp Ime-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hnizm-
k-Øn\v Fs¥-¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\-ap-t≠m-sb∂v Is≠-Øm-\p≈ ]co-£-W-amWv CXv.
Cu ]co-£Ww BZy ]co-£Ww sNbvX AtX {Kq∏p-Iƒ Xs∂ sNbvXm¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.
Im¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ lmIvtkm tªUv c≠p Ij-W-ambn HSn®v Xq°n-bn-SpI. Ah \n›-
e-am-b-Xn-\p-tijw F¥p \nco-£n-°p-∂p F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. Hmtcm Ij-W-Øn-t‚bpw
A{K-ß-fn¬ Hcp am·-‰ns‚ c≠p {[ph-ßfpw amdn-amdn sIm≠p-h-c-s´. \nco-£Ww ho≠pw
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´, XpS¿∂v \nco-£-W-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXv t{ImUo-I-cWw \S-Ø-Ww.
\nco-£-W-ßƒ
1. c≠p-I-j-W-ßfpw \n›-e-am-Ip-tºmƒ Ah km[m-cW Im¥-ß-sf-t]mse sX°p
hS-°p-\n¬°p-∂p.
2. hS-t°m´p \n¬°p∂ A{K-ß-fn¬ Im¥-Øns‚ DØ-c-{[p-hw sIm≠p-h-∂-t∏mƒ Ij-
W-ßƒ hnI¿jn-®p. Z£n-W-{[phw sIm≠p h∂-t∏mƒ BI¿jn-®p. AXp-t]mse
sXt°m´p \n∂ A{K-ßf - n¬ Im¥-Øns‚ Z£n-W{- [phw sIm≠p h∂-t∏mƒ hnI¿jn-
®p, DØ-c-{[phw sIm≠p h∂-t∏m-ƒ BI¿j-n®p.
t{ImUo-I-c-Ww
\nco-£-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Hmtcm Ij-Whpw Hmtcm Im¥-ambn amdn-sb∂v A\p-am-\n-
°mw. Hmtcm Ij-W-Øn\pw DØ-c-Z-£n-W-{[p-h-ßƒ D≠v. H‰ {[phw am{X-ap≈ Hcp
Im¥w km[y-a-√.
Cu c≠p Ij-W-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm-∂n-t\bpw ho≠pw c≠v Ij-W-ß-fmbn HSn®v ]co-£Ww
Bh¿Øn®p t\m°-s´. CtX \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cpw.
Im¥nI hkvXp Im¥nIh¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb-∂-Xn\v Hcp kq£va-Xe hni-
Zo-I-cWw Nn{Xw 18.2 ¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]co-£Ww klm-b-I-am-Ipw. ]co-£-W-Øn\v
\√ êw In´-W-sa-¶n¬ Ccp-ºns‚ hfsc t\¿Ø s]mSn- tbm-Ky-a-√. Ipd-®p-IqSn hen-b
-X-cn-I-fmWv DNn-Xw. CXp teml-ß-fpsS ebvØp h¿°v \S-°p-∂n-SØp \nt∂m, em_-d-
´dn km[-\-ßƒ hn¬°p-∂n-SØp \nt∂m {]tXyIw ]d™p kw`-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
]co-£tWm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ Hcp {Kq∏n-\v,
Im¥-kqNn 1, ap°m¬`mKw Ccp-ºp-s]mSn \nd®v tIm¿°p sIm≠-S® sSÃvSyq_v 1
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hnh-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]co-£Ww hy‡-am-Wv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
tNmZy-ßƒ Xs∂ N¿®m-kq-N-Iß-fmbn kzoI-cn-°mw. \nco-£-W-ßƒ hy‡-ambn tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]co-£Ww Bh¿-Øn®p sNbvXp t\m°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \nco-£W ê-ß-
fpsS t{ImUo-I-cWw Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂Xp t]mse Bbn-cn-°pw.
$ sSÃv Syq_n\I-Øp≈ Ccp-ºp-s]m-Sn-bpsS A{K-ß-fn¬ Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS {[ph-ßƒ
sIm≠p h∂m¬, {[ph-ßƒ C
- c
- pºp s]mSn-bn-te°v BI¿jn®p \n¬°p-∂Xp ImWmw.
$ Hcp _m¿am-·-‰ns\ Nn{Xw 18.1 se t]mse sSÃv Syq_ns‚ ]pd-Øp-IqSn Bh¿Øn-
®p-X-S-hn-bm¬ Dcp-ºp-s]mSn Im¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Spw.
310
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-fpsS
DØcw.
$ Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS Hcp {[phw Hc-‰Øp hnI¿jn-°p-Ibpw at‰ {[phw CtX A‰Øv
BI¿jn-°s∏SpIbpw sNøpw.
$ hyXym-k-ap-≠v.
$ Im¥-h¬°-c-W-Øn\v apºv Ccp-ºp-s]m-Sn-Iƒ Nn´-bn-√msX (random) InS-∂n-cp-∂p.
Im¥-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw Ah {Ia-ambn hn\y-kn-°p-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw.
$ ""Ccp-ºp-X-cn-Iƒ Fßs\ .......................... i‡n-bp≈Xmbn-Øo-cp-∂Xv'' F∂ tNmZyw,
""Ccp-ºp-X-cn-Iƒ Cßs\ {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-¥mWp ImcWw'' F∂m°n hmbn-
t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
DØcw : Ccp--ºp-X-cn-Iƒ Im¥-h¬°-cn®v Hmtcm sNdnb Im¥-ambn amdp-∂p. Ch-
bpsS ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ BI¿jW hnI¿j-W-ßƒ sIm≠mWv Ah Cßs\ {Iao-I-cn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
$ Im¥n-I-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-apºv Xcn-I-fnse At‰m-anI Im¥-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw \o¿ho-
cy-am-°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm≠v Ccp-ºp-X-cn-Iƒ Nn´-bn-√msX hn\y-kn-®n-cp∂p
Nn{Xw 18.2 (a), 18.2 (b) Ch-bpsS hnh-cWw
N¿®mkqN-I-ßƒ
$ lmIvkm-tª-Un-t\bpw Ccp-ºp-s]m-Sn-tbbpw Im¥-h¬°-cn-°p-∂X
- n-\p-apºv Ahbv°p
Im¥-i-‡n-bp-≠m-bn-cpt∂m?
$ C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Ahbv°p Im¥--i‡n Fßs\ D≠m-bn.
$ D≠mbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm-≠-\p-`-h-s∏-ń√.
N¿® Cßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw

Im¥nI hkvXp-°-fpsS B‰-ßƒ Xs∂ Hmtcm sNdnb Im¥-am-Wv. Hmtcm At‰m-anI
Im¥Øn\pw DØ-c-Z-£nW {[ph-ßfp≠v. Cß-s\-bp≈ At‰m-anI Im¥-ß-sf-bmWv
Nn{Xw 18.3 (a) bn¬ NS F∂p kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p∂ hen-∏-
Øns‚ At\Iw tImSn-bn¬ Hcwiw hen∏w am{Xsa Cu At‰m-anI Im¥-ßƒ°p≈q.
hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øns‚ kuI-cy-Øn\p th≠n hep-Xm°n ImWn-®n-cn-°p∂p-sh-s∂-bp≈p.
sNdnb Hcp Im¥nI hkvXp-hn¬ t]mepw CØcw At\Iw tImSn At‰m-anI Im¥-ßƒ
D≠m-Ipw. Im¥-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Ah Fßs\bmWv hn\y-kn-®n-cn-∂-sX-∂mWv
Nn{Xw 18.3 (a) bn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Cu At‰m-anI Im¥-
ßƒ ASp°pw Nn´-bp-an-√msX {Ia-c-ln-X-am-bn-s´m, AS™ he-b-ß-fm-bnt´m (closed
chains) Bbn-cn-°pw hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v ASp-Ø-SpØp≈ At‰m-anI Im¥-
ß-fpsS DØ--c{- [p-hß- f
- pw Z£n-W{- [p-hß
- fpw ]c-kv]cw tN¿∂v Ah-bpsS Im¥nI kz`mhw
\n¿ho-cy-am-°s- ∏-Sp-∂p. Im¥-h¬°-cn-°s - ∏-Sp-tºmƒ F¥p kw`-hn-°p-∂p sh∂mWv Nn{Xw
18.3 (b) bn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Im¥n-I-h¬°-cWw sIm≠v Cu At‰m-anI Im¥-ßƒ
Ah-bpsS he-b-ßƒ t`Zn®v Xncn-™v hcn-h-cn-bmbn hn\y-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-t]mse
{Ia-c-ln-X-ambn hn\y-kn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂h Xncn™v hcn-h-cn-bmbn hn\y-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
At∏mƒ F√m At‰m-anI Im¥-ßfpw Ah-bpsS DØ-c-{[p-h-ßƒ Htc Zni-bnepw
311
Z£n-W-{[p-h-ßƒ FXn¿Zn-i-bn-ep-ambn hcn-h-cn-bmbn {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Aßs\ At‰m-
anI Im¥-ß-fpsSsb√mw DØ-c-{[p-h-ßƒ Htc Zni-bn-em-bn- Xocpw. Z£n-W-{[p-h-ßƒ
CXns‚ FXn¿Zn-i-bnepw Cßs\ Im¥nI hkvXp-hns‚ Hc-‰Øv DØ-c-{[p-hhpw at‰
A‰Øv Z£n-W-{[p-hhpw D≠m-Ip-∂p. a‰p `mK-ß-fn¬ CØcw {[ph-ßfpw Z£n-W-{[p-h-
ßfpw ]c-kv]cw \n¿ho-cy-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu Ah-ÿ-bmWv Nn{Xw 18.3 (b) bn¬ Nn{Xo-
I-cn-®-ncn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu N¿®-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬, Im¥sØ F{X sNdnb Ij-W-ßƒ Bbn `mKn-®mepw
AsXmcp monopole BIm-Ø-Xns‚ ImcWw Is≠-Øm≥ ]d-b-Ww.
Im¥sØ F{X sNdp-Xmbn apdn-®m-epw, Ah-km\w FØn-t®-cpI At‰m-anI Im¥-Øn-
em-Wv. At‰m-anI Im¥sØ apdn-°m≥ km≤y-a-√. Cu At‰m-anI Im¥-ßƒ DØ-c-Z-
£nW {[ph-ß-fp≈ dipole Bbns´ {]h¿-Øn-°p.
Ãmdn-ń-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-Øns‚ DØcw apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw
e`n-°pw.
samUyqƒ 2
Im¥nI t{]c-Ww -aqew Hcp Im¥nI-hkvXp Im¥amIp∂ {]Xn-`m-k-hpw X∑q-e-ap-≠m-
Ip∂ {[ph-ßƒ Gh-sb∂pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ ]co-£-W-ß-fmWv Nn{Xw 18.4, 18.5, 18.6
F∂nh kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw 18.4 kqNn-∏n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w So®¿ sNbvXp ImWn-
®m¬ aXn.
i‡-amb Hcp Im¥-Øn¬ A‰Øv Hcp ¢n∏p sIm≠v h∂n´v F¥p kw`-hn-°m-sa∂v Ipń-
Isf sIm≠p ]d-bn-∏n-°-Ww. F∂n´v ¢n∏v Im¥-Øns‚ A‰Øp BI¿jn®p ]nSn-°p-
∂Xp ImWn-°-Ww. Cu ¢n∏n\p Xmsg-bmbn c≠p ¢n∏p-Iƒ Nn{X-Ønse t]mse ]nSn-∏n-
°p-I. XpS¿∂pw ¢n∏p-Iƒ ]nSn-∏n®v Nn{X-Øn-se-t]mse cq]-ap-≠m-°mw. \√ Im¥nI
i‡n-bp≈ Im¥w D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ am{Xsa C{Xbpw ¢n∏p-Iƒ ]nSn-∏n-°m≥ km[n-°q.
¢n∏p-Iƒ Cßs\ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p t\m°mw F∂ apJ-hp-c-tbmSp
IqSn Nn{Xw 18.5 se ]co-£Ww sNøn-°mw.
Nn{Xw 18.5 kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ]co-£-Ww
Im¥n-I-t{]-cWw F∂ Bibw Ipń-I-fn¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]co-£-W-amWv CXv.
Ipń-Isf {Kq∏mbn Xncn®p ]co-£Ww sNøn-°mw.
Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw th≠ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ
i‡-amb Hcp _m¿am-·-‰v, 6 sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ.
Im¥-Øns‚ Z£n-W{-[p-h-Øns‚ A‰Øv c≠p-sam-´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ c≠p hi-Ømbn Xq°n-
bn-S-s´. sam´p-kq-Nn-bpsS A{K-ßƒ tN¿Øp h®n´v hn´p t\m°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Smw. F¥p
kw`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \nco-£n®v kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-S-Ww. A{K-
ßƒ AI∂p t]mIp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw XpS¿∂p a‰p sam´p-kq-Nn-Ifpw Nn{X-Ønse t]mse
]nSn-∏n°Ww. Ah-bpsS kzX{¥ A{K-ßƒ H∂n®p tN¿Øp h®-Xn-\p-tijw hn´p
t\m°s´ F¥p kw`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \nco-£n®p tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs´ A{K-ßƒ AI∂p t]mIp-
∂-Xmbn ImWmw. \nco--£-W-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXv t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
312
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ
$ sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ Im¥-Øn¬ Hń-∏n-Sn-®Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv.
$ sam´pkqNn-bpsS kzX{¥ A{K-ßƒ AI∂p t]mb-sX-¥p-sIm-≠mWv?
$ sam´p-kq--Nn-Iƒ XΩn¬ Hń-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-hmw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
BZysØ c≠p sam´p-kq-Nn-If - psS kzX{¥ A{K-ßƒ AI-
∂p-t]mbXp-sIm≠v Ah-bpsS Cu A{K-ß-fn¬ kPm-Xob
{[ph-ßƒ D≠mb-Xmbn IW-°m-°mw. F∂m¬ at‰ A{K-
ßƒ Im¥-Øns‚ S {[phØn¬ Hń]nSn®-Xp-sIm≠v Cu
A{K-ßfn¬ DØ-c-{[p-h-ßƒ D≠m-b-Xmbpw IW-°m-°mw.
(hnPm-Xob {[ph-ßƒ BI¿jn-°p-∂p) AXp-sIm≠v sam´p-
kq-Nn-I-I-fpsS kzX{¥ A{K-ß-fn¬ S {[ph-ß-fm-Wp≠m-
b-Xv. AXm-bXv Hmtcm sam´p-kq-Nnbpw Hmtcm Im¥-am-bn.
Ah-bpsS Im¥-Øns‚ {[ph-tØm-S-SpØ A{K-ß-fn¬ N N N N
S S S S
NN
Im¥-Øns‚ FXn¿{[p-h-hpw (DØ-c-{[p-h-ßƒ), AI∂
N S S N
A{K-ß-fn¬ AtX {[phhpw (Z£n-W-{[p-h-ßƒ) D≠m-
bn. S S
Cu c≠psam´p-kq-Nn-I-fn¬ ]‰n]nSn-°p∂ a‰p sam´p-kq-Nn-

Ifpw CtX Imc-W-Øm¬ Im¥-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. At∏mƒ Ah-
bpsS A{K-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Im¥nI {[ph-ßƒ Nn{X-
Øn¬ ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
C\n Cu ]co-£Ww Im¥-Øns‚ N {[phw D]-tbm-Kn®p
sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Hmtcm sam´p-kq-Nn-bpsSbpw A{K-ß-
fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Im¥nI {[ph-ßƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ ]d-
bmw. Nn{Xw Cßs\ Bbn-cn-°pw.
S S
N N
Nn{Xw 18.5 ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ßƒ°p≈ DØ-cw S S
BI¿jWw hnI¿jWw S N N S
N N
Im¥nI hkvXp-°ƒ XΩn¬ BI¿jWtam hnI¿j-
Wtam D≠m-Im-dn-√.
Im¥-Øns‚ Im¥n-I-h-kvXp-hns‚
$ Im¥-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ Im¥-ß-fmbn amdp-∂p.
Nn{Xw 18.6ambn _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\hpw ap≥ ]co-£-W-Ønse AtX {Kq∏p-Iƒ°p
sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp hnZym¿∞n Im¥w ]nSn-°-s´. as‰mcp hnZym¿∞n Hcp sam´p-kqNn,
Nn{X-Ønse t]mse, Im¥-Øns‚ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øns‚ ASp-Øp-sIm≠p h∂v ]nSn-°-Ww
({[ph-Øn¬ sXmS-cp-Xv) sam´p-kq-Nn-bpsS at‰ A‰Øv Hcp Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS {[ph-ßƒ
sIm≠p h∂v F¥v kw`-hn-°p-∂psh∂v \nco-£n®v êw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
$ Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS DØ-c-{[phw hnI¿jn-°p-∂-Xm-bpw Z£n-W-{[phw BI¿jn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw.
313
Cu sam´p-kqNn ]nSn-®psIm≠v CXns‚ A‰Øv as‰mcp sam´p-kq-Nn-sIm≠p h∂v sXmSp-
I. ssI FSpØp Ign™p \nco-£n-°p-I. \nco-£W êw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
$ c≠m-asØ sam´p-kqNn BZy-tØ-Xns‚ A{KØp Xqßn-°n-S°pw.
Cu sam´p-kq-Nn-tbbpw H∂m-a-Ø-Xn-s\-t]mse Im¥-kqNn sIm≠p ]cn-tim-[n®v \nco-
£W-êw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´. êw ap≥]n-esØ t]mse-bm-bn-cn-°pw. C\n Hcp sam´p-kq-
Nn-IqSn D]-tbm-Kn®v ]co-£Ww Bh¿Øn®v \nco-£Ww tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]d-bmw. \nco-
£-W-^-e-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXv t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
$ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw Im¥-Øns‚ N {[ph-Øn\p ]Icw S {[phw D]-tbm-Kn®p
sNbvXv N¿® sNømw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
]co-£Ww 4, 5 F∂n-h-bpsS (Nn{X-ßƒ 18.5, 18.6) t{ImUo-I-cWw Htc t]mse-bmWv
$ Hcp Im¥nI hkvXp Hcp Im¥-Øns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn¬ Im¥-ambn amdp-∂p. Cu
{]Xn-`m-k-amWv Im¥nI t{]c-Ww.
$ Im¥nI t{]c-W-Øn¬ Im¥nI hkvXp-hns‚ Im¥-Øn-t\m-S-Sp-Øp-ff A{K-Øn¬
hnPm-Xob {[phhpw AI-se-bp≈ A{K-Øn¬ (kzX-{¥ A{KØn¬) kPm-Xob
{[phhpw D≠m-Ip-∂p.
Im¥nI t{]c-W-Øn\v At‰m-anI Im¥-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ hni-Zo-I-cWw
t\cnb hyXym-k-tØmsS Nn{Xw 18.3(a), 18.3(b) D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hnh-cWw Chn-sSbpw
{]k-‡-amWv. Im¥nI hkvXp-hn-ep≈ B‰-ßƒ F√mw DØc Z£nW {[ph-ß-fp≈
dipoles BsW∂p I≠p-h-s√m. km[m-cW Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Cu At‰m-anI Im¥-ßƒ Ah-
bpsS Im¥n-IX \n¿ho-cy-am-I-Ø°-hÆw {Ia-c-ln-X-amsbm he-b-ß-fmsbm hn\y-kn-®n-
cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw ]Tn-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp Im¥-Øn\p Np‰pw Hcp Im¥nI afi-e-ap≠v (Im¥n-I-
a-fi-e-sØ-∏‰n Cu A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]n∂oSv ]Tn-°p-∂p-≠v). Im¥nI hkvXp Ccn-°p∂Xv
Cu Im¥nI afi-e-Øn-
N S
Im¥w em-Wv. Im¥nI afi-e-
Øns‚ kzm[o- \ - Ø n\p
S N hnt[- b - a mbn Im¥nI
hkvXp-hnse At‰m-anI
s s s s
n n n n Im¥-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS he-
n n n n b-ßƒ t`Zn®v Xncn-bpw.
s s s s
Im¥nI Ah- b psS DØ- c - { [p- h -
s s s s At‰m-anI n n n n
hkvXp ßƒ F√mw Htc Zni-
Im¥-ßƒ
n n n n s s s s bn¬ \n¬°pw. {Ia-c-ln-
s s s s n n n n X-ambn hn\y-kn-®n-´p-≈
At‰m- a nI Im¥- ß fpw
n n n n s s s s CXp- t ]mse Im¥nI
N S afi-e-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-
Øn¬ Xncn™v DØ-c-{[p-
Nn{Xw A Nn{Xw B h-ßƒ F√mw Htc Zni-
314
bn-em-Ip-∂p. Im¥nI t{]c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Im¥-Øns‚ {[phw N {[ph-am-sW-
¶n¬ Im¥n-I-h-kvXp-hnse At‰m-anI Im¥-ß-fpsS s {[ph-ßƒ N {[ph-Øns‚ Zni-bn-te-
°pw, n {[ph-ßƒ N s‚ hn]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-ep-am-bn-cn-°pw. (Nn{Xw A) At∏mƒ Im¥nI
hkvXp-hns‚ N t\mS-SpØ A{KØv Z£nW {[phw S Dw AI∂ A{KØv DØ-c-{[phw N,
Dw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Im¥nI t{]c-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {[phw S {[ph-am-sW-¶n¬ At‰m-
anI Im¥-ß-fpsS Zni-Nn{Xw B t\m°n a\- n-em-°mw. Fß-s\-bm-bm-epw Im¥nI t{]c-
W-Øn¬ Im¥n-I-hkvXphn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ {[ph-ßsf kw_-‘n® \nb-a-Øn¬ am‰w hcn√
F∂v Nn{X-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS a\- n-em-°m-a-t√m.
Im¥-ap-≠m-°m≥ sshZyp-Xnbpw
Hcp {Kq∏n\p th≠ km[-\-ßƒ
$ aqt∂m \mtem tSm¿®p sk√p-Iƒ
$ GI-tZiw 6 cm \of-ap≈ ]®n-cp-ºmWn
$ IhNnX sNºpIºn
AC D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ BWn-bpsS A{K-ß-fn¬ ÿnc-amb
Im¥-{[p-hß
- ƒ D≠m-In-√. ]co-£Ww hnP-bn-°n-√. ]mT- Nn{Xw ˛ 18.7
]p-kvX-I-Ønse \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°\p-k-cn®v {]h¿Ø\w
\SØn \nco-£-W-ßƒ kb≥kv Ubdn-bn¬ Ipdn®p hbv-°-Ww. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ N¿®m kqN-I-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.
Nn{Xw 18.7se {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ßƒ
$ Hcp _m¿ am·-‰ns‚ A{KØn¬ InS-∂Xpt]mse BWn-bpsS A{K-ß-fn¬ sam´p-kq-
Nn-Iƒ Xqßn-°n-S-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw.
$ Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp {[ph-amWv BWn-bpsS A{K-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p hcp-
∂-sX-¶n¬ Hc-{KØp hnI¿jn-°p-Ibpw as‰ A‰Øv BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. C\n
ASpØ {[ph-amWp sIm≠p hcp-∂-sX-¶n¬ BZy {[phw hnI¿jn-®n-SØv BI¿j-
Whpw BI¿jn-®n-SØp hnI¿j-Whpw D≠m-Ipw.
_m‰dn am‰n-b-tijw ]co-£Ww Bh¿Øn-®m¬
$ sam´p-kq-Nn-Isf BWn BI¿jn-°p-∂n-√.
$ Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS GXp {[ph-am-bn-cp-∂mepw AXv BWn-bpsS A{K-`m-K-ß-fn-te°p
Xncn™p \n¬°pw.
$ sNºp-I-ºn-bn-eqsS sshZypXn IS-Øn-hn-Sp-tºmƒ BWn Hcp Im¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-
°pw.
$ Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS GsX-¶nepw Hcp {[phw BWn-bpsS A{K-ß-fn-te°p amdn-amdn
sIm≠p h∂-t∏mƒ Hc-‰Øv BI¿j-Whpw at‰ A‰Øp hnI¿j-Whpw kw`hn®p.
$ C√
sshZyp-X-Im-¥-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ kµ¿`ßƒ
$ k¿°o´v t{_°¿
$ t]gvk-W¬ Iºyq-´-dp-IfpsS lm¿Up UnkvIv
315
$ IWn-Im-Xz-c-ßƒ
$ tS∏v dnt°m¿U¿
$ hn.kn.-B¿
$ Ce-Iv{Sn-Ivs_¬
euUv kv]o°-dnse Im¥w ÿnc-Im-¥-amWv
Im¥n-I-Kp-W-ß-fn¬ Ccp-ºn\pw Dcp-°n\pw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ a\-kn-em-°m-
\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v
Hcp {Kq∏n-\m-h-iy-ap≈ km[-\-ßƒ
-$ 5 sk.ao ˛ 8 sk. ao \of-ap≈ ]®ncnºp Iºn 1
$ 5 sk. an ˛ 8 sk. ao \of-ap≈ Dcp°p Iºn 1
$ i‡-amb ÿncIm¥w 1
$ Ccp-ºp-s]mSn
Im¥nI hkvXp-°sf Im¥n-I-h¬°-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ Im¥n-I-X-bpsS
kz`mhw F√m hkvXp-°-fnepw Hcp t]mse-b-√. Cu Imcy-Øn¬ Dcp-°pw Ccpºpw XΩn-
ep≈ hyXymkw a\- n-em-°m-\mWv Cu ]co£Ww. Ccp-ºp-I-ºnbpw Dcp°p Iºnbpw
Htc hen∏w thW-sa∂p≈Xv A{X \n¿_-‘-an-√. Htc \of-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ ]co-£-W-
Øn\p kuI-cy-am-bn-cn-°pw. {]h¿Ø\w ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ hy‡-ambn ]d-™n-´p≠v.
\nco-£-W-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse tNmZy-ßƒ N¿®m-kq-N-I-ß-fmbn
IW-°m°n \nco-£-W-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXp t{ImUo-I-cn°mw. ]®n-cpºpw Dcp°pw Htc
kabw Im¥-Øns‚ {[ph-Øn¬ ]nSn-∏n®p ]co-£Ww sNø-W-sa-∂n-√. Ah thsd
thsdbmbn Htc Im¥w D]-tbm-Kn®v ]co-£Ww \S-Øn-bmepw CtX \nK-a-\-Øn-se-
Øpw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
$ ]®n-cp-ºn¬ IqSp-X¬ Ccp-ºp-s]mSn ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ]®n-cp-ºn\v
IqSp-X¬ Im¥-i‡n e`n-°p-∂p-sh-∂-\p-am-\n-°mw.
$ Dcp-°n\v ]®n-cp-ºn-s\-°mƒ e`n® Im¥-iIvXn \ne-\n¿Øm-\p-≈ -I-gn-hp-≠v.
""CØcw ]Zm¿∞-ßsf sshZypXn D]-tbm-Kn®p Xs∂-bmWpkm[m-c-W-bmbn ÿnc-Im-
¥-ß-fm°n am‰p-∂Xv'' F∂ Ah-km\ hmN-I-hpw, ""sshZyp-Xn-bpS klm-b-tØmsS \n¿Ωn-
°p∂ Xm¬Im-enI Im¥-ß-fmWv sshZypX Im¥-ßƒ'' F∂ {]kvXm-h-\bpw XΩn-
ep≈ hyXymkw C{]-Imcw hnh-cn-°mw.
Nne D]-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ ÿnc-ambn Im¥-i-‡n-bp≈ Im¥-ßƒ Bh-iy-an-√. Im¥-Øns‚
Bh-iy-ap≈ A{Xbpw ka-b-tØ°p am{Xsa Ah Im¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-Xp-≈p.
Im¥nI hkvXp-hns‚ ]pdØp Np‰n-bn-cn-°p∂ Ih-NnX Iºn-bn¬ IqSn sshZypXn {]h-
ln-∏n-®mWv CXp km[n-°p-∂-Xv. Im¥-i‡n Bh-iy-an-√mØt∏mƒ sshZypXn hntO-Zn-
®m¬ aXn-bmIpw CØcw kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ ]®n-cp-ºmWv Im¥nI hkvXp-hmbn D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xv. CØcw Im¥-ßsf sshZypX Im¥-ßƒ F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ah ÿnc-Im-
¥-ß-f-√.
316
F∂m¬ ÿnc-Im-¥-ßƒ°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Im¥n-I-hkvXp-°ƒ Dcp-°v, A¬\ns°m
t]mep≈ teml-k-¶-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv. Chsb Im¥-h¬°-cn-°m\pw sshZypXn IS-
Øn-hn-ń-cn-°p∂ Iºn- Npcp-fp-I-fmWp]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcn-°¬ Im¥n-I-h¬°-cn-®m¬
Ah Im¥-ßf - mbn {]h¿Øn®p sIm≈pw. sshZyp-Xnsbm Iºn-®p-cp-fp-Itfm ]n∂oSv Bhiy-
an-√. Ah Im¥-ß-fmbn {]h¿Øn-°pw. ÿnc-Im-¥-ßƒ D≠m-°m\pw sshZypXn D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-s∂-¶nepw Ahsb sshZypX Im¥-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bm-dn-√. ÿnc-Im-¥-ßƒ Ft∂
]d-bq.
samUyqƒ 3
Im¥n-I-a-fiew (Magnetic Field)
_m¿ Im¥hpw \qen¬ sIńb sam´p-kq-Nnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]co-£-Ww.
Hcp {Kq∏n-\m-h-iy-ap≈ km[-\-ßƒ
$ _m¿ Im¥w
$ \qen¬ sIńb sam´p-kqNn
$ ^qƒkvtI∏v t]∏¿ (foolscap paper)
{UmbnwKv ]n≥/skt√m-t^≥ tS∏v D]-tbm-Kn®v t]∏-¿ tai-∏p-dØv Dd-∏n-°-Ww. Hcp
sam´p-kqNn Xnc-›o-\-amtbm ew_-amtbm \n¬°-Ø-°-hÆw Hcp \qen¬ sIń t]∏-
dns‚ D]-cn-Xew hsc GI-tZiw FØ-Ø-°-hÆw Xq°n-∏n-Sn-°-Ww. CXns\ Im¥-Øn\p
Np‰pw hnhn[ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ sIm≠p h∂n´v F¥p kw`-hn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \nco-£n-°m≥
]d-bmw. \nco-£-W-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXp t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww.
N¿®m kqN-I-ßƒ
$ sam´p-kq-Nn-bn¬ F¥p-\n-co-£n-°p-∂p.
$ ÿm\-hy-Xym-k-a-\p-k-cn®v \nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ°v F¥p hyXymkw kw`-hn-°p-∂p.
Cu {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ßƒ

$ sam´p-kq-Nn-bn¬ B-I¿j-W-_ew D≠m-Ip-∂p. sam´p kqNn Hcp Im¥nI hkvXp-
hmWv (Dcp-°p-sIm-≠mWv sam´p-kqNn D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv) Im¥w CXns\ BI¿jn-
°p-∂p.
$ Cu BI¿j-W-_-e-Øns‚ (Im¥-Øns‚ i‡n) Afhv F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw Hcp
t]mse-b-√. Im¥-Øn-t\m-\-SpØv Im¥-i‡n IqSpXepw AI-e-ß-fn¬ Ipd-hpamWv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Im¥-Øn-\p-Np‰pw Im¥n-I-_ew A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp taJ-e-bp-≠v. Cu taJ-esb Im¥nI
afi-e-sa∂p hnfn°mw.
Im¥-Øn\p Np‰pw sam´p-kqNn Xq°n-∏n-Sn®v _e-Øns‚ sNdnb kqN-\-sb-¶n-ep-ap≈
_nµp-°ƒ t]∏-dn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp. ({]I-S-ambn F∂p ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-
∂-Xp-t]mse thW-sa-∂n-√). Cu _nµp-°sf tN¿Øv Hcp tcJ hc-®m¬ tcJ-bv°-IØp
hcp∂ taJ-esb Im¥nI afi-esa∂p hnfn-°mw.
317
Im¥n-I-a-fi-e-Øn-s\mcp \n¿h-N\w
Hcp Im¥-Øn\v Np‰pw Im¥n-I-_ew A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-bmWv
Im¥nI afiew.
Im¥n-I-_-e-tc-J-Iƒ
""Im¥n-I-a-fi-e-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn-®p-h-s√m. Im¥-Øn\p Np‰pw Cßs\ Hcp afiew I≠n-
´pt≠m?'' A≤ym-]nI Cßs\ Hcp tNmZyw D∂-bn-°-s´. DØcw F¥p-ambn sIm≈-s´.
""Im¥n-I-a-fi-e-sØ-∏‰n Hcp Zriy-t_m-[-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\p k¶¬∏n-°p∂ tcJ-I-fmWv
Im¥nI _e-tc-J-Iƒ'' F∂ AhX-c-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn ]co-£-W-Øn-te°p IS-°p-∂p.
Hcp {Kq∏n\p th≠ km[-\-ßƒ
{S^v, _m¿ am·-‰v, {S^n\p IpdpsI apI-fn¬ hbv°m-hp∂ •mkv tdmUv, sX¿tam tImƒ
Ij-Ww, Im¥-h¬°-cn® sam´p kqNn, Pew ]co-£-W-Øns‚ hnP-b-Øn\v sam´p-kq-Nn-
bpsS \ofw IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. sam´p-kq-Nn-bpsS DØ-c-{[phw I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xn-\p-
tijw Cu {[phw A¬]w am{Xw X≈n \n¬°-Ø° hn[w kqNnsb Hcp sX¿tam-tImƒ
Ij-W-Øn-te°p IS-Øp-∂p.
{S^nse Pe-Øns‚ a[y-`m-K-Ømbn _m¿ am·‰v Ptem-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ •mkv tdmUns‚
klm-b-Øm¬ {Iao-I-cn-°p-I. C\n ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNø-Ww. \nco-£-W-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn-®p-h-bv°s´.
\nco-£Ww
Im¥-Øns‚ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øns‚ ASp-Øp≈ _nµp-°-fn¬ sam´p-kq-Nn-bpsS DØ-c-{[phw
h®-t∏mƒ Cu {[phw Hcp h{I-tc-J-bn¬ IqSn k©-cn®v Z£nW {[ph-Øn¬ FØp-∂Xp
ImWmw.
sam´p-kq-Nn-bpsS Z£n-W-{[phw Ptem-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw hfsc AI-se-bm-b-Xp-sIm≠v
DØ-c-{[p-hsØ Hcp thdn´ DØ-c-{[p-h-ambn IW-°m°mw (thdn´ DØ-c-{[phw Hcp
k¶¬]amsW-∂-dn-b-Ww) sX¿tam-tIm-fn¬ ]nSn-∏n-°pI hgn AXns\ Hcp kzX{¥ DØ-
c-{[p-h-am-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Im¥-Øns‚ afi-e-Øn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ _e-Øns‚
Zni-bn¬ Cu DØ-c-{[phw k©-cn-°p-∂p. DØ-c-{[p-h-Øns‚ Cß-s\-bp≈ k©m-c-]m-X-
bmWv Im¥n-I-_-e-tc-J.
_e-tcJ Hcp \n¿h-N\w
Hcp Im¥nI afi-e-Øn¬ h®n-cn-°p∂ thdn-´Xpw kzX{¥-hp-amb Hcp km¶¬]nI DØ-
c-Im-¥nI {[ph-Øns‚ k©m-c-]m-X-bmWv Hcp Im¥nI _e-tcJ.
Ccp-ºp-s]mSn D]-tbm-Kn®v Im¥nI afi-e-Øns‚ Nn{Xo-I-cWw
Hcp {Kq∏n-\m-h-iy-ap≈ km[-\-ßƒ:
Hcp _m¿ Im¥w, •mkv tπ‰v, Ccpºp s]mSn
{]h¿Ø\w
_m¿am-·‰v a[y-Øn¬ hc-Ø-°-hn[w am·-‰ns‚ apI-fn¬ •mkv jo‰p hbv°-Ww. t\cnb
Af-hn¬ Ccp-ºp-s]mSn •mkv jo‰n¬ hnX-dpI. •mkv jo‰v adn™p t]mImØ hn[w
hfsc sNdp-Xmbn jo‰n¬ X´m≥ ]d-b-Ww. \nco-£Ww kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ Ipdn®p
hbv°-s´.
318
$ Ccp-ºp-s]mSn hy‡-amb tcJ-I-fn¬ AWn-\n-c-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw.
$ Cu tcJ-Iƒ Im¥-Øns‚ N {[phw apX¬ S {[phw hsc FØp-∂p.
$ Im¥-Øns‚ {[ph-ß-tfm-S-SpØ taJe-I-fn¬ tcJ-Iƒ CS-Xq¿∂pw a‰p taJ-e-I-fn¬
AI-∂n-´p-amWv.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
I¥n-I-a-fi-e-Øn¬ Im¥n-I-_ew A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-ß-fn-emWv Ccp-ºp-s]mSn tiJ-
cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Ccp-ºp-s]mSn AWn-\n-c-°p∂ tcJ-Iƒ Im¥n-I-_ew A\p-
`-h-s∏-Sp∂ tcJ-I-fmbn IW-°m-°mw. Cu tcJ-I-fmWv Im¥nI _e-tc-J-Iƒ.
Hcp am·-‰nIv tImº- p-]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp Im¥-Øns‚ Im¥nI-a-fiew AYhm _e-tc-J-
Iƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]co-£-W-amWv ASp-ØXv (Nn{Xw 18.10).
Hcp {Kq∏n-\p-th≠ km[-\-ßƒ
_m¿ Im¥w 1, tImºkv \oUn¬ (am·-‰nIv tImº-kv) 1, t{UmbnwKv t]∏¿ 1 jo‰v,
{UmbnwKv ]n≥ 4
]co-£Ww sNøp-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ
tImºkv kqNn-bpsSbpw Im¥-Øn-s‚bpw DØc Z£nW {[ph-ßƒ Xncn-®d - n-™n´p thWw
]co-£Ww Bcw-`n-°m≥. ]co-£Ww ]mT-]p-kvXI - Ø
- n¬ hy‡-ambn ]d-™n-´p-≠v. ""tImº-
ns‚ DØ--c-{[p-h-Øn¬ Hcp AS-bm-f-an-SpI''. F∂Xv ""tImº- ns‚ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn\p
t\sc IS-em- n¬ Hcp AS-bm-f-an-SpI'' F∂p hmbn-°Ww Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw e`n®
_nµp-°ƒ tN¿Øv DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn¬ \n∂p Z£n-W-{[p-h-Ønte°p tcJ-Iƒ hc-bv°-
Ww. Cu tcJ-I-fmWv _e-tc-J-Iƒ. _e-tc-J-Iƒ°p Zni D≠v. Zni-IqSn I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-
sa-∂-XmWv Cu ]co-£-W-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X. Im¥-kq-Nn-bpsS DØ-c-{[phw Hmtcm
ÿm\Øpw GXp Zni-bn-emtWm \n¬°p-∂Xv B Zni-bmWv B ÿm\Øv _e-tc-J-
bpsS Zni. Hmtcm _e-tcJ hc®p Ign-bp-tºmgpw Cu Zni-IqSn AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Aßs\ Ign-bp-∂{X _e-tc-J-Iƒ hc-bv°m≥ ]d-bmw, C\n Im¥-Øns‚ DØ-c-{[phw
hS-t°m´p h®p ]co-£Ww Bh¿Øn-°-s´. {UmbnwKv t]∏¿ t\m°n _e-tc-J-Iƒ kw_-
‘n®p≈ \nco-£-W-ßƒ Ipdn-®p-h-bv°-s´.
km[y-amb \nco-£-W-ßƒ
$ Im¥-Øn\p ]pdØv Im¥nI _e-tc-J-Iƒ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n®v Z£n-
W-{[p-h-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.
$ Im¥-Øn\IØv _e-tc-J-Isf∏‰n H∂pw ]d-bm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√.
$ Im¥-Øns‚ {[ph-ß-tfm-S-SpØv _e-tc-J-Iƒ CS-Xnßn ImWp-∂p.
$ Im¥Øn¬ \n∂pw AIse _e-tc-J-Iƒ XΩn¬ AIew IqSn hcp-∂p.
$ _e-tc-J-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw tOZn-°p-∂n-√.
{]k-‡-amb a‰p \nco-£-Wßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Ah-bpw Fgp-X-s´. \nco-£Wßƒ N¿®
sNbvXv Cßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw.
Im¥-Øn-\p-Np‰pw _e-tc-J-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ t]∏-dns‚ Xe-Øn\p ]pdsa Im¥-Øns‚
Np‰pw F√m Xe-Ønew _e-tc-J-Iƒ BIm-a-s√m. At∏mƒ Im¥-Øns‚ Im¥n-I-a-fiew
Im¥-Øn\p Np‰p-ap≈ {Xnam\ kvt]knepw hym]n-°p-∂p-s≠∂v a\-kn-em-°mw.
319
^vfIvkpw ^vfIvkv km{µ-Xbpw
Im¥n-I-a-fiew {Xnam\ kvt]kn¬ hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v a\-kn-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Im¥n-
I-a-fi-esØ Im¥n-I-_-e-tc-J-Iƒ sIm≠v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-sa∂pw a n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
^vfIvkv hnkvXo¿W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv ]d-bm-dp-≈Xv. Hcp \n›nX hnkvXo¿W-
Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ ^vfIvkv F∂m-bn-cn°pw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. AXn\p Im¥nI afi-e-Øn¬ Bh-
iy-ap≈{Xbpw hnkvXo¿Ww k¶¬∏n-°-Ww. Cu hnkvXo¿Æ-Øn\v ew_-ambn IS-∂p-
t]m-Ip∂ Im¥nI _e-tc-J-I-fpsS FÆ-amWv A{Xbpw hnkvXo¿Æ-Ønse ^vfIvkv,
bqWn‰v hnkvXo¿W-Ønse ^vfIvkmWv ^vfIvkv km{µ-X. "" bqWn‰p hnkvXo¿W-Øn\p
ew_-ambn IS∂p t]mIp∂ _e-tc-J-I-fpsS FÆamWv ^vfIvkv km{µX'' F∂Xpw icn-
bmb {]kvXm-h-\-bm-Wv. F¶nepw Ipń-bpsS Adn-hns‚ Xew IW-°m°n ew_-ambn
F∂ hm°v Hgn-hm-°n-bmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ^vfIvkpw ^vfIvkp km{µ-Xbpw ]d-
™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Nn{Xw 18.11(a), 18.11 (b) Chsb ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ßƒ
Im¥nI _e-tc-J-Iƒ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn¬ \n∂m-cw-`n®v Z£n-W-{[p-h-Øn¬ FØp-∂-Xm-
bmWv k¶¬]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Nn{X-Ønse Im¥-ß-fpsS {[ph-ßƒ C{]-Im-
c-am-bn-cn°pw.
N N N S
Nn{Xw 18.11 (F) Nn{Xw 18.11 (_n)
`qan Hcp Im¥w

sIń-Øq-°n-bn-ń-cn-°p∂ Hcp Im¥w F√m-bvt∏mgpw sX°p hS°p \n¬°p-∂X
- ns‚ ImcWw
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Dt±-in-®n-´p-≈-XmWv Cu ]co-£-Ww.
Hcp {Kq∏n-\m-h-iy-ap≈ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ
1. _m¿ am·‰v 2 FÆw
2. \qev
{]h¿Ø\w
_m¿ Im¥-ß-fpsS {[ph-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn®v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Hcp Im¥w AIse h®v
at‰ Im¥w tai-bpsS / Ukv°ns‚ A¬]w apI-fn-embn \n¬°-Ø-°-hÆw sIń-Øq-°n-
bn-S-Ww. Im¥w \n›-e-am-b-ti-jw, AXn-\p-Xmsg at‰ Im¥w AXns‚ DØ-c-{[phw Ing-
t°m-´m-bn´p hbv°-s´. H∂m-asØ Im¥-Øn\v F¥p kw`-hn-®p. \nco-£Ww tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øs´ ASp-Ø-Xmbn c≠m-asØ Im¥-Øns‚ DØ-c-{[phw ]Sn-™m-dmbn h®p \nco-
£W hnh-cßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs´ c≠m-asØ Im¥w, as‰mcp Zni-bn¬ h®p \nco-£n-
°pI. Ah-km-\w, c≠masØ Im¥w FSpØp am‰n H∂m-asØ Im¥w \nco-£n-°p-I.
\nco-£-W-^-e-ßƒ N¿® sNbvXv t{ImUo-I-cn-°-s´.
320
\nco-£-W-ßƒ
$ c≠m-asØ Im¥-Øn\p kam-¥-c-ambn H∂m-asØ Im¥w Xncn-bp-∂p.
$ H∂m-asØ Im¥w \n›-em-h-ÿ-bn-se-Øp-tºmƒ AXns‚ Z£n-W-{[phw c≠m-atØ-
Xns‚ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn\p kao-]-am-bn-cn°pw; AXp-t]mse adn-®pw. AXm-bXv c≠p
Im¥-Øn-s‚bpw Htc hiØp hcp∂ {[ph-ßƒ hn]-coX {[ph-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw.
$ tai-∏p-dØp h®n-cn-bv°p∂ Im¥w am‰n Ign-™m¬ sIń-bn´ Im¥w ho≠pw sX°p
hS°p \n¬°pw.
t{ImUo-I-cWw (`qansb Hcp Im¥-ambn Icp-Xn-bp≈ hni-Zo-I-c-Ww)
tai-∏p-d-Øn-cn°p∂ Im¥-Øns‚ Im¥nI afi-e-Øns‚ kzm[o\w sIm≠v, Xncn-bm≥
kzmX{¥yap≠m-bn-cp∂ Im¥w Xncn™v kzm[o-\n-°p∂ afi-eØ
- ns‚ Zni-bn¬ Ft∏mgpw
\n¬°p-∂p. kzm[o-\n-°p∂ Im¥nI afiew C√m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ Ne\ kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂ Im¥w ho≠pw sX°p hS°p \n¬°p∂p. At∏mƒ Ne-\-kzm-X-{¥y-ap≈ Hcp Im¥w
Ft∏mgpw sX°p hS-°mbn \n¬°-W-sa-¶n¬ AXns\ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ Hcp Im¥nI
afiew D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-a-t√m. GXm-Wv B Im¥nI afiew? AXv `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw
D¤-hn-°p∂ Hcp Im¥nI afi-ea-- m-bncn°Ww. Aßs\ `qan°v Hcp Im¥nI afi-e-ap-
s≠-¶n¬ \ap°p `qansb Hcp _m¿ Im¥w t]mse IW-°m°n IqsS?
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
`qIm- ¥ - Ø ns‚ {[ph- ß sf kw_- ‘ n®v P
Nn{Xw A bnse t]mse Hcp hnh-c-W-amWv P 1
NE
ASpØ Imew-h-scbpw sImSpØp t]m∂n-
cp-∂Xv AX-\p-k-cn®v Im¥-Øns‚ hSs°
S
A‰Øv Z£n-W-{[p-hhpw sXs° A‰Øp

DØ- c - { [p- h hpw BsW∂mWv ]d™p
h∂n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ hSs° A‰-Øns\
N
Hcp _m¿am-·-‰n-se∂ t]mse DØ-c-Im-

¥n- I - { [p- h - s a∂pw (north magnetic pole),
sXs° A‰-Øn-s\ Z£n-W-Im-¥nI {[phw
(south magnetic pole) F∂p-amWv Ct∏mƒ SE Q1
hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nn{Xw A
PQ = Geographic axis Q
P1Q1 = Earth's bar magnet
S = south pole of Earth's bar magnet
N = North pole of Earth's bar magnet
`qan-bpsS Bc-Øns‚ 5 Ccń hsc Db--c-Øn-ep≈ `qan-bpsS Im¥n-I-i‡n
IW-°m-°n-bm¬ `qan F√m `mKhpw Htc t]mse Im¥n-I-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´
Hcp tKmf-ambn IW-°m-°mw. Cu Im¥nI afiew `qan-bpsS D≈n-ep≈
i‡-amb Hcp km¶¬∏nI _m¿ Im¥w aqew D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-bn´p IW-°m-
°m-sa∂v William Gilbert F∂ {_nójv imkv{X-⁄≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p.
321
Cu km¶-ev]nI `qIm-¥-Øns‚ DØ-c-Z-£n-W-{[p-h-ßfpw Htc ÿm\-Ø√.
Hcp Im¥ kqNn-Ib - psS axis `q-an-bpsS ]e `mKØpw ]e Zni-bn-ep-amWv \n¬°p-
∂Xv `qan-bpsS DØ-c-{[p-h-tØm-S-Sp°pwtXmdpw Im¥-kqNn IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬
ew_-ambn hcp-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw. 750 DØc A£mw-i-Ønepw (750N) 990]›na
tcJmw-i-Ønepw (990W) D≈ ÿeØv Im¥kqNn `qan°p ew_-am-bn-´mWv
\n¬°p-∂X - v. `qan-bpsS DØ-c{- [p-hØ - n¬ \n∂pw 2100 km AIse Im\-Umbv°p
hS°p `mK-Ømbn ÿnXn sNøp∂ Cu ÿeØv `qIm-¥-Øns‚ Z£n-W-
{[phw ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xmbn k¶-ev]n-®n-cn-°p∂p. Cu {[phsØ DØc
Im¥n-I-{[phw (North magentic pole) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. CXp t]mse `qIm-¥-
Øns‚ DØ-c-{[phw `qan-bpsS Z£n-Wm¿≤-tKm-f-Øn¬ 66.50 A£mw-i-Ønepw
(66.50 S) 1400 ]q¿∆tcJmw-i-Ønepw (1400 E) Bbn ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. A‚m¿ń-
°-bn-ep≈ Hcp {]tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv. CXns\ Z£n-W-Im-¥n-I-{[phw (south mag-
netic pole) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. (Nn{Xw B t\m°p-I) Cu c≠p {[ph-ß-sfbpw
tbmPn-∏n®v, `qan-°p-≈n-eqsS IS∂p t]mIp-∂-Xmbn k¶-ev]n-®n-´p≈ tcJ-
bmWv `qIm-¥-Øns‚ AIvknkv (axis). Im¥-kq-NnZni AXmXp ÿeØv
Cu axis \p kam-¥-c-am-bn-cn°pw. CXp IrXyw sX°p-h-S-°m-hn-√. Cu axis \p
`qan-bpsS {à-W-Øns‚ BIvknkpw XΩn¬ GI-tZiw 110 hyXym-k-ap-≠v.
CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Im¥-kqNn IrXyw sX°p hS-°√ \n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v a\-
n-emIpw. F∂p Xs∂-b-√, `qIm-¥-Øns‚ Zni-Xs∂ hyXym-k-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°p∂p F∂mWv ]co-£-W-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Ign™ 76 tImSn-h¿j-
ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ 171 XhW Cu Zni amdn-bn-´p-s≠-∂mWv IW-°v.
NS = _m¿ am·-‰mbn k¶-ev]n-®n-cn-°p∂ `qIm¥w
P
PQ = Geographic axis
P 1
NE
NE = Geographic north pole Nm
SE = Geographic south pole
S
Nm = North magnetic pole

Sm = South magnetic pole
N = `qIm-¥-Øns‚ DØ-c-{[phw
N
S = `qIm-¥-Øns‚ Z£n--W-{[phw
Sm
SE Q1
Nn{Xw B
Q
322
19 ÿnXsshZypXn
\nXyPohnXØns‚ kakv X taJeIsfbpw kv ] ¿in®p \n¬°p∂ Du¿Pcq]amb

sshZypXnbpambn _‘s∏´v Adntb≠ ASnÿm\Imcyßfpw {]tXyIXIfpw
]cnNbs∏SpØp∂ bqWn‰v BWv ÿnXsshZypXn.
eLp]co£Wßƒ, \nco£Wßƒ F∂nh hgn Bibhy‡X t\Sn ssZ\wZn\
PohnXØn¬ ÿnXsshZypXnbpambn _‘s∏´v A`napJoIcn°p∂ {]iv\ßƒ XcWw
sNøm≥ IpńIsf {]m]vXcm°pIbmWv Cu ]mT`mKØns‚ Dt±iyw.
Dck¬ aqeap≠mIp∂ BI¿jWw sshZypXNm¿Pv aqeamsW∂ [mcW
ssIhcn°pIbpw D≠mIp∂ Nm¿Pns‚ km∂n[yw, D]IcWØns‚ klm-b-tØmsS
]co- £ n- ® - d n- b p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ p. ÿnXsshZypXnbn¬ F¿ØnwKns‚ {]m[m\yw
Xncn®dnbp∂p, an∂¬ c£mNmeIØns‚ {]h¿Ø\w hniZoIcn°s∏Sp- ∂ p.
]co£WßfneqsS BibØnseØnt®cm\p≈ at\m`mhw cq]s∏Sp∂p.
klIcWmflI ]T\w, imkv{Xat\m`mhw XpSßnb aqeyßfpw at\m`mhßfpw t\Sm≥
Ahkcw e`n°p∂p.
CSnan∂¬ F∂ {]IrXn {]Xn`mkØns‚ ImcWßƒ Is≠ØpIbpw A\p_‘
AdnhpIƒ t\SpIbpw sNøp∂XneqsS {]]©ho£Ww cq]s∏´v hnizam\hnIX F∂
ImgvN∏mSnte°v IpńIƒ FØnt®cm≥ Cu ]mT`mKw e£yanSp∂p.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ Dck¬ aptJ\ hkvXp°sf Nm¿Pv sNømsa∂pw Nm¿Pp-Iƒ°v ]c-kv]cw BI¿jn-
°mt\m hnI¿jn-°mt\m Ign-hp-s≠-∂p-ap≈ Adnhpw [mcWbpw t\Sp∂Xn\v.
$ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏v \n¿Ωn°m\pw ]co£Wßƒ \SØm\pw t{]cWw aptJ\
CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏v Nm¿Pv sNøp∂ hn[w a\ nem°p∂Xn\pw
$ ÿnXsshZypX Nm¿Pv F¿ØnßneqsS \n¿ho-cy-am-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW
ssIhcn°p∂Xn\v.
$ CSnan∂ens\°pdn®v Adnbp∂Xn\pw an∂¬ c£mNmeIØns‚ BhiyIX
a\ nem°p∂Xn\pw \nXyPohnXØn¬ {]mh¿ØnIam°p∂Xn\pw.
323
324
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ Xe- a pSn NoIn $ Dcken- e qsS Nne hkv X p- $ hy-X-ykvX hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ- $ t]∏¿ Xp≠p-Iƒ, πmÃn-°v, $ ]co- £ - W - ß - f n- e qsS $ h¿°v jo‰v
Xmtg°v h® No¿∏n\v °ƒ°v BI¿jW i‡n e`n- cn®v ]c- k v ] cw Dc n XpWn- ° - j - W - ß ƒ, •mkv Bi-b-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cm-
BI¿jW i‡n °p-∂p. Ahbv ° v I\w- I p- d ™ Ij- W - ß ƒ teml- ` m- K - \p≈ at\m-`mhw
e`n®sX¥p-sIm≠v? hkv X p- ° - t fm- S p≈ BI¿- ßƒ, ssht°m¬.
jWw ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂p.
$ Dc-ken-eqsS Nm¿Pv e`n-°p- $ Dc- - e n\v hnt[- b - a mb $ h¿°v jo‰v $ imkv{X at\m-`mhw $ h¿°v jo‰v
∂p. tPmUnIƒ°v CeIvt{Sm¨
ssIam‰w hgn e`n- ° p∂
Nm¿Pp-Iƒ Is≠-Øn ]ńI
]q¿Øn-I-cWw $ _ƒ_v, •mkv, πmÃnIv t]\- $ imkv{X at\m-`mhw $ ]co-£-W-Ip-dn∏v
$ _ƒ_v, •mkv, πmÃnIv t]\- Iƒ, kn¬°v
Iƒ, kn¬°v, •mkv Zfiv Ch
D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ ]co-£-Ww.
$ Nm¿Pp≈ hkv X p- $ hn]coX Nm¿Pp≈ hkv X p- $ Iºn-fn-Øp-Wn-bn¬ Dc nb $ Htc-t]m-se-bp≈ aq∂v ]n.- $ imkv{X at\m-`mhw $ ]co-£-W-Ip-dn∏v
°ƒ XΩn¬ BI¿jn- °ƒ ]c-kv]cw BI¿jn-°p- ]n.- h n.- k n. ss]∏p- I fpw hn.kn ss]∏p- I ƒ
°ptam? ∂p. kPm- X ob Nm¿PpIƒ kn¬°n¬ Dc- nb •m v kn¬°n¬ Dc- nb Hcp
D≈ hkvXp-°ƒ ]c-kv]cw Zfipw D]- t bm- K n- ® p≈ •m vZfiv
hnI¿jn-°p∂p. {]h¿Ø-\w.
$ ÿ n X - s s h - Z - y p X $ Nm¿Pns‚ km∂n- [ - y - a mWv $ πmÃnIv hkvXp-°ƒ D]-tbm- $ Iº-fn-ØpWn πmÃnIv No∏v $ imkv{X at\m-`mhw $ ]co-£W°pdn∏v
Nm¿Pns‚ km∂n-[yw CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns‚ CX-fp- Kn®v Ce- I v { Smkv t Im∏ns‚ Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm∏v
Is≠-Øm-\m-hptam? Iƒ hnI¿jn- ° p- ∂ - X n\v CX- f p- I fn¬ hnI¿jWw
ImcWw D≠m-Ip∂ {]h¿Ø\w
$ Nm¿Pv \n¿ho- c y- a m- $ Nm¿Pv \n¿ho-cy-am-°p∂ hn[- $ Ce- I v t {Sm- k v t Im∏v D]- $ Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm∏v, πmÃnIv
°m≥ Ce- I v t {Sm¨ Øn¬ Hcp hkvXp-hn-s\. `qan- tbmKn®p≈ {]h¿Ø\w No∏v , kn¬°v XpWn, $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw $ ]co-£-W-Ip-dn∏v
sImSp-°¬ -hm-ß¬ bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p∂XmWv NmeI -Iºn.
hgn Ign-bptam? F¿ØnwKv
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ Nme-I-Øns‚ Fß- $ Nme-I-ß-fpsS Iq¿Ø A{K- $ Nn{Xßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Bi- $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ N¿®m-°p-dn∏v
s\- b p≈ `mK- ß - f n- Øn¬ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ IqSp-X-embn b-hn-i-I-e\w $ h¿°vjo‰v $ ]q¿Øo-I-cn®
emWv Nm¿Pv IqSp-X¬ hn\-y-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. h¿°vjo‰v
hn\-yk
- n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?
$ Nm¿Pv sNbv X $ FXn¿ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ t{]cWw $ icn-bmb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ N¿®m-°p-dn∏v
F_ssW‰v Zfiv sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. $ h¿°vjo‰v $ h¿°vjo‰v
Hcp teml- Z - fi ns‚ $ h¿°vjo‰v hni-Ie
- \w sNbvXv
Acn-In¬ sIm≠p-h- ]qcn-∏n-°¬.
∂m¬ teml-Z-fin¬
kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?
$ CSnan∂¬ F¥mWv? $ taL-ß-fn¬ kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ $ N¿® $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ N¿®m°pdn∏v

an∂¬ aqew -sh-fn-®-ap- ÿnX sshZ- y p- X n hmbp- h gn $ {]mtbm- K nI A\p- ` - h - ß - $ h¿°vjo‰v
≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? UnkvNm¿Pv sNøp-∂Xv aqew fpsS hni-I-e-\w.
{]Imiw D≠m-Ip∂p.
$ an∂-en¬ \n∂pw c£- $ an∂¬ c£m NmeIw, ap≥I- $ ô¬Uv kµ¿i-\-Øn-eqsS $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ N¿®m-°p-dn∏v
t\- S m- \ p≈ D]m[n cp-X-ep-Iƒ an∂¬c- £ m- N m- e - I - Ø ns‚ $ h¿°vjo‰v
F¥v? `mK-ßƒ \nco-£n-°¬.
$ an∂¬ D≈- t ∏mƒ $ N¿® $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw N¿®m-°p-dn∏v

koI- c n- t °≠ ap≥ $ h¿°vjo‰v
Icp-X-ep-Iƒ Gh?
325
samUyqƒ ˛ 1
Dck¬aqeap≈ Nm¿Pv, Nm¿PpIfpsS BI¿jW˛hnI¿jWßƒ, ÿnXsshZypXn
F∂nh Dƒs∏ńcn°p∂p. (2 ]ncn-b-Uv).
samUyqƒ ˛ 2
Nm¿Pns‚ km∂n[yadnbm\p≈ kwhn[m\w ]cnNbs∏S¬˛CeIv t {Smkv t Im∏v
\n¿ΩmWw˛ F¿ØnwKv (2 ]ncn-b-Uv).
samUyqƒ ˛ 3
an∂¬, an∂¬ c£mNmeIw, an∂ep≈t∏mƒ kzoIcnt°≠ ap≥IcpXepIƒ F∂nh
(2 ]ncn-b-Uv).
]mT-`m-Kßfn-eqsS
samUyqƒ ˛ 1
BapJØneqsS AhXcn∏n°p∂ ]T\{]iv \ Øn\v ]cnlmcw D≠mIp∂Xn\p≈
{iaßƒ F∂ \nebn¬ IpńIfpsS {]XnIcWßsf ASnÿm\am°n {Kq∏pIƒ Bbn
Xncn-°-Ww.
Dck¬aqeap≈ BI¿jWw
L¿jWØneqsS As√¶n¬ DckeneqsS D≠m-Ip∂ Nm¿Pv (charging by friction) BWv.
ChnsS hniZoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xv. πmÃnIv No¿∏v apSnbn¬ DcknbXn\ptijw ISemkv
IjWßsf BI¿jn®Xv ho≠pw sNbvXpt\m°phm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ahkcw e`n°Ww.
Hmtcm {Kq∏pIfn¬ \n∂pw A`n{]mbßƒ tXSpIbpw (AhXcWw) So®¿ AXv
t{ImUoIcn°pIbpw thWw.
FÆaban√mØ apSnbn¬ Dc phm≥ {i≤n°Ww. kam\amb aq∂v A\p`hßƒ
\evIp∂p.
$ CkvXncnbn´ hkv{Xßƒ DSs\ [cn°ptºmƒ icocØnse tcmaßƒ Fgp∂phcp∂
A\p`hw.
$ hkv { Xßƒ Ckv X ncnbnSptºmƒ t]mfoÃ¿ XpWnbpsS \mcpIƒ Fgp∂v
\n¬°p∂Xv.
$ {]h¿Øn®p sIm≠ncn°p∂tXm {]h¿Ø\w \n¿Øn A[nIt\camImØtXm Bb
Sn.hnbpsS kao]tØ°v ssIsIm≠p sN√ptºmƒ D≠mIp∂ A\p`hw.
Dck¬aqeap≈ BI¿jWßƒ {]h¿Ø\ØneqsS Is≠Øm≥ Bhiyamb
hkvXp°ƒ ImteIqń IcpXWw. ]mT]pkvXIØn¬ ]d™n´p≈Xn\v ]pdsabpw
tiJcn°mhp∂XmWv. Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw ]co-£Ww sNøm≥ Ahkcw \¬In AhcpsS
Is≠Ø¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂ coXnbn¬ ¢mkv {]h¿Ø\w {IaoIcn°Ww.
(kma{KnIsf kw_‘n® kqN\ ]ńIbn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂p)
ChnsS D∂bnt°≠ tNmZyw {]h¿Ø\kqNIambn \¬Imw.
326
kqNIw
F√m hkvXp°fpw XΩn¬ Dcknbm¬ BI¿jWw D≠mIptam? ho≠pw
sNdptNmZyßfm°n AhXcn∏n°mhp∂XmWv. DZmlcWØn\v •m pw kn¬°pw XΩn¬
Dcknbm¬ Ah t]∏¿ IjWßsf BI¿jn°ptam? CXpt]mse Hmtcm tPmUnsb
kw_‘n®pw tNmZyßƒ Bh¿Øn°pI. ]ńIs∏SpØpI. kam\amb Hcp ]ńI
amXrIbmbn \¬Ip∂p.
]ńI ˛ 9.1
hnIkn∏n°m\pXIp∂ amXrI
kma{KnIƒ : kn¬°v, t]mfnÃ¿, Iºnfn, •mkv, F_ssW‰v, d∫¿, temlw
Dckm≥ D]tbmKn® hkvXp BI¿jWØns‚ kz`mhw

1 2 BI¿jWw C√ D≠v
•mkv
kn¬°v F_ssW‰v
d∫¿
•mkv
t]mfoÃ¿ F_ssW‰v
d∫¿
temlw
•mkv
Iºnfn F_ssW‰v
d∫¿
temlw
A[nIhnhcØn\v
F_ssW‰v
60% d∫dpw 40% kƒ^dpw ASßnb Hcp ]Zm¿∞amWv F_ssW‰v. an¬°v
Ip°dns‚bpw a‰pw ssI∏nSn (Handle) \n¿Ωnbv°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v.
Dck¬ {]h¿Ø\w ˛ {i≤nt°≠Imcyßƒ
{]h¿Ø\w \SØptºmƒ Dcknb `mKØpam{Xsa Nm¿Pv D≈qsh∂v IpńIƒ°v
t_m[ys∏SWw. CXn\mbn Xmsg]dbp∂ kqNIßƒ D]tbmKn°mw.
$ DckmØ A{Kw hkvXp°sf BI¿jn®ncpt∂m?
$ Dckptºmƒ A{Kßƒ°v kw`hn°p∂ am‰Øn\v ImcWsa¥v?
327
$ Dckp∂ A{KØn\v am{Xsa hkv X p°sf BI¿jn∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂p≈q.
CsX¥psIm≠v?
(Dc p∂ `mKØpam{Xambn Nm¿Pv tI{µoIcn°s∏Sp∂Xp sIm≠mWv AhnsS
am{Xw BI¿jW kz`mhap≈Xv. a‰v `mKtØ°v Nm¿Pv hym]n°mØXn\v ImcWw
hkvXp NmeIw A√m-ØXpsIm≠mWv.)
Nm¿Pp≈Xp sIm≠mWv B A{KØn\v a‰p≈hkvXp°sf BI¿jn°m≥ Ignbp∂sX∂v
\nKa\ØnseØnt®cm≥ IgnbWw.
Nm¿Pp≈ hkvXp°ƒ°v Nm¿Pn√mØ hkvXp°sf BI¿jn°m\mIp∂Xv F¥psIm≠v?
Nm¿Pn√mØ hkvXphn¬ Nm¿÷v D≈ hkvXp hn]coX Nm¿Pv t{]cWw sNøp-∂Xv
sIm≠m-Wv.
BapJØnehXcn∏n® ]T\{]iv\Øn\v N¿®bneqsS ssIhtc≠ t{ImUoIcWw.
apSnNoInbt∏mƒ No¿∏n\v CeIv{SnIv Nm¿÷v e`n®n´p≠v. AXpsIm≠mWv AXv t]∏¿
IjWßsf BI¿jn®Xv.
F√mhkvXp°fpw XΩn¬ Dcknbm¬ Nm¿Pvaqeap≈ BI¿jWw D≠mIptam? ImcWw
F¥v?
temlßfn¬ Dcknbt∏mƒ BI¿jWw D≠mImXncp∂Xn\v ImcWw F¥v?
A[nIhnh-c-Øn\v
CeIvt{Sm¨ ssIam‰w kw`hn°ptºmƒ BWv hkvXp°ƒ Nm¿Pp≈Xmbn
amdp∂Xv. Hcp hkvXp B‰ßfm¬ \n¿ΩnXamWv. Cu B‰ßfpsS _mlyXa
sj√nse CeIvt{SmWns\tbm CeIvt{SmWpItftbm \o°w sNbvsX¶nte
B B‰ßƒ°v t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿Ppw Cu CeIvt{SmWpIƒ kzoIcn°p∂
B‰ßƒ°v s\K‰ohv Nm¿Ppw e`n°pIbp≈q. Nne hkv X p°ƒ°v
AtbmWoIcn°m\p≈ Du¿Pw Ipdhmbncn°pw. Cßs\bp≈ hkvXp°ƒ
s]s´∂v Xs∂ AtbmWoIcn°s∏Sp∂p. AtbmWoIcW Du¿Pw IqSnb
hkvXp°ƒ DckeneqsS AtbmWoIcn°s∏Sp∂n√. AXn\m¬ Nm¿Pv
sNøs∏Sp∂n√. temlßƒ°v AtbmWoIcW Du¿Pw hfsc
IpdhmsW¶nepw Dcken\p tijw temlßfn¬ Nm¿Pv \ne \n¬°p∂Xmbn
ImWp∂n√. Dc-k¬hgn e`n-°p∂ Nm¿Pv teml-ß-fpsS Db¿∂ Nme-IX
aqew Nme\w sNø-s∏´v UnkvNm¿Pv sNø-s∏-Sp∂p. Hcp C≥kq-e-‰¿ ssI∏nSn
(handle) teml-tØmSv _‘-n∏n®p temlsØ Nm¿Pv sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
kº¿°w (contact/conduction), t{]cWw (C≥U-£≥) F∂o am¿K-ßƒ
hgn-bmWv teml-ß-fn¬ ÿnX-ssh-ZypX Nm¿Pp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. teml-ß-fn¬
Nm¿Pv \ne-\n¿tØ-≠n-h-cp∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fn-se√mw AXns\ C≥kp-te-
‰dpambn _‘-n∏n-°m-dp-≠v. "I∏m-kn-‰-dp-Iƒ' teml-ß-fn¬ Nm¿Pv kw`-cn-®p-h-
®n-´p≈ kwhn-[m-\a
- m-Wv. ChnsS teml-tπ-‰p-If
- n¬ kw`-cn-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ Nm¿Pns\
\ne-\n¿Øp-∂Xv tπ‰p-Iƒ°nS-bn¬ Hcp C≥kp-te-‰¿ Xncp-In-bm-Wv. km[m-
cW I∏m-kn-‰dp-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xp Xs∂ Cu C≥kp-te-‰-dp-I-fpsS
t]cnemWv.
328
B‰w IY-]-d-bp-tºmƒ
Cu `mKsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n B‰-Øns‚ Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ LS\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂
h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ hgn ]ńI 19.2 ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. {Kq∏p-
{]-h¿Ø-\hpw Ah-X-c-W-hp-amWv ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
h¿°v jo‰v
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 1 ssl{U-P≥ B‰w
1P 1e-
0N
ChnsS ssl{U-P≥ B‰Øn-s‚ Nm¿Pn\p-≠mb am‰-sa¥v? Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pI?

kqN-\-Iƒ : Ce-Ivt{Sm¨
1P Hcp t{]mt´m¨ (t]mkn-‰o-hv)
0N ]qPyw \yqt{Sm¨
DØcw : ssl{U-P≥ B‰-Øn\v t]mkn-‰ohv Nm¿Pv e`n-°p-∂p.
1P
0N
h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2 t¢mdn≥ B‰w
17P + le-
18N
ChnsS t¢mdn≥ B‰-Øns‚ Nm¿Pn-\p-≠mb am‰-sa¥v? Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pI?

kqN-\-Iƒ : Ce-Ivt{Sm¨
17P t{]mt´m¨ (t]mkn-‰o-hv)
18N \yqt{Sm¨ (Nm¿÷n-√)
DØcw : t¢mdn≥ B‰-Øn\v s\K-‰ohv Nm¿Pv e`n-°p-∂p.
17P
18N
329
CXp-t]msebp≈ h¿°vjo-‰p-Iƒ {Kq∏p-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v IqSp-Xembn \¬Ip-hm≥ {i≤n-
°p-a-t√m.
Dc-k-en\v hnt[-b-amb Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssIam‰w t]mkn-‰ohv/s\K-‰ohv

tPmUn-Iƒ GXv hkvXp-hn¬ Nm¿Pv e`n® hkvXp-°ƒ
\n∂v GXn-te°v?
1 2 t]mkn-‰ohv s\K-‰ohv
•mkv kn¬°v •mkn¬ \n∂v kn¬°n-te°v •mkv kn¬°v
F_-ssW‰v Iºnfn Iºn-fn-bn¬ \n∂v F_-ssW‰nte°v Iºnfn F_-ssW‰v
πmÃnIv Iºnfn Iºn-fn-bn¬\n∂v πmÃn-°n-te°v Iºnfn πmÃnIv
kvsIbn¬ kvsIbn¬
A[n-I-hn-h-c-ßƒ
Dc-k¬ aqew e`n-®-Nm¿Pv t]mkn-‰ohv/s\K-‰ohv BsW∂v Xncn-®-dnbmw?
Ce-Ivt{Sm-ao-‰¿ F∂ D]-I-cWw hgn-bmWv CXv km[n-°p-∂-Xv. Dc-knb hkvXp
CeIvt{Sm ao‰-dp-ambn kº¿°-Øn¬ hcp-tºmƒ t]mkn-‰ohv Nm¿PmWv Dc-
k¬ hgn e`n-®n-cn-°p∂sX¶n¬ CeIvt{Sm ao‰-dnse kqNn t]mkn-‰ohv F∂v
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ `mKtØ°v hn{`w-in-°p-∂p. s\K-‰ohv Nm¿PmWv
e`n--®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ FXn¿Zn-i-bn-te°pw hn{`w-in-°p-∂p.
Nm¿Pp-≈ hkvXp Ce-Ivt{Sm-ao-‰-dn¬ \n∂v am‰n-bmepw kqNn ]qPy-Øn-te°v
Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂n-√. ImcWw ]d-bmtam?
Ce-Ivt{Sm-ao-‰dn¬ e`n-®n-cn-°p∂ Nm¿Pv tiJ-cn-°-s∏Sp-∂-XmWv Imc-Ww.
Nm¿Pns‚ \mƒhgn
Nm¿÷ns‚ \mƒhgn kw_-‘n®v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ hnh-
c-ßƒ°v A\p-_-‘-ambn thWw Xmsg-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Ipdn∏v D]-tbm-Kn-
t°-≠-Xv.
tUm.hneyw Kn¬_¿´v ˛ (A. D. 1540 ˛ 1630)
{_n´≥ `cn-®n-cp∂ Fen-k-_-Øv cmPvRn-bpsS tUmIvS-dm-bn-cp-∂p tUm.-
Kn¬_¿´v. Bº¿ F∂ ]Zm¿∞w Hcp XpWnbpambn Dc-kn-bmWv At±lw
BI¿jW kz`mhw Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. Cu BI¿jW kz`m-hsØ "Bº¿
]h¿' F∂mWv At±lw hnfn-®-Xv. Bº-dns‚ {Ko°p-]Zw "CeIv{Sw' (elektrum)
F∂m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu ]h-dns\ Ce-Iv{Snkn‰n F∂v At±lw hnfn-®p.
"Ão^≥ t{K' bpsS ]co-£Ww (sNIp-Øm≥ the)
c≠p-\q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv Ão^≥ t{K F∂ imkv{X-⁄≥ ]qt¥m-´-Øn¬
h®p \SØnb Hcp AXv`pX {]hrØn°v km£yw hln-°m≥ hen-sbmcp
]pcp-jmcw XSn-®p IqSn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ `rXy-\mb Hcp _mes\
_e-ap≈ Ib¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v XqWn¬ Xq°n-bn-ń-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.
as‰mcp `rXy≥ hfsc t\cnb ]n®-f-I-j-W-ßƒ Hcp ]m{X-Øn-se-SpØv B
_mes‚ aq°n\p Xmsg-]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p.
330
]n∂oSv t{K, Dc-kn-Nm¿Pv sNbvX Hcp •mkv tdmUv B _mes‚ Im¬]m-Z-Øn-
\-cn-In¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. at‰-`r-Xys‚ ssIønse ]m{X-Øn-en-cp∂ ]n®-f-Ø-cn-
Iƒ Xqßn-°n-S-∂n-cp∂ _mes‚ aq°n-te°v Ib-dp∂ A¬`pX ImgvN-I≠v
"CXv sNIp-Øm≥ the-bm-sW∂v ]d-™p-sIm≠v P\-°q´w `b-t∂m-Snbt{X.
CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ncn-{X-I-Y-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v ]d™p sImSp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Ah-e_w: 'Discovering Science - D.A.Barratt. E.J.Arnold Limited Leads.
Dc-knb hkvXp-°-fpsS BI¿jW hnI¿j-W-ßƒ
Nmƒkv AK-Ãn≥ UoIqsfw (Charles Augustine De Coulomb) F∂mWv Iqsfw
F∂ imkv{X-⁄s‚ ]q¿Æ-\maw. AD 1736 - 1806 Ime-b-f-hn¬ BWv
At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv Nm¿÷p-If- psS BI¿j-Wh - n-I¿j-Wßfpw AIehpw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w hni-Z-am-°p∂ ÿnX-ssh-Zyp-Xn-bnse Iqsfw \nbaw (In-
verse square law) Ct±-l-Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. Iqsf-ºns‚ _lp-am-\¿∞-
amWv Nm¿÷ns‚ bqWn-‰n\v "Iqsfw' F∂ t]cv \¬In-b-Xv. Robert Andrews
Millikan F∂ imkv{X-⁄-\mWv Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wns‚ Nm¿Pv BZy-ambn Af-
∂Xv ""iq\y-X-bn¬ GsXmcp Nm¿PmtWm kam-\-amb Hcp Nm¿Pn¬ \n∂v 1
ao‰¿ AI-e-Øn¬ hbv°p-tºmƒ 9× 109N _e-tØmSv IqSn hnI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv, B Nm¿PmWv 1 Iqsfw''
]co-£-W-Øn\v th≠ kqN-\-Iƒ
Nm¿÷p≈ hkvXp-°ƒ a‰p hkvXp-°sf BI¿jn-°ptam? AtXm hnI¿jn-°ptam?
F¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v?
•m n-\-I-Øn-cn-°p∂ _ƒ_ns‚ apI-fn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn Xncnb-Ø-°-hn-[-amWv Xe-ap-Sn-
bn¬ Dc- k nb t]\ {Iao- I - c n- t °≠- X v . Xe- a p- S n- b n¬ Dc- k nb t]\- b psS A{K- ` m-
KtØbv°mbn-cn-°Ww Dc-knb as‰mcp t]\ sIm≠p-h-tc-≠-Xv.
\nco-£-W-êw
_ƒ_n-en-cn-°p∂ t]\ hnI¿jn®v Id-ßp-∂p. t]\-bv°-cn-In-tebv°v kn¬°v sIm≠p-c-
knb Hcp •mkv tdmUv sIm≠p hcp-∂p. t]\bpw •mkv ZWvUpw BI¿jn-°p-∂p.
Dc-k¬ aqew •mkn-\p-e-`n® Nm¿Pv t]mkn-‰ohv BsW-¶n¬ t]\bv°v AXn-s‚ hn]-coX
Nm¿PmWv Dc-k¬ aqew e`n-°p-∂-sX∂v Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww. ImcWw kPm-Xob Nm¿Pp-Iƒ
hnI¿jn-°p-∂p. hnPm-Xob Nm¿Pp-Iƒ BI¿jn-°p-∂p.
t{ImUo-I-cWw
ÿnX-ssh-Zyp-Xn-sb-∂Xv \n›-e-ambn ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw sshZyptXm]-I-c-W-
ß- f nepw a‰p \ap°v ]cn- N n- X - a mb sshZyp- X nsb t]mse Hgp- I p∂ kz`m- h - a n-
√mØXmsW∂pw t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw. Hcp hkvXp-hn-ep≈ Nm¿Pp-Iƒ ]p\x-{I-ao-I-c-W-Øn\p
hnt[-b-ambn D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AhnsS \n›-e-ambn ÿnXn sNøp-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu kµ¿`Øn¬ Ão^≥ t{KbpsS ]co-£Ww Cßs\ hni-Z-am-°m-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv. t{KbpsS ]co-£-W-Øn¬ _mes‚ Im¬]m-Z-Øn-\-cn-In¬ Dc-knb •m v Zfiv
sIm≠p h∂-t∏mƒ ico-c-Øn¬ Nm¿÷p-I-fpsS ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cWw D≠m-hp-Ibpw Zfinse
AtX Nm¿÷v aq°n-\-cn-In¬ hcn-Ibpw ]n®fØcn-ºp-Isf BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
331
samUyqƒ ˛ 2
Nm¿Pns‚ km∂n-[y-a-dnbmw
kvIqƒ ]co-£W ime-bnse Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏ns‚ `mK-ßƒ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Nn{Xw
19.3 ¬ ImWp∂ coXn-bn¬ enÃv sNømw.
Nne-t∏msg√mw Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏nse Aeq-an-\n-bw -I-ºn-bpsS apI-fn¬ sNºv sIm≠p≈
tKmfw hbv°m-dp-≠v. Nm¿÷v \jvSw Ipdbv°m\mWv CXp-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.
A[n-I-hn-h-c-W-Øn\v
tKmƒUv eo^v CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏v
Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn-en\p ]Icw tKmƒUv t^mbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈XmWv
tKmƒUv eo^v Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏v. kz¿Æ-Øn\v amen-b-_n-en‰n (A-Sn-®p-]-c-
Øn-X-In-Sm-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv) hfsc IqSp-X-em-b-Xp-sIm≠v t\cnb XIn-Sm-°mw.
am{X-a√ kz¿ÆØn\v Nme-IX hfsc IqSp-X-ep-am-Wv.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ t^mbn-ep-I-fpsS hnI¿j-W-Øn¬
\n∂p-amWv \mw Nm¿Pns‚ km∂n[yw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv.
{i≤-bn-te°v IqSp-X¬ Imcy-ßƒ
kvIqƒ]-co-£W ime-bn¬ D≈ ]pXnb Ce-Ivt{SmkvtIm∏n¬ Nm¿Pns‚ km∂n[yw
Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn¬ {]iv\w D≠m-Ins√-¶nepw ]gb Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏p-Iƒ Nm¿Pns‚
km∂n[yw Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-P-bs∏Sp-∂p-≠v. F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw?
$ A¥-co-£-Ønse Cu¿∏w Pmdn-\p-≈n-te°v IS-°p-∂Xv
$ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ t^mbn-ens‚ Iń IqSpX-em-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv (amkvv IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-
°p-∂-X).
$ t^mbn¬ ]i-h®v Hń-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. (]i C≥kp-te-‰¿ t]mse h¿Øn-°p-∂p)
IpńIƒ°v CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns‚ CXfpIƒ hnI¿jn°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w sNøm\p≈
Ahkcw {Kq∏p {]h¿Ø\ambn \¬IpI. {Kq∏n¬ F√m-hcpw ]co-£Ww sNøp-∂p-s≠∂v
A[ym-]-I¿ Dd∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏n¬ sshZypX Nm¿Pv ssIam‰w sNøs∏´sXßs\?
kº¿°w aptJ\bmsW∂v IpńIƒ Xncn®dnbWw.
temltKmfØn¬ kv ] ¿in°ptºmƒ As√¶n¬ NmeIIºnbpw `qanbpambn
kº¿°Øn¬ hcptºmƒ \nco£n°p∂ Imcyßƒ N¿®sNøWw.
N¿®m kqN-I-ß
- ƒ
$ Dck¬ aqeamtWm temltKmfØn¬ Nm¿Pv D≠mbXv?
$ πmÃn°n\v Nm¿Pv e`n®sXßs\?
$ temltKmfØn\v Nm¿Pv e`n®sXßs\?
$ t^mbnepIƒ hnI¿jn°m≥ ImcWsa¥v?
$ t^mbnepIƒ ]gbAhÿbnte°v Xncn®p h∂Xv Ft∏mƒ?
$ Nm¿Pv \jvSs∏ń´ps≠¶n¬ Fßns\?
332
t{ImUoIcWw
kº¿°w aptJ\ Nm¿Pp≠mIp∂p.
Nm¿÷v temlØneqsS k©cn®v t^mbnepIfnseØn hnI¿jn°s∏Sp∂p.
hnI¿jn°m≥ ImcWw kam\Nm¿PpIfpsS km∂n[yamWv.
`qanbpambn kº¿°Øn¬ h∂t∏mƒ Nm¿Pv \jvSs∏Sp∂p (\n¿ho-cn-Icn°-s∏-Sp-∂p).
CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns‚ \n¿ΩmWw
kma{KnIƒ
Hcp •m v Pm¿, Pmdns‚ hmbv h´Øn\v ]‰nb tIm¿°v, t]∏¿¢n∏v As√¶n¬ 15 sk.ao
\ofap≈ tIm∏¿ hb¿ 8 sk.ao \ofhpw 2.5 sk.ao hoXnbpap≈ Aeqan\nbw t^mbn¬.
{]h¿Ø\w
t]∏¿ ¢n∏v \nh¿Øn CXns‚ Hc{Kw tIm¿°ns‚ a[y`mKØpIqsS
Xpf®pIb‰pI As√-¶n¬ Hcp sNºp Iºn Nn{X-Øn-se-t]mse hf®v
tIm¿°n¬ ]nSn-∏n-°pI. GItZiw Ac C©v `mKw Ip∏n°v ]pdØpw
_m°n Ip∏n°IØpw Bbncn°Ww. Cu temlZfins‚ A{K`mKw
'L' BIrXnbn¬ hf®v hbv°pI. Aeqan\nbw t^mbn¬ aS°n 'L'
`mKØv Dd∏n°pI. (]ih®v Hń°cpXv). Aeqan\nbw t^mbn¬ aS°n
AXn¬ c≠v kpjncßfn´v kpjncßfn¬ IqSn 'L' `mKØp≈
Iºnbn¬ Ib‰n t^mbn¬ Dd∏n°mhp∂XmWv . Cu t^mbn¬
Ip∏nbv°IØv hcØ°hn[w tIm¿°v Ip∏nbn¬ Dd∏n°Ww.
F¿ØnwKv
]mT- ] p- k vX- I - Ø nse Nn{Xw 19.6( a )¬ t]mkn‰ohv Bbn Nm¿Pv sNøs∏´
CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏mWv \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv, Nn{Xw 19.6(b) s\K-‰o-hmbn Nm¿Pp sNø-s∏-´-
Xpw.
t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿Pv CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏n¬ \ne\n¬°p∂sXßs\?
A[nIhnhcØn\v
s\K‰ohv Bbn Nm¿Pv sNbv X Hcp hkv X p CeIv t {Smkv t Im∏ns‚
temltKmfØn\p kao]w sIm≠phcptºmƒ B`mKsØ Ipsd
CeIvt{SmWpIƒ hnI¿jn®v t^mbnente°v \oßp∂p. CeIvt{SmWpIƒ
\jvSs∏´ temltKmfØn¬ t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿Ppw CeIvt{SmWpIƒ A[n-I-
ap≈ Aeqan\nbw t^mbnen¬ s\K‰ohv Nm¿Ppw D≠mbn. Htc Nm¿Pv
D≈Xn\m¬ t^mbnepIƒ hnI¿jn°s∏´p.
F_ssW‰v Zfiv am‰msX CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏nte°v `qanbpambn _‘n∏n®
Hcp Iºn kº¿°Øn¬ sIm≠phcnI. AXn\ptijw Iºnbpw XpS¿∂v
F_ssW‰v Zfipw am‰pI. CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns\ F¿Øv sNbvXt∏mƒ
XInSnse CeIvt{SmWpIƒ `qanbnte°v {]hln°m\nSbmbn. F∂m¬
temltKmfØnep≈ t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿PpIƒ°v ÿm\am‰w kw`hn®n√.
ImcWw Ah F_ssW‰v Zfinse s\K‰ohv Nm¿Ppambn BI¿jW
333
_eØnemWv . F∂m¬ F¿ØpIºnbpw ]n∂oSv F_ssW‰v Zfipw
am‰nbt∏mƒ temltKmfØns‚ A{K`mKØp≈ t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿PpIfn¬
Ipsd t^mbnente°v {]hln°pIbpw t^mbnepIƒ AIepIbpw sNøp∂p.
Aßs\ Ce- I v t {Sm- k v t Im∏v +ve Bbn Nm¿Pv sNø- s ∏- ´ p. (F¿Øv
sNbvXIºn°v ]Icw Xdbn¬ \n∂psIm≠v kv]¿in®mepw aXn). Ct∏mƒ
t^mbnenep≈Xv t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿÷mWv.
+ - --
Nn{Xw (1), Nn{Xw (2), Nn{Xw 19.6 (F)
-- -
-
+-
Nme-I-Iºn
teml-tKmfw + +
+ +
Aep-an-\nbw
Iºn
Ip∏n
- -
Aep-an-\nbw -- --
t^mbn¬
(1) + (2) (3)

+ +
+ +
(4)
t{]cWw aptJs\ Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏ns\ s\K-‰ohv Bbn Nm¿Pv sNøp∂

hn[w
t]mkn‰ohmbn Nm¿Pv sNbvX •m v Zfins\ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏n\p kao]w
sIm≠phcWw. At∏mƒ CeIv t {SmWpIƒ Cev I v t {Smkv t Im∏ns‚
temltKmfØn¬ tI{µoIcn°pIbpw t^mbnen\v t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿Pv
e`n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. CeIv t {Smkv t Im∏ns\ F¿ØpsNøptºmƒ
t^mbnentebv ° v `qanbn¬\n∂v CeIv t {SmWpIƒ {]hln°pIbpw
t^mbnens‚ Nm¿Pv \n¿ho-cy-ambn CXfpIƒ ASp°pIbpw sNøp∂p. F¿Øv
sNøs∏´ Iºnbpw ]n∂oSv •mkv tdmUpw am‰ptºmƒ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns‚
apIƒ`mKsØ s\K‰ohv Nm¿PpIƒ t^mbnentebv°v {]hln°pIbpw
t^mbnense CXfpIƒ s\K‰ohv Nm¿P v e`n®v hnI¿jn®p \n¬°pIbpw
sNøp∂p.
334
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
- + - + -
- - - - - -
- -
- -
+ - -
+
Nn{Xw 19.6 (a) bnse t]mkn‰ohv Bbn Nm¿PvsNøs∏´ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns\ Hcp

NmeIIºnsIm≠v `qanbpambn _‘n∏n°ptºmƒ `qanbn¬ \n∂v CeIvt{SmWpIƒ
CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏nseØn AhnsSbp≈ Nm¿Pns\ \n¿∆ocyam°p∂p.
Nn{Xw 19.6 (b) bnse s\K‰ohv Bbn Nm¿PvsNøs∏´ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns\ Hcp
NmeIIºnsIm≠v `qanbpambn _‘n∏n®m¬ CeIvt{SmWpIƒ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏n¬
\n∂pw `qanbnte°v t]mIp∂Xv sIm≠v CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏v UnkvNm¿Pv sNøs∏Sp∂p.
kb≥kv Ubdnbnte°v
{S°ns‚ N{IßfpsS Dck¬aqetam Sm¶n\p≈nse s]t{Smfns‚ Ne\w aqetam
ÿnXsshZypXn D≠mhpIbpw AXv hml\Øns‚ Nne`mKßfn¬ tI{µoIcn°pIbpw
sNøm≥ km[y-X-bp-≠v. X¬êambn A·nkv^penwKßƒ (spark) D≠mbn C‘\ßƒ
sIm≠pt]mIp∂ {S°pIfn¬ kvt^mS\Øn\v km[yXbp≠v. AXn\m¬
Cßs\bp≠mIp∂ ÿnXsshZypXnsb F¿Øp sNbvXp \n¿ho-cy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv
CØcw {S°pIfn¬ `qanbn¬ kv]¿in-°-Ø° hn[w NßeXq°nbnńcn°p∂Xv.
NmeIßfn¬ Nm¿PpIfpsS t{]cWhpw t{]cnXNm¿PpIfpsS kzm`mhhpw
ChnsSbpw A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn¬ IpńIsf sNdp{Kq∏pIfm°n, N¿®m kqNIßƒ
\¬In N¿®bneqsS BibØnseØmhp∂XmWv.
Dck¬ aqea√msX at‰sX¶nepw coXnbn¬ Nm¿Pp≠mIptam?
335
N¿®mkqNIßƒ
$ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏nse temltKmfØn\v kao]w Nm¿Pv sNøs∏´ Hcp hkvXp
sIm≠phcptºmƒ kao]w sIm≠psN∂ hkvXphns‚ Nm¿Ppambn _‘s∏SpØn
teml tKmf-Øn-ep≈ am‰w F¥mWv?
$ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏nse temltKmfØn¬ Nm¿Pp≈ hkvXpsIm≠v kv]¿in®m¬
F¥v am‰w BWv kw`hn°p∂Xv?
$ Cu {]h¿Ø\ßƒ XΩnep≈ hyXymkßƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?
t{ImUoIcWw
Hcp temlØn\v kao]w Nm¿Pv sNøs∏´ as‰mcphkvXp hcnIbmsW¶n¬ temlØn¬
FXn¿Nm¿Pv t{]cWw sNøs∏Sp∂p.
Hcp temlsØ Nm¿Pp≈ hkv X psIm≠v kv ] ¿in®m¬ AtXNm¿Pv ssIam‰w
sNøs∏Sp∂p.
]mT]pkv X IØn¬ X∂ncn°p∂ tNmZyßƒ°v Nn{Xw 19.7 ASnÿm\am°n
DØcsagpXm≥ Bhiys∏Smw.
Nn{Xw 19.6 se H∂m-asØ kqN-\-bpsS hniZoIcWw Chn-sSbpw \¬Imhp∂XmWv
temlZfins\ C≥kpte‰¿ Bb Ãm‚n¬ Dd∏n®ncn°p∂Xv F¥n\mWv F∂ tNmZyw
Db¿Ømhp∂XmWv.
CXns‚ hniZoIcWw temlßƒ Dckn Nm¿Pv sNømØXns‚ ImcWw hniZam°nb
`mKØv \¬Inbn´p≠v.
Nn{Xw 19.8, Nn{Xw 19.9 F∂nhbpsS hniZoIcWßƒ°pw temlZfins\ t{]cWw
aptJ\ s\K‰ohv Bbn Nm¿Pv sNøp∂sXßs\sb∂ tNmZyØn\pw Nn{Xw 19.6 F),
Nn{Xw 19.6 (b) F∂nhbnse Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏p-Iƒ Nm¿÷p-Iƒ sNø-s∏-´-Xns‚
hniZoIcWßƒ Ahew_n°mhp∂XmWv.
{Kq∏p{]h¿Ø\ambn Bkq{XWw sNøpIbpw N¿®bneqsS [mcW cq]s∏´v
AhXcWØneqsS Dd∏n°p∂pt≠msb∂v {i≤nbv°pIbpw thWw.
sNdnb tNmZyßƒ D≠m°napt∂dp∂XmWv DNnXw.
DZmlcWw :
1) s\K‰ohv Bbn Nm¿Pv sNbvX F_ssW‰v Zfins‚ kao]Ømbn GXv Nm¿PmWv
temlZfin¬ cq]w sIm≠ncn°p∂Xv?
DØcw : t]mkn-‰ohv Nm¿÷v
2) temlZfin¬ F_ssW‰v Zfin\v kao]w D≈ A{KØp≠mIp∂ FXn¿Nm¿Pv
GXv {]{Inb hgnbmWv D≠mbXv?
DØcw : Cu A{K-ßfnse s\K-‰ohv Nm¿Pv (Ce-Ivt{Sm¨kv) hnI¿jn®v
as‰ A‰-tØbv°p \nßn-b-Xp-sIm-≠v.
3) temlZfins‚ CcpA{Kßfnepw D≠mIp∂ Nm¿Pn¬ Hc{KØnse Nm¿Pv
\jvSambXv Ft∏mgmWv?
DØcw : F¿Øp sNøp-tºmƒ
336
4) F¿Øp-sN-øp∂ AhkcØn¬ Nm¿Pv sNbvX F_ssW‰vZfiv temlØn\v
kao]Øp\n∂v am‰nbm¬ F¥pkw`hn°pw?
DØcw : `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ teml-Øn¬ {]th-in®p temlw
\yq{S¬ BIpw.
5. F¿Øv sNbvX Iºn am‰n-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv F_-ssW‰v Zfiv teml-Øn\v kao-
]-Øp-\n∂v am‰p-∂-sX-¶n¬ F¥v kw`-hn°pw?
DØcw : teml-Zfiv t]mkn-‰ohv Bbn Nm¿÷v sNø-s∏-Spw.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏ns\ t{]c-Ww-hgn s\K-‰ohv Bbn Nm¿÷vsNøp∂ coXn-bn¬ Xs∂
teml-Z-fi-s\bpw t{]cWw hgn s\K-‰ohv Bbn Nm¿÷v sNømw.
samUyqƒ ˛ 3
an∂¬ c£mNmeIßƒ
cLphns‚ kwibØn\v \nhmcWap≠m°m\p≈{iaßƒ F∂ \nebnemWv
{Kq∏v{]h¿Ø\w {IaoIcnt°≠Xv.
N¿®Iƒ°mbn ]mT]pkvXIØnse tNmZyßƒ Xs∂ kqNIßƒ Bbn
D]tbmKn°mhp∂XmWv.
Nm¿Pns‚ hnXcWw Iq¿ØA{Kßfn¬ IqSpXembp≠v F∂ [mcWbnseØWw.
AXn\mbn NmeIØns‚ D]cnXeØnse Hmtcm _nµp- h n¬ \n∂pw IpØpIfn´
`mKtØ°v ew_tcJ hc®v AXns‚ \of hyXymkw N¿®sNøWw. \of°qSpX¬ D≈
`mKØv Nm¿Pv IqSpXembncn°pw.
Iq¿Ø A{Kw F¥n\mWv F∂ cLphns‚ tNmZyw ho≠pw IpńIfpsS {i≤bnte°v
sIm≠phcmhp∂XmWv?
Iq¿Ø A{Kßƒ D≈ an∂¬ c£mNmeIa√msX at‰sX¶nepw XcØnep≈ an∂¬
c£mNmeIw D≈Xmbn Adnbmtam? F∂ tNmZyapb¿Ømw.
an∂¬ c£mNmeIßfpsS ]pXnb ]Xn∏n¬ tKmtfm]cnXeØn¬ Iq¿Ø At\Iw
ap\Iƒ ( spikes) {IaoIcn®n´p-≈-Xmbn Is≠-Ømw. F¿Øv sNbvXncn°p∂ Iºn
sIńShpambn _‘w hcmØ coXnbn¬ ac°´ t]mep≈ C≥kpte‰¿ ]Zm¿∞ßƒ
h®v {IaoIcn®n´p≠v.
an∂¬ c£mNmeIw Fßs\bmWv {]h¿Øn°p∂Xv? F∂ tNmZysØ ASnÿm\am°n
IpńIƒ {Kq∏n¬ {]{InbIfneqsSbpw ]mT`mKsØ D]tbmKs∏SpØnbpw cq]s∏SpØnb
\nKa\ßƒ s]mXphmbn AhXcn∏n°s´. Nn{Xw 19.11 ¬ kqNn∏n°p∂ UnkvNm¿PpIƒ
AXnthKØn¬ D≠mIp∂hbmWv F∂ CSs]S¬ D≠mIWw.
taLßƒ an∂¬ c£mNmeØn\p kao]saØnbm¬ NmeIØn¬ hncp≤ Nm¿PpIƒ
cq]w sIm≈p∂p. CX\pkcn®v
$ taLw t]mkn‰ohv Nm¿Pp≈XmsW¶n¬ an∂¬ c£mNmeIØns‚ Iq¿Ø
A{Kßfn¬ t{]cWw aqew kzcq]n°p∂ Nm¿Pv s\K‰ohv Bbncn°pw.
CtX coXnbn¬ ASpØ tNmZyw hniZoIcn°pI
337
an∂¬ c£mNmeIØns‚ A{Kw Iq¿ØXmbncn°p∂Xns‚ ImcWw AhXcWØneqsS
t{ImUoIcn°phm≥ IgnbWw.
Iq¿Ø A{K-ß-fn¬ Nm¿÷ns‚ hnX-cWw IqSp-X-em-Wv.
icnbmb hn[Øn¬ F¿ØnwKv \SØnbnńs√¶n¬, an∂¬ c£mNmeIØnte°v
FØp∂ AXnòaamb sshZypX Nm¿Pv `qanbnte°v t]mImsX sIńSØn¬ IqSn
IS∂phcnIbpw \mi\jvSØn\nSbm°pIbpw sNøpw F∂ Bibw Ipń-I-fn¬ Dd-∏n-°-
Ww.
an∂ep≈t∏mƒ kzoIcnt°≠ ap≥IcpXepIƒ
$ taLßfn¬ \n∂v `qanbnte°v UnkvNm¿Pv D≠mIptºmƒ UnkvNm¿Pv BZyw
A`napJoIcnt°≠nhcp∂Xv Dbcap≈ hkvXp°ƒ°mbncn°pat√m. AXpsIm≠v
A]ISkm[yX Db¿∂ acØns‚ Nphń¬ D≈bmƒ°mbncn°pw.
$ taLßfn¬\n∂v `qanbnte°v UnkvNm¿Pv D≠mIptºmƒ IºnthenIfpw, sh≈hpw
NmeIX IqSnbXmbXpsIm≠v CXn\v kao]w \¬°p∂h¿°v sshZypXmLmX-
ta¬°m≥ km[yX IqSp-X-emWv.
CSan∂epambn _‘s∏´ skan\m¿

hnjbw ˛ CSnan∂¬
¢mknse IpńIsf {Kq∏pIfmbn XcwXncn°p∂p. hnj-b-ß-fpsS GI-tZi kqN\ Xmsg
sImSp- Ø n- c n- ° p∂p. Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw Bhiyamb kqN\Iƒ t\csØ \¬In
hnjbsØ°pdn®v Xømdmbn hcphm≥ Bhiys∏SWw. IpńIfn¬\n∂v tamUtd‰sd
sXcs™Sp°Ww. tamUtd‰¿ hnjbw AhXcn∏n°Ww.
Hmtcm {Kq∏pw hnjbsØ kw_‘n®v AhXcn∏n°p∂ ImgvN∏mSpIƒ tamUtd‰¿
t{ImUoIcn°pIbpw D]kwlcn°pIbpw sNøp∂p. tamUtd‰dn\v CXpkw_‘ambn
\n¿t±ißƒ \¬IWw. \n›nX kab]cn[n°p≈n¬ skan\m¿ Ahkm\n∏n°m≥
{i≤n°Ww.
skan-\m-dn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠h
$ CSnan∂epambn _‘s∏´ {]mNo\hnizmkßƒ
$ CSnan∂¬ F¥mWv?
$ _©-an≥ {^m¶vfns‚ CSn-an-∂-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]co-£Ww
$ CSnan∂¬aqew {]IrXnbv°p≠mbn´p≈ t\´ßƒ ˛ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ ss\s{S-P≥
D≠m-Ip-∂p.
$ CSnan∂ens‚ kwlmci‡n
$ CSnan∂¬ {]tbmP\s∏SpØnbmep≈ Du¿Pkm[yXIƒ.
$ CSnan∂en¬ \n∂pw c£t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ am¿§ßƒ.
338
20 Xm]hpw Xm]-\n-ebpw
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ Du¿P-cq-]-ß-fmWv Xmt]m¿P-hpw, {]Im-tim¿Phpw {]]-©-
Ønse hnhn-[-Xcw Du¿P-cq-]-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne ]co£W \nco-£Wß-fn¬ Ipń
G¿s∏-ń-´p-≠v. AXn-eqsS Ipń t\Snb Adn-hp-I-fpw Adnhv DXv]m-Zn-∏n® coXn-Ifpw {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-SpØn Xm]w, Xm]-\n-e, sX¿tam-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ, Xm]-Øns‚ KXnI-kn-≤m¥w XpS-ßnb
Bi-b-ßƒ cq]-s∏-SpØm≥ Cu bqWn‰v ]cym-]vX-am-Wv.
CXn-\mbn Ipń-bpsS At\z-jW-- -Xz-cbpw hna¿i\m-flI Nn¥bpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
A¥-co-£-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Xm]-hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-eqsS Imem-hÿm]T\
taJ-e-sb-°p-dn®v Ipń t_m[-hm-\m-Ip-∂p.
\mw A¥-co-£-Øn-te°v X≈p∂ Xm]w C∂v Hcp hn]-Ømbn amdp-I-bm-Wv.
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w F∂ Cu hn]Øv a\p-jy≥ Xs∂ D≠m-°n-b-Xm-sW∂ [mc-Wbpw
Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS \mi-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°p∂ Cu Ah-ÿbv°v ]cn-lmcw ImtW-≠Xpw
\mw Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw Ipń-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.
kky-ß-fp-sS-bpw P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw \ne-\n-ev]n-eqsS am{Xta am\-h-cm-in°v \ne-\n¬°m≥
km[n°q F∂ at\m-`mhw Ipń-I-fn¬ cq]o-I-cn®v "hniz-am-\-h≥' F∂ Xe-Øn-te°v
Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-s\bpw Db¿Øm≥ Cu ]mT-`mKw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ Xm]w, Xm]-\ne Ch Fs¥∂pw Ch XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw.
$ ]co-£W \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsS hnhn[ hkvXp-°-fpsS Xm]-\ne Af-°p-∂-Xn\v
$ hnhn-[-bn\w sX¿tam-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v, Ah-bnse Af-hp-Isf ]c-kv]cw
_‘n∏n®v kam\ Af-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ KXn-I kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xm]w, Xm]-\ne F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-
\p≈ tijn t\Sp-∂-Xn\v
$ kl]T-\w, kl-h¿ØnX ]T\w F∂n-h-bn-eqsS imkv{Xob at\m-`m-h-ßfpw
aqeyßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
339
340
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ F¥mWv Xm]-\ne? $ Hcp ]Zm¿Y-Ønse X∑m-{X-I- $ NqSm-Ip-tºmƒ tXbn-e-s∏m-Sn- $ tXbn-e-s∏mSn $ klI-cW at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn∏v
F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CXv fpsS BsI KXn-tIm¿Pw Xm]- bpsS Pe-Øn-ep≈ Ne\w t_mbn-enwKv Syq_v imkv{X-a-t\m-`mhw
IqSp- I bpw Ipd- b p- am-Wv. hnh- c n- ° p∂ {]h¿Ø\w Pew, Ãm‚v, kv]ncn‰v em_v $ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-® -h¿°v
Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv? $ Xm]w e`n- ° p- t ºmƒ Hcp h¿Iv jo‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬. $ h¿Iv jo‰v jo‰v
Fß- s \- b mWv CXv ]Zm¿∞w krjvSn-°p∂ A\p- $ c≠v _o°-dn¬ hyXykvX Af-
Af-°p-∂Xv? `-h-amWv Xm]-\ne hp-I-fn¬ Pe-sa-SpØv NqSm- $ 2 _o°-dp-Iƒ, Ãm‚v, Pew, $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw
°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w kv]ncn‰v em_v $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn∏v
$ aq∂v ]m{X- ß - f n¬ H∂n¬
sFkv sh≈hpw c≠m-a-sØ- $ aq∂v ]m{X- ß ƒ Pew, $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw
Xn¬ Cfw NqSv sh≈hpw kv]ncn‰v em_v $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn∏v
aq∂m- a tØXn¬ NqSp- s h-
≈hpw FSpØv AXn¬
ssIap°n \S- Ø p∂
{]h¿Ø-\w.
$ 100o (Un-{Kn) ]\n-bp-≈- $ Pew Xnf- b v ° p∂ Xm]- \ ne $ h¿Iv jo‰v ]q¿Øo-I-cWw $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{X-a-t\m-`mhw
t∏mƒ ico- c - Ø n¬ 100oC BWv $ ]q¿Øo-I-cn®
Pew Xnf-bv°ptam? h¿°vjo‰v
samUyqƒ 1
Xm]w, Xm]-\n-e, hnhn-[-Xcw sX¿tam-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ, Xm]-\n-e Af-°¬, KXn-I-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xm]-\n-e-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ [mcW (4 ]ocn-b-Uv).
]mT-`m-K-ß-fn-eqsS
\nXy-Po-hn-XØ
- nepw a‰pw Xm]w {]tbm-P\
- s
- ∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnhn[ kµ¿`-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ hy‡n-
K-X-ambn ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah-kcw \¬I-Ww. XpS¿∂v Ah-X-c-Whpw t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw
\S°-Ww.
Xm]w D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ a‰p kµ¿`-ßƒ
$ `£Ww ]mNIw sNøm≥
$ apdn-I-fn¬ {]Imiw D≠m-°m≥
$ Nne cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øm≥
$ teml-ßsf Dcp°n hnhn[ cq]-Øn-em-°m≥
$ C‘-\-ßƒ IØn®v hml-\-ßƒ HmSn-°m≥
$ \ocmhn D]-tbm-Kn®v Xoh≠n HmSn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bh
XpS¿∂v Xm]w F∂ Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn {Kq∏p-Xe N¿® \S-ØWw
N¿®mkqN-I-ßƒ
$ NqSp≈ hkvXp F∂-Xp-sIm≠v F¥m-Wv A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv?
$ XWpØ hkvXp F∂m-se-¥mWv ?
$ Hcp hkv X p NqSp- ≈ - X m- t Wm, XWp- Ø - X mtWm F∂v GsX√mw coXn- b n¬
Is≠Ømw?
$ ssIsIm≠v kv]¿in®v Xm]\ne Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv F√m-bvt]mgpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-
amtWm? icn-bm-I-W-sa-∂pt≠m?
t{ImUo-I-cWw
Hcp hkvXp-hns\ NqSm-°p-tºmƒ Xm]-Øns‚ Afhp IqSp-∂p. XWp-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Xm]-
Øns‚ Afhv Ipd-bp-∂p. hkvXp-hns\ kv]¿in®v NqSp≈-hs-b-bpw XWp-Ø-h-sbbpw
Is≠-Øm-sa-¶nepw F√m kµ¿`-ß-fnepw icn-bmb \nK-a\w e`n°-W-sa-∂n-√.
]mT-`m-KsØ Nn{Xw 20.1 ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ßƒ {Kq∏n¬ N¿® sNøm≥ Ah-kcw
\¬I-Ww.
(F∂m¬ t{ImUo-I-cWw B kµ¿`-Øn¬ ]q¿Æam-°-W-sa-∂n-√)
aqSn-sh® ]m{X-Øn¬ Pew Xnf-∏n-°p-tºmƒ \ocmhn Xń ]m{X-Øns‚ AS∏v Nen-°p-
∂p. ChnsS AS-∏ns\ Nen-∏n-®Xv \ocm-hn-bmWv. \ocm-hn°v CXn-\m-h-iy-amb Du¿÷w
e`n-®Xv ]m{X-Øn\v sImSpØ Xmt]m¿÷-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv.
XpS¿∂v tXbn-e-s∏mSn D]-tbm--Kn®p eLp-]-co-£Ww sNøm≥ {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Ah-kcw
\¬I-Ww.
341
{]h¿Ø\w 1
Bh-iy-ap≈ kma-{Kn-Iƒ
t_mbn-enwKv Syq_p-Iƒ, D]-tbm-Kn® tXbn-e-s∏m-Sn, kv]ncn‰v emw_v, Pew, (tXbn-e-
s∏mSn Pe-Øn¬ thK-Øn¬ ASn-bm-\pw \ndw D≠m-°m-Xn-cn°m-\p-am-Wv D]-tbm-Kn®
tXbn-e-s∏mSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv)
t_mbn-enwKv Syq_v NqSm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºp tXbn-e-s∏m-Sn-bpsS \n›-em-hÿ \nco-£n-°m≥
\n¿t±-in-°-Ww. AsXm-sSm∏w ]mT-`m-KsØ N¿®mkqN-I-ßƒ Hmtcm {Kq∏n\pw \¬I-
Ww, Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ kb≥kv Ub-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs´.
Xm]w sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v Pe-X-∑m-{X-I-fpsS Ne-\-th-KX h¿≤n-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ
tXbne s]mSn-bpsS Ne-\-th-K-Xbpw IqSp-∂p. Pe-X-∑m-{X-I-fpsS Ne-\-th-KX IqSp-
∂Xpaqew Ah-bpsS KXn-tIm¿Pw h¿≤n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw X∑qew Xm]-\ne IqSp∂p-sh∂pw
Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.
CXn-\mbn ]mT]pkvXI-Øn¬ t_mIvkn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-
s∏-Sp-ØWw. aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn-\mbn ]co-£-W-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, N¿®-kq-N-I-ß-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-
Iƒ F∂nh {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
Jcw, {Zmh-Iw, hmXIw F∂o Ah-ÿ-I-fn¬ IWn-I-Iƒ°v Ne\ kzX{¥yw Gd-dhpw
IqSp-X-ep-f-fXv hmX-I-ß-fnepw (X∑m-{Xm-¥-c-_ew G‰hpw Ipd-hv), IWn-I-Iƒ°v Ne\
kzmX{¥yw G‰hpw Ipdhv (X∑m-{Xm-¥-c-_ew G‰hpw IqSp-X¬) Jc-h-kvXp-hn-ep-am-Wv.
{Zmh-I-X-∑m-{X-I-fpsS Ne\ kzmX{¥yw Jc-h-kvXp-hn-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-epw hmX-I-tØ-
°mƒ Ipd-hp-am-Wv.
Hcp L\-sk.-ao. hmbp-hn¬ GI-tZiw hmbpIWn-Iƒ D≠-s{X. Ch \nc-
¥cw hnhn[ Zni-I-fn¬ hnhn[ thK-Øn¬ Nen®psIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.
Hcp ]Zm¿∞sØ \mw NqSm-°p-tºmƒ Ah-bnse X∑m-{X-IfpsS Ne-\-th-KX h¿≤n-
°p∂p. Ne-\-th-KX IqSp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS KXn-tIm¿÷hpw IqSp-∂p. ]Zm¿∞-Ønse
X∑m-{X-I-fpsS BsI KXn-tIm¿÷-amWv Xm]w F∂ [mcW Ipń-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-
≠-Xp≠v. CXn-\m-bn ]mT-`m-KsØ t_mIvkv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ Xm]-\ne (Temperature) B hkvXp-hnse X∑m-{X-I-fpsS icmicn KXn-
tIm¿÷-Øns‚ Af-hn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-sW∂ [mcW cq]s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Xmsg-sIm-SpØ
Bibw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw
Temperature is the heat level and not the quantity of the heat just as the level of
water in a tank is not the quantity of water in a Tank
Xm]-\ne Af°mw
]mT-`m-KsØ ]co-£-W-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 20.2) Hmtcm Ipńbpw G¿s∏-S-s´. BZy-L-´-Øn¬
c≠v ssI∏-ØnIfpw Aev]-k-abw am{Xta sFkv sh≈-Øn-epw NqSp-sh-≈-Ønepw
sh°m≥ ]mSp≈p F∂v \n¿t±-in-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v Htc kabw Xs∂ c≠v ssI∏-Øn-
Ifpw Cfw NqSp-sh-≈-Øn¬ XmgvØ-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in-°-Ww.
(Xnf-bv°p∂ sh≈w D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv) ]co-£-W-L-´-Øn¬ XmsgsImSpØ N¿®-Iƒ
\S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
342
N¿®m-kq-N-I-ßƒ
$ H∂m-asØ L´-Øn¬ Hmtcm -ssI-∏Øn-bnepw D≠mb A\p-`hw F¥v ?
$ c≠v ssIIfpw H∂n®v Cfw-Nq-Sp-sh-≈-Øn¬ XmgvØn-b-t∏mƒ Ccp-ssI-bnepw
D≠mb A\p-`hw F¥v?
$ kv]¿i-\-Øn-eqsS A\p-`-h-s∏´ Xm]-\n-e-bpw bYm¿∞ -Xm-]-\n-ebpw H∂v Xs∂-
bmtWm?
$ F¶n¬ IrXy-ambn Xm]-\ne Af-°m≥ D]-I-cWw Bh-iy-as√?
$ Xm]-\ne Af-°m≥ GXv D]-I-c-W-am-Wv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv ? (A\p-tbm-Py-amb a‰v
N¿®-Ifpw BImw)
A\p-hns‚ kwibw Cu L´-Øn¬ So®¿ ¢mkn¬ s]mXp-hmbn D∂-bn-°-Ww. AtXm-
sSm∏w GXm\pw Ipń-I-fpsS tUmIvS-dp-am-bp≈ (]\n-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´) kw`m-j-W-ß-
fpw, A\p-`-h-ßfpw ]¶p-sh-bvt°≠-Xm-Wv.
sX¿tam-ao-‰-dp-Ifpw Xm]-\ne Af-°epw
kvIqƒ em_n¬ hnhn-[-Xcw sX¿tam-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ (sk¬jykv sX¿tam-ao-‰¿, ^mc≥ssl‰v
sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ AYhm ¢n\n-°¬ sX¿tam-ao-‰-¿) Ds≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww.
Ipń-I-fpsS {Kq∏n¬ CØcw hnhn[ sX¿tam-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ \¬In Ah \nco-£n®v kmay-hy-
Xym-k-ßƒ Is≠-Øm≥ \n¿t±iw \¬Imw. (IqSnb Afhv, Ipd™ Af-hv, D]-tbm-Kn®
{Zmh-Iw, BsI hn`-Pn® `mK-ßƒ).
]mT-]p-kvXIØnse ]ń-I 20.1 Dw So®¿ ap≥Iqń D≠m-°nb kam-\-]-ń-I-Ifpw {Kq∏n¬
D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn Ipń-Iƒ°v Bi-b-[m-cW Dd-∏n-°m≥ A[ym-]-I≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
]ń-I-hn-i-I-e\w sNbvXv A\p-hns‚ kwi-b-Øn\v DØcw Ipń-Iƒ Xs∂ ]d-bm≥ Ah-
kcw sImSp-°Ww.
N¿®m kqNIw
$ Xm]-\ne Af-°p∂ D]-I-cWw GXv?
$ GsX√mw tXmXn-emWv Xm]-\ne Af-°p-∂Xv?
$ sk¬jykv tXmXn¬ ico-c-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne F{X?
$ CXn\v kam-\-amb ^mc≥ssl‰v Xm]-\ne F{X?
$ F¶n¬ tUmIvS¿ ]d™ 1000 GXv tXmXn-em-bn-cn°pw?
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
hnhn[ Temperature kvsIbn-ep-Iƒ
(1) sk‚nt{KUv kvsIbn¬ (sk¬jykv kvsIbn¬) : Cu sX¿tam-ao-‰-dn¬
sFkvt]m-bn‚ v (a™p-I-´-bpsS Xm]-\n-e) 0oC Dw, Ãowt]m-bn‚ v (ip≤-Pew
Xnf-bv°p∂ Xm]-\ne 100oC BWv. Hmtcm sNdnb `mK-ßfpw 1oC hoXw
Bbn-cn-°pw. 1942¬ Bt‚gvkv sk¬jykv F∂ kzoUojv imkv{X-PvR-\mWv
CXv Bhn-jvI-cn-®-Xv.
343
(2) ^mc≥ssl‰v kvsIbn¬ : P¿Ω≥ imkv{X-⁄-\mb Km{_n-b¿ Um\n-b¬
^mc≥ ssl‰v (1686˛1737) Bhn-jvI-cn® kvsIbn-em-Wn-Xv. CXn¬ sFkv
t]mbn‚ v 32oF Dw Ãow t]mbn‚ v 212oF Dw BWv. Ch-bv°n-S-bn¬ 180 Xpey-
`m-Kß-- -fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm `mKhpw 1oF BWv.
¢n\n°¬ sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øns‚ Xm]-\ne Af-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂p. CXn¬ 95oF apX¬ 108oF hscbpw Celsius scale- ¬ 35oC apX¬ 42oC
hscbpw A¶\w sNbvXn-cn-°pw. a\pjy ico-c-Øns‚ km[m-cW Xm]-\ne
98.6oF BWv.
¢n\n-°¬ sX¿tam-ao-‰-dn¬ sX¿tam-ao-‰-dns‚ _ƒ_n-\-I-Ømbn •mkv Ipg¬
A¬]w CSp-ßn--b-Xm-bmWv \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. icoc Xm]-\ne Af∂v tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ sa¿°pdn ]q¿∆-ÿm-\-tØ°v (_ƒ_n-te-°v) s]s´∂v
Hgp-Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv Cßs\ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Pe-Øns‚ Xnf-\ne 100oC AYhm 212oF BW-t√m. ¢n\n-°¬ sX¿tam-an-‰o-
dnse Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne 108oF (42oC) Bb-Xn-\m¬ Cu D]-I-cWw Xnf-bv°p∂
sh≈-Øn¬ XmgvØ-cp-sX∂pw Aßns\ kw`-hn-®m¬ D]-I-cWw s]mń-t∏m-
Ip-sa∂pw Ipń-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
sk¬jykv Af-hp-Isf ^mc≥ssl‰v Af-hp-I-fn-te°pw Xncn®pw am‰m-\p≈
ka-hmIyw BWv.
F − 32 9
=
C 5
F = ^mc≥ ssl‰v kvsIbn-en¬ Xm]-\ne, C = Celsius scale ¬ Xm]-\ne
AtXm-sSm∏w t\cn´v CØcw {]iv\w A]-{K-Y\w \S-Øm≥ CXn¬ \¬In-
bn-cn-°p∂ {Km^v, a‰v Nm¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
\ap°pw Xm]-\ne Ie-≠¿ \n¿an°mw
Xm]hpw Xm]-\n-ebpw F∂ Cu bqWn‰v hn\n-abw sNøp∂ amksØ Ie-≠¿ Ipń-Iƒ
kb≥kv Ubdn-bn¬ hc-bv°s´ (DZm: 2009 HIvtSm-_¿ amkw).
Hmtcm Znh-k-sØbpw IqSn-bXpw Ipd-™-Xp-amb Xm]-\ne ¢mkvap-dn-bpsS Npa-cn¬ Xq°n-
bn-ń-cn-°p∂ sX¿tam-ao-‰-dn¬ (sk¬jykv sX¿tam-ao-‰¿) t\m°n Hmtcm Ipńbpw Xs‚
Ie-≠-dn¬ \n›nX Xob-Xn-bpsS tImf-Øn¬ apI-fnepw Xmsg-bp-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s´.
amXrI NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Xm]-\ne Ie-≠¿
Rmb¿ Xn¶ƒ sNm∆ _p[≥ hymgw sh≈n i\n
2009 33
O
32
O
* * * * 1 30O 2 30O 3
HIvtSm-_¿ 32
O
4 5 29O 6 7 8 9 10
October
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
344
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
hyXykvX sX¿tam-ao-‰-dp-Iƒ
(1) {ZmhI sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ (Liquid Thermometer)
CXn¬ Xm]-waqew {Zmh-I-Øn\v D≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-k-amWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. DZm: sa¿-°pdn sX¿tam-ao-‰¿, B¬°-tlmƒ sX¿tam-ao-‰¿.
(2) hmXI sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ (Gas Thermometer)
Xm]w aqew hmX-I-ßfpsS a¿±w IqSp∂p F∂ XXzw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. ssl{U-P≥ Kymkv sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v -250oC apX¬ 1500oC
hsc Af-°mw.
(3) {]Xn-tcm-[I sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ (Resistance Thermometer)
Xm]w aqew Nme-I-Øns‚ {]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ Afhv hyXym-k-s∏-Sp∂p F∂
XXzw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
(4) sX¿tam-C-e-Iv{SnIv sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ (Thermo Electric Thermometer)
c≠v hyXykvX teml-I-ºn-I-fpsS Iqń-tbm-Pn-∏n® A{K-ßƒ hyXykvX Xm]-
\n-e-bn¬ sh®m¬ AXn¬ Hcp hnZypXv Nme-I-_ew (voltage) D≠m-Ip∂p
F∂ XXzw.
(5) th∏¿ {]j¿ sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ (Vapour Pressure Thermometer)
_mjv]-a¿±hpw Xm]-\n-ebpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
∂p.
CussX¬ B¬°-tlmƒ sX¿tam-ao-‰¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v -115oC (-175oF) hsc Xmgv∂ Xm]-
\ne Af-°mw. ]s£ Bƒ°-tlmƒ Xnfbv-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-\ne Af-°m≥
km[n-°n√ F∂Xv CXns‚ t]mcm-bva-bm-Wv. B¬°-tlmƒ \nd-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ \ap°v
Nph-∏v, Idp∏v XpS-ßnb \nd-ßƒ \¬In IrXy-X-tbmsS Af-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
NphsS \¬Inb Xm]-\ne Nm¿´p-Iƒ, {Km^v apX-em-bh DNn-X-amb kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ Ipń-
Iƒ°v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {Kq∏n¬ Ch-bpsS tIm∏n-Iƒ A]-{K-Y-\-Øn\v \¬Im≥ {i≤n-
°-Ww.
345
I¨th¿j≥ {Km^v
346
347
Fig. A comparison of Fahrenheit and Celsius thermometers
IqSpX¬ Adn--hn-te°v
Reference Books
1. Basic Physics by E.J.Chamber
2. Heat by Davies
3. Heating and Cooling by Philip E. Heafford
4. A Textbook of Heat by J.B.Rajam, C.L.Arora
348
21 BIm-iI
- mgvN
{]]-©-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®pw \msf F¥p

kw`-hn-°p-sa-∂-Xns\°pdn®pw {]mNo-\-Imew apXte a\p-jy≥ Nn¥n-®p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.
cm{Xn-bn¬ BIm-i-Øp-t\m-°p-tºmƒ ImWp∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS Ne-\hpw AXv Ah-cpsS
Pohn-XsØ Fßs\ _m[n-°p∂p F∂Xpw CXn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. \£-{X-ßsf
\nco-£n-®p-sIm≠v Zni, ka-bw, Imem-hÿ F∂nh a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn\v ]≠p-Im-esØ
a\p-jy¿°p Ign-™n-cp-∂p. _m_n-tem-Wn-b, ssN\, {Kokv, CuPn]vXv F∂o cmPy-
ßsft∏mse `mc-Xhpw Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ apt∂-dn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ hS-°p-t\m-°n-b-
{¥hpw, hmhpambn _‘-s∏´ hnizm-k-ßfpw Ie-≠dpw Hs° {]Nm-c-Øn-em-b-t∏mƒ
tPymXn-im-kv{X-]-T\w \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw AI-∂p. F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ {]]-©-
sØ-°p-dn-®-dn-bm≥ Ipń-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-°p-∂p. BIm-i-h-kvXp-°-fpsS
Ne-\w \nco-£n-°p-hm\pw {Kl-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm-\pw hr≤n-£bw a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw
kuc-bq-Y-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X-e-dn-bm\pw klm-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv Cu ]mT-`m-Kw. {]kvXpX
]T\w hgn {]]© ho£Ww cq]s∏-Sp-hm\pw AXv aptJ\ hniz-am-\-hn-IX F∂ ImgvN-
∏m-Sn-te°v Ipń-Isf Db¿Øp-hm\pw e£y-an-Sp-∂p.
]T-\-e-£y-ßƒ
$ N{µs‚ hr≤n-£-b-sØ-°p-dn®v [mcW ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$ \£{X \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsS \£{X KW-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v Zn°v a\-
n-em-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw [mcW D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \nXy-Po-hn-X-
Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw.
$ kuc-bq-Y-sØ-bpw AXnse AwK-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
$ C¥y-bpsS N{µ-bm≥ ]≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v.
samUyqƒ1
N{µ\v hr≤n-£bw D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Fßns\ (2 ]ocn-bUv).
samUyqƒ 2
hm\-\n-co-£-Ww, \£{X-K-W-ßsf ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬, \£-{X-am∏v ]cn-N-b-s∏-S¬ (2 ]ocn-
bUv).
samUyqƒ 3
kuc-bq-Y-hpw AXnse AwK-ß-fpw (1 ]ocn-bUv).
samUyqƒ 4
C¥y-bpsS N{µ-]-cy-th-j-Ww- (1 ]ocn-bUv)
349
350
at\m-`m-h-ßƒ
$ N{µs\ Nnet∏mƒ $ N{µ\v hr≤n- £ bw D≠m- I p- $ hr≤n£bw a\ nem-°p-∂- $ sF.Sn, ]¥v, Ie-≠¿ $ \£- { X- ß ƒ, {Kl- $ N¿®m°pdn∏v, \nco-£-
]q¿Æ- a mbpw Nne- ∂Xv N{µ- \ pw, `qan- b pw, Xn\v ]¥p D]-tbm-Kn-®p-ff ßƒ, N{µ≥ kuc-bp- W- I p- d n∏v , N{µs‚
t∏mƒ `mKn- I - a mbpw kqcy\pw XΩn- e p≈ At]- {]h¿Ø-\w. sF.Sn, {Kq∏v Y- Ø nse a‰w- K - ß ƒ. hr≤n-£-b-Øns‚
ImWp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm- £nI Ne-\-Øns‚ ê-am-Wv. N¿® BImi \nco- £ Ww {]]-©-Øns‚ LS-I- Nn{Xw
≠v.? kqc- y - \ n¬ \n∂pw N{µ\n¬ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS hr≤n£bw ßƒ Xncn- ® - d n-
]Xn-°p∂ {]Imiw {]Xn-]Xn- a\- n-em-°p-∂p. bp∂XneqsS {]]-©-
°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ Hcp-`mKw Øns‚ hym]vXn a\- n-
am{Xta \ap°p ImWm≥ Ign- em-°p-∂p.
bp-I-bp≈p F∂ [mc-W.
$ NnXdn InS-°p∂ \£- $ Hmdn-tbm¨ Zn l-≠¿, k]vX¿- $ sF.Sn \£{X Nm¿´v F∂n-h- $ \£-{X-Nm¿´v, hnhn-[ \£{X $ {]]© ho£- W w, $ Nne \£- { X- Iq´- ß -
{X-°q-´-ßƒ°v Nne jn-Iƒ, XpS-ßnb \£-{X-KW
- - bpsS klm-b-tØmsS BIm- KW-ß-fpsS Nn{Xw Dƒs°m- {]]- © - Ø n¬ Xs‚ fpsS Nn{Xw.
cq]- ß ƒ sImSpØv ß-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ Zni, i-\n-co-£Ww \S-Øp-I. ≈p∂ Nm¿´v ÿm\w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
\£-{XsØ Xncn-®-dn- kabw F∂nh a\- n-em-°m≥
bmtam? Ignbpw F∂ [mc-W.
$ k u c - b q - Y - Ø n s e $ kuc-bp-YØ - nse {Kl-ßf- psS $ kuc- b p- Y - Ø nse {Kl- ß - $ kuc-bq-Y-Ønse {Kl-ß-sf- $ {]]© ho£Ww kuc-bp-Y-Øns‚
F√m {Kl-ßfpw Hcp kz-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v ùa {Kl-ß- fpsS hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p- °p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ AS- Nn{Xw.
t]mse-bmtWm? sf- ∂ pw tPm- h nb≥ {Kl- Ibpw Xncn- ® - d n- b p- I bpw ßnb Nm¿´v
ßsf∂pw c≠mbn Xcw Xncn- sNøp-I.
°m-sa∂ [mc-W.
$ N{µ- s \- ° p- d n- ® p≈ $ N{µ- b m≥ ]≤- X n- s b- ° p- d n- $ C‚¿s\‰v a‰v hnh-c-t{km-X- $ N{µ- b m- \ p- a mbn _‘- s ∏´ $ cmPy-kvt\-lw, tZio-b- $ Nm{µ- b m≥ ]≤- X n- s b-
]T-\Ø
- n¬ C¥y-bpsS ®p≈ [mcW p- I ƒ D]- t bm- K n®v N{µ- Nn{X-ß-fpw hnh-c-ßfpw AS- t_m-[w, Bflm-`n-am\w °p- d n- ® p≈ Ipdn- ∏ p-
]s¶-¥mWv? bm≥ ]≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v hnh- ßnb Nm¿´v Iƒ.
c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-∂p.
]mT-`m-K-ß-fn-te°v
kqcy≥ Ing°v DZn-°p-Ibpw ]Sn-™mdv AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂Xv F√m-h¿°pw
Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-amb Imcy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Fhn-sS-bmWv N{µ≥ DZn-°p-∂Xv?
N{µ≥ DZn-°p-∂Xv Ing°pw AkvX-an-°p-∂Xv ]Sn-™m-dp-am-Wv. CXv C\n ]d-bp-∂-hn[w
]cn-K-Wn-®m-em-Wv. N{µ≥ Ing-°v N{I-hm-f-Øn-emWv Db-cp-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v ]Sn-™m-tdm´v
\oßn ]Sn-™m-dv N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ Xmgv∂p t]mIp-∂p. ]t£ N{µ≥ Ing-°≥ N{I-hm-f-
Øn¬ \n∂v Db-cp∂Xv F√m Znh-khpw Htc ka-b-Øn-e√. AXp-t]mse N{µ≥ Ing-°≥
N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ \n∂p-b-cp∂Xv F√m Znh-khpw tKmN-c-hp-a-√. Hmtcm Znh-khpw 50 an\n´v
sshIn-bmWv CXv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv, AXm-bXv DZn-°p-∂Xv.
F∂m¬ DZn-°pI F∂ hm°n\v A¿∞w ZrjvSn--tKm-N-c-am-°pI F∂ coXn-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-
®mtem?
Aam-hmkn Znhkw N{µ≥ DZn-°p-∂-tX-bn-√. ]t£ N{µ≥ kqcys‚ H∏w Xs∂-bp≠v.
Ah¿ H∂n®v ]Sn-™m-td°v \oßp-∂p. N{µs‚ {]Imiw ]Xn-°p∂ `mKw B Znhkw
`qan-bn¬ \n∂v t\m°p-∂-bmƒ°v ImWm≥ km[y-a-√.
shfpØ hmhv Znhkw kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°p-tºmƒ ]q¿W N{µ≥ Ing-°≥ N{I-hm-f-Øn¬
{]Xy£-s∏-Sp-∂p, AXm-bXv DZn-°p∂p F∂v ]d-bmw.
Aam-hmkn Ign™v sXm´-SpØ Znhkw kqcy-\p-ambn 50 an\p´v ]pd-In-embn N{µ≥ D≠m-
Ipw. ]t£ ]I¬k-a-bØv kqcy-{]-Imiw ImcWw CXv tKmN-c-a-√. kqcy≥ AkvX-an®
DS≥ kqcy-{]-Im-i-Øns‚ A`m-h-Øm¬ N{µ-°e {]Xy-£-amIpw AXv ]Sn-™m-d≥ N{I-
hm-f-Øn¬ A¬]w Db-c-Øn-embn´mbn-cn-°pw. AXm-bXv AhnsS N{µ≥ DZn®p F∂p ]d-
1
bmw. XpS¿∂v N{µ-°e ]Sn-™m-td°v \oßn AkvX-an-°p-∂p.
3
XpS¿∂p≈ Hmtcm Znh-khpw kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°p-tºmƒ N{µ≥ {]Xr-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXns‚
ÿm\w Hmtcm Znh-khpw 13 Un{Kn ]pd-tIm´v (Ing-t°m-´v) \oßn-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
Aßs\ 14 Znhkw Ign-bp-tºmƒ kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°p∂ AtX kabw N{µ≥ ]q¿Æ
hrØ-Øn¬ Ing-°≥ N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ DZn-°p-∂p.
ASpØ Znhkw kqcy≥ AkvX-an®v 50 an\p´v Ign-bp-tºmƒ N{µ≥ A¬]w £bw kw`-
hn® coXn-bn¬ Ing°≥ N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.
XpS¿∂pw Hmtcm Znh-khpw 50 an\p´v sshIn N{µ≥ Ing-°≥ N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ DZn-°p-∂p.
Hmtcm Znh-khpw N{µ\v £bw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
ho≠pw Aam-hmknbmIp∂p kqcy\pw N{µ\pw Htc-k-abw Ing-°≥ N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw
Db-cp-∂p.
Npcp°n ]d-™m¬ N{µ≥ tKmN-c-am-Ip∂ ÿe-amWv N{µ≥ DZn-°p∂ ÿe-ambn ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ AXv Ft∏mgpw Htc ÿm\Øv Bbn-cn-°n√ F∂p ]d-tb≠n hcp-∂p.
351
A[n-I-hn-h-c-Øn\v
N{µ\v `qansb Hcp {]mhiyw Np‰m≥ 27.32 Znhkw thWw. `qan°v Np‰p-ap≈
N{µs‚ ]YsØ 27 ka-`m-K-ß-fm°n `mKn-®m¬ Hmtcm `mKhpw 13 Un{Kn
hoXw hcpw. Cu Hcp `mKw IS-∂p-t]m-Im≥ N{µ≥ icm-icn 24 aWn-°qdpw 18
an\n´pw FSp-°p-∂p. N{µ≥ ]Sn-™m-dp-\n∂pw Ing-t°m-´mWv `qansb Np‰p-∂-
Xv. AXn-\m¬ Hmtcm Znh-khpw N{µ≥ 13 Un{Kn hoXw Ing-t°m´v amdpw.
AXm-bXv C∂v cm{Xn 8 aWn°v N{µs\ ImWpIbm-sW-¶n¬ B ÿm\-Øp-
\n∂pw 13 Un{Kn Ing-t°m´v amdn-bm-bn-cn°pw \msf cm{Xn 8 aWn°v N{µs\
ImWp-I.
N{µ\v `qansb Np‰m≥ 27.32 Znhkw aXn-sb-¶nepw Aam-hmkn apX¬ ASpØ
Aam-hmkn hsc 29 hsc Znhkw (Nm{µ-am-kw) FSp-°pw.
`qan-sbbpw N{µ-s\bpw IqSn Hcp Cc-´-{K-l-am-bmWv Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. N{µ≥ `qan°v
Np‰pw k©-cn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw s]mXp-hmb Hcp Kpcp-Xz--tI-
{µ-Øn\p Np‰pw Nen-°p∂p F∂p-]-d-bmw.
_mcn-sk‚¿ F∂v t]cp≈ Cu tI{µw `qtKm-f-Øn-\-I-ØmWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-
∂-Xv. hnZqc \£-{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ho£n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu Cc-´-{K-l-
Øns‚ Hcp {à-W-Øn\v 27.32 Znhkw th≠n-h-cp∂p F∂p ImWmw. Cu
kabw sIm≠v `qanbpw N{µ\pw IqSn kqcy-\vNp‰pw GI-tZiw 27 Un{Kn k©-
cn-®n-cn-°pw. AXn-\m¬ kqcys\ At]-£n®v t\m°p-tºmƒ N{µs‚ Hcp ]cn-
{I-aWw ]q¿Øn-bm-Im≥ ]ns∂bpw 27 Un{Kn Xncn-b-Ww. CXmWv Hcp Aam-
hmkn apX¬ ASpØ Aam-hm-kn-h-sc-bp≈ Imew. CXv 29 Znh-k-am-Wv.
hnZq-c-\-£-{X-Øn-te°v
M
P E A
B
M
Q E B
Nn{Xw {i≤n-°q. Hcp Aam-hmkn Znhkw `qan P F∂ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw

N{µ≥ B F∂ ÿm\Øpw BsW∂v k¶¬∏n-°p-I. N{µ\v `qansb Np‰m≥
27.32 Znhkw aXn (AXm-bXv B bn¬ \n∂v XpSßn B bn¬ FØm≥). F∂m¬
`qan kqcys\ Np‰p-∂-Xn-\m¬ 27.32 Znhkw sIm≠v `qan P bn¬ \n∂pw Q
F∂ ÿm\Øv FØp-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw N{µ≥ `qansb Hcp {]mhiyw Np‰n
B bn¬ FØn-sb-¶nepw kqcy-s‚bpw `qan-bp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ FØn-bn-´p-≠m-
hn- √ . AXm- b Xv Aam- h mkn Bbn- ´ p- ≠ m- h n- √ . AXn\v C\nbpw
2.21 Znhkw IqSn th≠n-hcpw. AXm-bXv BsI 29 Znhkw thWw.
352
N{µs‚ hr≤n-£bw
`qan-bn¬ \n∂v \nco-£n-°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm Znh-khpw N{µ≥ hyXykvX BIr-Xn-bn-emWv
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu BIrXn am‰-sØ-bmWv hr≤n£bw F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
N{µs‚ Cu cq]-am‰w Ipń-Iƒ hf-sc-°m-e-ambn I≠p hcp∂ Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-am-W-t√m.
Ipń-Isf {Kq∏mbn Xncn®v Hmtcm {Kq∏nse AwK-ßƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah¿ apºv \nco-
£n® N{µs‚ BIr-Xn-Iƒ Hm¿sØ-SpØv hc-°-s´. {Kq∏nse F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v hc®
cq]-ßƒ Ah-bpsS hep-∏-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v {Iao-I-cn-°m≥ So®¿ \n¿tZ-in-°p-I.
XpS¿∂v N{µs‚ hr≤n-£-b-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ ImWn-°p∂ Nn{X-ßƒ Hcp Nm¿ń¬
{]Z¿in-∏n-°pI. Ipń-Iƒ hc® Nn{X-ßfpw Nm¿ń¬ {]Z¿in-∏n® Nn{X-ßfpw Ipń-Iƒ
Xmc-Xayw sNø-s´.
hr≤n-£-b-Øns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ ChnsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
shfp-Ø-hmhv
- am-hmkn
A -Aam-hmkn
CXn¬ ]q¿Æ-N{- µs\ ImWp∂ Znhkw ]u¿Æan F∂pw (shfp-Øh- m-hv) N{µs\ ImWm≥
km[n-°mØ Znhkw Aam-hmkn (Idp-Ø-hm-hv) F∂pw Ipń-Iƒ Xs∂ ]d-b-s´.
Nm¿ń¬ \n∂pw GXmWv Aam-hmkn apX¬ ]u¿Æan hsc-bp-≈Xv F∂pw GXmWv
]u¿Æan apX¬ Aam-hmkn hsc D≈Xv F∂pw ]d-bm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-kcw sImSp-°-
Ww.
`qan-bn¬ \n∂v N{µs\ \nco-£n-°p-tºmƒ Ft∏mgpw N{µs‚ Hcp `mKw am{Xta \mw
ImWp-∂p≈p F∂ Bibw Ipń-I-fn¬ Dd-∏n-°Ww CXn-\mbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse t]Pv
188 ¬ t_mIvkn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Bi-b-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. N{µs‚ ]cn-{I-aW
]mX-bp-sSbpw {à-W-Øn-s‚bpw A£w H∂p Xs∂-bmWv AXns‚ ÿm\w `qan-bpsS
tI{µ-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
lma¿ t{Xm a’-c-Øn¬ lma¿ Fdn-bp∂ hy‡n AXv Id-°p-tºmƒ Ft∏mgpw lma-
dns‚ Hcp hiw am{Xta ImWp-∂p≈p F∂ DZm-l-cWw Ipń-I-fpsS N¿®°v hnt[-b-am-°-
Ww.
`qanbn¬ \n∂v t\m°p-tºmƒ N{µs‚ Hcp `mKw am{Xta ImWm≥ km[n-°p-
I-bp-≈q.
N{µs‚ ]cn-{I-a-W-Im-ehpw Hcp kzbw {à-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ka-bhpw Xpey-
am-b-Xn-\m-em-Wn-Xv.
353
D
M x
A M x E M x
C
E - Earth
M - Moon
M x
B
(1) N{µ≥ kzbw-{`-aWw
sNøp-∂n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
A M x E x M C
B
(2) N{µ≥ 27 Znhkw
sIm≠v kzbw-{`-aWw
sNøptºmƒ
Nn{Xw 1¬ N{µ≥ A bnem-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ x F∂v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂

`mKw `qan°v t\sc-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ B, C, D F∂o ÿm\-ß-fn-sem-∂pw AXv
`qan°v t\sc-bm-hn-√.
Nn{Xw 2¬ N{µ≥ A bnembn-cn-°p-tºmgpw B, C, D F∂o ÿm\-ß-fn-em-bn-°p-
tºmgpw x F∂ ÿm\w `qan°v t\sc Xncn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. AXm-bXv `qan-bn¬
\n∂v \nco-£n-°p-∂-bmƒ°v Ft∏mgpw x F∂ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ `mKw
am{Xta ImWm≥ km[n-°q.
N{µs‚ hr≤n£bw a\-kn-em-°p-∂X- n-\p≈ Hcp hnh-cWw C\n sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p. N{µ≥,

kqcy≥, {Kl-ßƒ, \£-{X-ßƒ Ch-sb√mw Zznam-\-Im-gvN-bn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. Chsb {Xnam-\-
X-e-Im-gvN-bn¬ k¶¬]n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™m¬ am{Xta hr≤n-£bw IqSp-X¬ a\-kn-em-
°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.
354
kqcy-{]-Imiw
1234567890
N{µ≥
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
1234567890 ]u¿W-an-Zn-hkw
N{µ- \ n¬ AS- b m- f - s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- c n- ° p∂ sNdnb
hrØw `qan-bn¬ \n∂v t\m°p∂bmfns‚ ZrjvSn
]Xn- ° p∂ `mKsØ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p. tKmfm-
IrXnbnep≈ N{µs‚ GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]Ip-Xn-`m-K- 1234567890
1234567890
1234567890
hS°v 1234567890
1234567890 sX°v
Øm-bn-cn°pw kqcy-{]-Imiw ]Xn-°p-∂-Xv. ]u¿Wan 1234567890
`qan
Znhkw kqcy\pw `qanbpw N{µ\pw GI-tZiw t\¿tc-
J-bn-em-bn-cn-°pw. IrXy-ambn t\¿tc-J-bn-e-√m-Ø-Xn-
N{µ\nse-Øp∂ kqcy-sh-fn®w
\m¬ `qan-bpsS adp-h-i-Øp≈ kqcy-\n¬\n∂pw `qan-

bpsS hi-ß-fn¬ IqSn hcp∂ shfn®w N{µ\n¬
2345678901
\mw ImWp∂ hi-Øp-Xs∂ ]Xn-°p-∂p. Cu Znhkw 2345678901
2345678901
2345678901
2345678901 Aam-hmkn
`qan-bpsS ÿm\w kqcy-t\bpw N{µ-s\bpw _‘n- Znhkw N{µ≥
∏n-°p∂ t\¿tc-J-bn¬ \n∂v A¬]w hS-t°m,
sXt°m amdn-bm-bn-cn-°pw. N{µ-\n-te°v shfn®w
FØp∂ GI-tZiw AtX-Zn-i-bn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-
bmWv \mw N{µs\ ImWp-∂-Xv.
Aam-hmkn Znh-k-Øn¬ kqcys‚ `mKØv A¬]w
hSt°m sXt°m amdn N{µ-\p-≠m-Ipw. N{µs‚
355
shfn®w hogmØ `mK-amWv \ap°v A`n-ap-J-ambn hcp-∂-Xv. ASpØ Znhkw N{µ≥ 131/3
Un{Kn Ingn-t°m´p adn-I-S∂p am{Xta ImWp-I-bp-≈q. AXm-bXv N{µ-\p-Zn-°p-∂Xv 50 an\n´v
Ign-™m-bn-cn-°pw. At∏mƒ N{µ-°e hfsc t\cnb tXmXn¬ Bbn-cn-°pw.
Cßs\ Hmtcm Znhkw N{µ≥ DZn-°p∂ kabw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. AtXmsS AXns‚
hr≤n-£-bhpw kw`-hn-°p-∂p. Hcp amkw ]q¿W-ambpw \nco-£Ww XpS¿∂m¬ hr≤n-
£bw a\-kn-em-°m--hp-∂-Xm-Wv. N{µ≥ DZn-°p-∂Xpw AkvX-an-°p∂Xpw kqcy-t‚-Xn-s\-
°mƒ hyXy-kvX-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bmw.
N{µs‚ hr≤n-£bw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø\w sNdnb {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ BWv sNtø-
≠Xv `mcw Ipd-™-hbpw F∂m¬ hep-Xp-amb πmÃnIv ]¥p-I-fmWv CXn\v A\p-tbm-
Pyw.
{]h¿Ø\w cmhnse \S-Øp-∂XmWv IqSp-X¬ A`n-Imayw.
hrØw hc-bv°m≥ IpΩmbs]mSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn°pw hrØ ]cn-[n-bn-eqsS
]¥p-ambn amdn-amdn \n¬°p∂ Ipńbpw hrØ tI{µ-Øn-ep≈ Ipńbpw Ft∏mgpw apJm-
apJw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. ]¥ns‚ shfpØ s]bn‚-Sn® `mKw Ft∏mgpw hrØ-tI-{µ-Øn¬
\n¬°p∂ Ipń°v A`n-ap-J-ambn Ccn-°m≥ {i≤n-°-Ww.
]¥ns‚ shfpØ `mKØv kqcy-{]-Imiw ]Xn-°p∂ `mK-am-Wv tI{µ-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂
Ipń Hmtcm {]mhiyw Nn{Xo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv.
Ipń-Iƒ t\csØ hc® Nn{Xhpw ]co-£-W-Øn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn® Nn{Xhpw
Ah¿ Xs∂ Xmc-Xayw sNø-s´. CXp c≠pw Hcp t]mse-bm-sW∂p Ipń-Isf t_m≤y-
s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.
K star
F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v N{µs‚ hr≤n-£bw IqSp-X¬ a\-kn-em-°m-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv.
tamUyqƒ 2 ˛ am\-tØ-s°mcp FØn-t\m´w
Cu ]mT-`mKw Ipń-I-fn¬ hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v Hcp
cm{Xn-bnse BImi \nco-£Ww hfsc D]-Im-c-{]-Z-
am-bn-cn-°pw.
P\p-h-cn, s^{_p-hcn amk-Ønse sXfn™ BIm-i-
ap≈ cm{Xn- b mWv hm\- \ n- c o- £ - W - Ø n\v IqSp- X ¬
DNnXw (Aam-hmkn Znh-k-am-bm¬ \∂v) hnhn[ \£-
{X-K-W-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ Ah¿°v ap≥Iqń \¬Ip-
∂Xv \∂m- b n- c n- ° pw. Ipń- I ƒkzbw \nco£Ww
\SØn Ah¿°v km[n-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw \£-{X-Iq-´-
ßsf Is≠Øn Adn-bn-°-s´. Ah-bpsS Xnf-°-hpw,
\ndhpw Ipń-Iƒ ]d-bs´ A[ym-]-Is‚ CS-s]-S¬ hf-
sc-tbsd Bh-iy-am-Wv. \√ {]Im-i-ap≈ tSm¿®vsse‰v
\£-{X-°q-´-ß-fpsS t\sc {]Im-in-∏n®v Ahsb Ipń-
Iƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ømw.
K starF∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v hnhn[ \£-
{X-K-W-ßsf Ipń-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.
356
hm\-\n-c-£Ww \S-Øp∂ Znhkw B amksØ \£{X Nm¿ńs‚ t^mt´m-Ãm‰v tIm∏n-
Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬I-Ww. Nm¿´v \nco-£n°p-∂-h¿ hS-t°m´v Xe sh®v ae¿∂v InS∂v
Nm¿´v apJ-Øn\p aosX ]nSn-®mWv \nco-£n-t°-≠Xv Nm¿ń¬ hS°p hiw ImWn-®n-cn-
°p∂ `mKw hS-t°m-´m-bn-cn-°-Ww Xncn-™n-cn-t°-≠Xv.
ASp-Ø-SpØ GXm\pw Znh-k-ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ kzbw \nco-£n-°s´ Hmdntbm¨ Zn l≠¿
F∂ \£{X KWsØ Hmtcm Znhkhpw Hcp \n›nX kabw Xs∂ \nco-£n®v (DZm :
8 PM) AXn\v ÿm\-am‰w kw`-hn-°p-∂p≠v F∂v kzbw t_m[y-s∏-S-s´. `qan kqcys\
]cn-{I-aWw sNøp-tºmƒ `qan-°p-≠m-Ip∂ ÿm\-am-‰-amWv \£-{X-ß-fpsS CØcw ÿm\-
am-‰-Øn\v Imc-Ww. Hmdn-tbm-Wn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ ÿm\-am‰w F{]-Im-c-am-bmepw AXns‚ hmfpw
Xebpw tN¿Øv hS-t°m´v Hcp tcJ hc-®m¬ AXv {[ph-\-£-{X-Øn¬ FØn \n¬°pw.
Aßs\ Zn°v Adn-bm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.
sXfn™ BIm-iØv cm{Xn-bn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ Ht´sd \£-{X-ßsf ImWmw. kq£va-
ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ah-bpsS Xnf-°w, \ndw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-am-sW∂v ImWmw.
\£-{X-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv Ahsb Iq´ß-fm°n Xncn-®n-´m-Wv. {]mNo-\-Imew sXm´v
\nco-£n-®n-cp-∂-h¿ Ahsb hc-IƒsIm≠v tbmPn-∏n®v hnhn-[-cq-]-ß-fm°n tbmPn-∏n-®n-
´p-≠v. th´-°m-c≥, Imf, \mb, knwlw, ]mºv, tXƒ, Ic-Sn, tXmWn, Xpemkv F∂n-ßs\
]e cq]-ßfn¬ \ap°v k¶¬]n-°mw. Chsb \£-{X-°q-´-ßƒ (constellation) F∂mWv
]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cßs\ 88 \£-{X-°q-´-ßsf hm\--im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ AwKo-I-cn®n-´p-≠v. Chsb
Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ht´sd tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ C∂v e`y-am-Wv.
s^{_p-hcn amk-Øn¬ k‘ym-k-a-bØv \ΩpsS Xebv°p apI-fn¬ ImWp∂ \£-{X-
ßsf tN¿Øv Hcp th´-°m-cs‚ cq]w k¶¬∏n-°p-∂Xv t\m°q.
bh-\-]p-cm--W-Ønse Hcp IYm-]m-{X-amb Hmdn-tbm¨ F∂ t]cp≈ Hcp th´-°m-cs‚
cq]w k¶¬∏n-®Xpw AXn\v Hmdn-tbm¨ F∂ t]cp-\¬In-bXpw {Ko°p-Im-cm-Wv. th´-
°m-cs‚ s_¬‰nse aq∂p \£--{X-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ffp-∏-am-Wv. CXns\ {Xnaq¿Øn-
Iƒ F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. he-Xp-Np-a-en¬ Xo°-´-t∏mse ImWp∂-Xv Xncp-hm-Xnc
\£-{X-am-Wv. \Ω-fn¬ \n∂pw 587 {]Im-i-h¿jw AI-se-bmWv Xncp-hm-Xn-c. CS-Xp-Np-a¬
s_√m-{Sn-‰-kp-am-Wv. Ch-bv°n-S-bn¬ ImWp∂ aßnb aq∂p \£-{X-ß-fmWv aIo-cyw. th´-
°m-c‚ he-Xp-Im¬ skbv^pw CS-Xp-Im¬ doK¬ F∂ \£-{X-hp-am-Wv. s_¬ń¬ Xq°n-
bn´p hmfp-t]mse ImWp-∂-XmWv Hmdn-tbm¨ s\_p-e.
\£{Xw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ KW-Øns‚ t]cns‚ IqsS α, β, γ XpS-ßnb {Ko°v A£-c-ßƒ
tN¿ØmWv imkv{Xob \ma-I-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xv. Hmdn-tbm¨ KW-Ønse Xncp-hm-Xn-
cbv°v "B¬^ Hmdn-tbm-WnIvkv' F∂pw doK-en\v "_o‰ Hmdn-tbm-WnIvkv' F∂p-amWv
imkv{Xob \maw. km[m-c-W-bmbn Xnf°w IqSn-b-h-bmWv α, c≠mw ÿm\-Øp-≈-Xn\v
β F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv t]cn-Sp-∂-Xv.
Hmdn-tbm-Wns‚ s_¬´v sX°v Ing-t°m´v \oń-bm¬ ImWp∂ Xnf-°-ap≈ \£-{X-amWv
kndn-b-kv. kqcy≥ Ign-™m¬ G‰hpw Xnf-°-ap≈ \£-{X-amWv kndn-b-kv. ae-bm-f-Øn¬
357
CXns\ cp{Z≥ F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. th´-°m-cs‚ \mb-bpsS IÆmWv kndn-b-kv. Cu \£-
{X-°q-´sØ _rl-Xvizm-\≥ F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.
Hmdn-tbm-Wns‚ s_¬‰v hS-°p-]-d-™m-dp-Zn-i-bn¬ \oń-bm¬ B tcJ Hcp Nph∂ \£-

{X-Øn-se-Øp-∂p. {_“¿jn (Aldebaran) F∂ \£-{X-am-Wn-Xv. AXns‚ Xmsg-bp≈
\£-{X-ßƒ tN¿∂v 'v' BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp Imf-bpsS cq]-amWv k¶¬∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Cu \£-{X-K-W-ß-sf-sbms° CØncn `mh\tbmsS \nco-£n-°p∂ Hcmƒ°v Hcp
Iq‰≥Imf- th-´-°m-cs\ IpØm≥ hcp-∂Xmbpw th´-°mc≥ Xs‚ ]cn-N-sIm≠v Imfsb
XS-bp-∂Xmbpw KZ sIm≠v Imfsb ASn-°p-∂-Xmbpw k¶¬∏n-°mw. th´-°m-cs‚ IqsS
k¥Xk-l-Nm-cn-bmb \mb-bp-ap-≠v.
hS-°p-`m-KØv hfsc hy‡-am-bn Im-Wm-hp∂ as‰mcp
v
-te°
-{X-
\£- { X- K - W - a mWv k]v X ¿jn- I ƒ ( big dipper or

-\-£
Øn
ursamajor). {IXp (α-Ur), ]pe-l≥ (B-Merak), ]pe-

[ph
kvXy≥ (Phecda), A{Xn (Megrez), AwKn-ckv (Alioth),

{
acoNn
hkn-jvT≥ (Mizar), acoNn (Bentasch) F∂n-h-bmWv
k]vX¿in-Iƒ Ch-bnse ]pe-l≥, IqXp F∂ \£- A{Xn ]pe-l≥
{X-ßsf tbmPn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v hS-t°m´v Htc tcJ hkn-jvT≥
AwKn-ckv
k¶¬∏n-®m¬ AXv {[ph-\-£-{X-Øn¬ FØn-t®- ]pe-kvXy≥
cpw. AXn-\m¬ Cu \£-{X-K-Whpw Zni-a-\- n-em-
acoNn
°m≥ klm-b-I-am-Wv. Zni a\-kn-em-°m≥ klm-
k]vX¿jn-Iƒ
bn-°p∂ a‰p \£-{X-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Imkn-tbm-∏n-b,
sX°≥Ip-cniv apX-em-b-h.
Imf F∂ \£-{X-Iq´w CShw cmin F∂ \£-{X-°q-ámWv. Cßs\ 12 ae-bmf amk-
ß-ƒ Hmtcm cmin-bmWv. Cu cmin-I-fpsS BIrXn Xmsg-sIm-Sp-°p-∂p.
cmin BIrXn
Nnßw knwlw
I∂n I\yI
Xpemw Xpemkv
358
hr›nIw tXƒ
[\p hn√v
aIcw aI-ca- ’yw
Ipw`w IpSw
ao\w ao≥
taSw sNΩ-cn-bmSv
CShw Imf
anYp\w Cc-´-Iƒ/ Zº-Xn-Iƒ
I¿°n-SIw R≠v
hm\-imkv{X⁄∑m¿ Xncn-®-dn™ 88 \£-{X-K-W-ß-fn¬s∏´-h-bmWv Cu 12 cmin-I-fpw.
kqcy≥ k©-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn \ap°p ImW-s∏-Sp∂ BIm-i-]m-Xsb {Im¥n-hrØw F∂m-
W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu {Im¥n-hr-Ø-Øns‚ Ccp hi-ß-fn-eq-ambn 18 Un{Kn hoXn-bp≈ Hcp
s_¬‰v k¶¬∏n-°p-I. CXns\ IrXy-ambpw 30 Un{Kn hoX-ap≈ 12 `mK-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-
I. Cu 12 `mK-ß-fm-bn-´mWv 12 cmin-Iƒ hn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXns\ cmin-N{Iw F∂p-
]-d-bp-∂p. CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \£{X\n-co-£Ww \S-Øp-hm≥ {ian-°p-I. IqSp-
X¬ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\mbn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ]pkvX-I-ßsf B{i-bn-°mhp∂-Xm-Wv.
(1) {]]-©-tcJ
(2) am\-tØ-s°mcp Infn-hm-Xn¬
(3) tPymXn-jhpw tPymXn-im-kv{Xhpw
cm{Xn \£-{X-ßsf \nco-£n-®m¬ Ah \mep-an-
\nń\v Hcp Un{Kn F∂ IW-°n\v ]Sn-™m-td°v
\oßp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. \£-{X-ß-fpsS Ne\w
Imc-W-a√ `qan-bpsS {àWw aqe-amWv Aßs\
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Iptd Znhkw Hcp \n›nX kabw
(DZm : 8 PM) \£-{X-ßsf \nco-£n-®m¬ Ah-bpsS
ÿm\-Øn\v am‰-ap-≠m-b-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw. Cu
am‰w `qan-bpsS ]cn-{I-aWw aqew kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xm-
Wv.
tamUyqƒ 3
\£-{X-ßsfbpw {Kl-ß-tfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n {]mNo\-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ hm\-
\n-co-£-I¿ {ian-®n-cp-∂p. \£-{X-ß-fpsS Bt]-£nI Ne\w \nco-£n-®-t∏mƒ Nne \£-
{X-ßƒ°v KWy-amb ÿm\am‰w hcp-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øn. Cßs\ Is≠-Ønbhsb
k©mcn \£-{X-ßƒ F∂p t]cp-sIm-Sp-Øp. Ah _p[≥, sh≈n (ip{I≥), sNm∆,
hymgw, i\n F∂o {Kl-ß-fm-Wv. D]-{K-l-ambn `qan-bpsS N{µs\ am{Xta Adn-bm-am-bn-
cp-∂p-≈q. Keo-entbm sSe-kvtIm∏v I≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXmsS hymgw XpS-ßnb {Kl-ßƒ°pw
D]-{K-ß-fp-s≠∂p a\-kn-em-bn. ]n∂oSv bpdm-s\-kv, s\]vSyq¨, πqt´m F∂o {Klßfpw
Is≠Øn. Chbv°p ]dsa [qa-tI-Xp-Ifpw D¬°-Ifpw kqcy\v Np‰pw Id-ßn-s°m≠ncn-
°p-∂p. Ch-bvs°√mw IqSnb t]cmWv kuc-bq-Yw. kuc-bq--Y-Ønse AwK-ßsf ]cn-N-b-
s∏-Smw.
359
ùa{Kl-ßfpw tPmhn-b≥ {Kl-ßfpw
kuc-bp-Y-Ønse F´p-{K-l-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS kz`m-h-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v c≠mbn Xncn-°m-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv. `qan-sb-t∏mse D]-cn-Xew Jcm-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ {Kl-ß-fmWv _p[≥, ip{I-≥,
sNm∆ F∂n-h. Ch-bpsS km{µX IqSp-X-em-Wv. Ch kqcy-t\mSSpØp ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.
Chbv°v Ipd™ D]--{K-l-ßƒ am{Xta D≈q. Chsb ùa-{K-l-ßƒ F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.
hymgw, i\n, bpdm-\kv, s\]v‰yq¨ F∂o {Kl-ßƒ Ch-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
tPmhn-b≥ {Kl-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Ch òam-Im--c-ß-fmb hmX-I-tKm--f-ß-fm-Wv. Ch
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂pw AI∂p ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. Chbv°p Np‰pw he-b-ßƒ ImWmw. Chbv°v
IqSp-X¬ D]-{K-l-ßƒ D≠v.
_p[≥ (Mercury)
kqcy\v G‰hpw ASpØ {Kl-amWv _p[≥. kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ icm-icn Zqcw 6 tImSn
In.-an. ]cn-{I-aW thKX 47.9 In.an/ sk°‚ v kqtcym-Z-b-Øn\p sXm´p-apºpw kqcym-kvX-
a-b-Øn\v sXm´p-ti-jhpw GItZiw 28 Un{Kn tImWnb Db-c-Øn¬ am{Xta _p[s\
ImWm-\mhq. AXmbXv kqcym-kvX-a-b-Øn\v tijw ]c-am-h[n 2 aWn-°qdpw kqtcym-Z-b-
Øn-\p-apºv ]c-am-h[n 2 aWn-°qdpw am{Xta _p[s\ ImWm≥ Ign-bq.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 57,909,175 km
hymkw : 4879 km
kzbw-{`-a-W-Imew : 59 ùa-Zn-\-ßƒ
]cn-{I-a-W-Imew : 88 ùa-Zn-\-ßƒ
amkv : 3.32 x 1026 g
Xm]-\ne : ]I¬ 450oC cm{Xn -170oC
ip{I≥ (Venus)
kqcy-N-{µ≥amsc-sbm-gn-®m¬ BIm-i-Øn¬ G‰hpw tim`-tbm-Sp-IqSn Xnf-ßp-∂Xv ip{I-
\m-Wv. \ΩpsS G‰hpw kao-]-Øp≈ Cu {KlsØ {]`m-X-\-£-{X-sa∂pw {]tZmj \£-
{X-sa∂pw hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. kqcymkvXab-Øn\v sXm´p-ti-jhpw kqtcym-Z-b-Øn\v sXm´p-
apºpw ]c-am-h[n 48 Un{Kn tImWob AI-e-Øn¬ am{Xta ImWp-I-bp-≈q. kuc--bq-Y-
Ønse G‰hpw NqSp≈ {Kl-am-Wn-Xv. CXns‚ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ 96.4% Im¿_¨ ssU
HmIvsskUpw 3.4% ss\{S-P\pw Ipd-™-tXm-Xn¬ Pemw-ihpw HmIvkn-P\pw Im¿_¨
ssU kƒssÛpw ssl{U-P≥ kƒss^-Up-am-Wp-≈-Xv. A¥-co-£-a¿±w hfsc IqSp-X-
em-Wv. ip{I\v e`n-°p∂ {]Im-i-Øns‚ 75% {]Xn-^-en-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv AXv hfsc
{]Im-in-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Iń IqSnb taL-ß-fmWv Cu {]Xn-^-e-\-Øn\v Imc-Ww.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 10,82,08,930 km
hymkw : 12,104 km
]cn-{I-a-W-Imew : 224.7ùa-Zn-\-ßƒ
-{`-a-W-Imew : 243 ùa-Zn-\-ßƒ (a‰p {Kl-ßƒ Xncn-bp-∂-
Xns‚ hn]-coX Znibn¬)
Xm]-\ne : 480oC
amkv : 4.87 x 1027 g
360
`qan (Earth)
A¥-co-£-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-sIm≠v Poh≥ \ne-\n¬°p∂ {Kl-amWv `qan. 231/2 sNcn-
hp≈ Hcp km¶¬∏nI A£sØ B[m-c-am°n `qan Id-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. `qan-bpsS
D]-{K-l-amWv N{µ≥.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 149,597,890 km
hymkw : 12756 km
-{`-a-W-Imew : 23 aWn-°q¿, 56 an\n-´v, 4.1 sk°‚ v
a[y-tc-J-{]-tZ-i-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv : 40,000km
icm-icn Xm]-\ne : 15oC
amkv : 5.983 x 1027 g
sNm∆ (Mars)
`qan-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-am{Xw hep-∏-ap≈ sNm∆ kqcy-\n¬ \n∂pw icm-icn 22.79 tImSn In.ao
AIse ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. sNm∆-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Ccp-ºns‚ km∂n≤yw
sIm≠m-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p sNm∆ Nph∂ {Kl-am-bn-´mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hfsc t\¿Ø
A¥-co-£sa sNm∆-bv°p-≈q. AXp-sIm≠p Xm]sØ ]nSn-®p-\n¿Øm≥ Ign-hn-√m-Ø-Xn-
\m¬ Xm]-\ne Ipd-hm-Wv. G‰hpw IqSnb Xm]-\ne 27 Un{Kn sk¬jykv hsc-bm-Wv.
G‰hpw Ipd-™Xv ˛-- 143 Un{Kn sk¬jykv hscbpw. sNm∆bv°v c≠v D]-{K-l-ßƒ am{Xta
D≈q. t^mt_m-kv, sUtamkv F∂n-h-bm-W-h.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 227936640 km
hymkw : 6794 km
]cn-{I-a-W-Imew : 1881h¿jw (687 Znh-kw)
-{`-a-W-Imew : 24 aWn-°q¿, 39 an\n-´v, 35 sk°‚ v
amkv : 6.42 x 1026 g
Xm]-\ne : ]I¬ 27oC cm{Xn -133oC
hymgw (Jupitar)
kuc-bq-Y-Ønse G‰hpw henb {Kl-amWv hymgw. hymg-Øn\v 63 D]-{K-l-ßƒ D≠v.
kuc--bq-Y-Ønse G‰hpw henb D]-{K-l-amb Km\n-sasU C°q-´-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p. Keo-
ensbm Is≠-Ønb Keo-en-b≥ D]-{K-l-ß-fmWv Atbm, bqtdm-∏v, Km\n-sa-sU, IentÃm
F∂n-h.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 778,412,020 km
hymkw : 142984 km
Xm]-\ne : -140oC
-{`-a-W-Imew : 9 aWn-°q¿, 55 an\n-´v
]cn-{I-a-W-Imew : 11.86 h¿jw
amkv : 1.899 x 1030 g
km{µX : 1.3 x Pe-Øns‚ km{µX
hym]vXw : `qan-bpsS 1300 aSßv
361
i\n (Saturn)
at\m-l-c-amb he-b-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb i\n kuc-bq-Y-Ønse c≠m-asØ henb {Kl-am-Wv.
hfsc kmh-Im-i-Øn¬ ]cn-{I-aWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ i\nsb aµ≥ F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.
\·-t\{Xw sIm≠v a\p-jy\v ImWm-hp∂ G‰hpw hnZq-c-amb {Kl-amWv i\n. Keo-entbm
BWv i\n-bpsS he-b-ßsf Xs‚ sSe-kvtIm-∏n-eqsS BZy-ambn I≠-Xv.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 142,6725400km
hymkw : 120536 km
-{`-a-W-Imew : 10 aWn-°q¿, 39 an\n-´v
amkv : 5.69x1029 g
Xm]-\ne : -185oC
hym]vXw : `qan-bpsS 700 aSßv
bpdm-\kv (Uranus)
\·-t\{Xw sIm≠p ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ bpdm-\kv F∂ {Kl-Øn\v `qan-bpsS \men-cń
hymk-ap-≠v. a‰p {Kl-ß-fn¬ \n∂v bpdm-\- n-\p≈ G‰hpw henb kh-nti-jX AXns‚
{à-Wm-£hpw ]cn-{I-a-W-X-ehpw XΩn-ep≈ Ncn-hmWv. CXv 98 Un{Kn BWv. Xnc-›o-\-X-
e-Øn¬ \n∂pw 8 Un{Kn Ncn-™n-cn-°pw. Hcp bpdm-\kv h¿j-Øn\v 84 `qh¿j-Øns‚
ssZ¿Lyap-≠v. A£-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-amb Ncnhp ImcWw {Kl-Øns‚ {[ph-ß-fmWv
kqcy-\p-t\sc hcp-∂-Xv. GI-tZiw 42 h¿j-°mew Hmtcm {[phhpw kqcy\v A`n-ap-J-ambn
hcp-∂p.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 2,87,09,72,700 km
hymkw : 51,118 km
-{`-a-W-Imew : 17 aWn-°q¿, 14 an\n-´v
amkv : 8.69x1028 g
Xm]-\ne : -210oC
s\]v‰yq¨ (Neptune)
i‡-amb Hcp sSen-kvtIm-∏ns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ am{Xw ImWm-hp∂ s\]v‰yq¨ F∂
{Klw bpdm-\- n-s\-°mƒ sNdp-Xm-Wv.
kqcy-\n¬ \n∂p≈ AIew : 4,4982,52,900km
icm-icn hymkw : 49528 km
-{`-a-W-Imew : 16 aWn-°q¿, 7 an\n-´v
amkv : 1.03x1029 g
Xm]-\ne : -200oC
hymgw, i\n, bpdm-\-kv, s\]v‰yq¨ F∂n-h-bv°mWv he-b-ßƒ D≈-Xv. bpdm-\-kn-s‚bpw
s\]v‰yq-Wns‚bpw hebw hfsc t\¿Ø-Xm-Wv.
eLp-{K-l-ßƒ/ £p{Z-{K-l-ßƒ (Asteroids)
sNm∆-bp-sSbpw hymg-Øn-s‚bpw CS-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-h-bmWv eLp-{K-l-ßƒ. N{µ-s\-
°mfpw sNdnb [mcmfw {Kl-k-am-\-amb hkvXp-°-fm-Wn-h. Ch GI-tZiw 40000tØmf-ap-
362
≠v. skd-kv, ]√m-kv, PqtWm, shÃ F∂nh Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. Ch IqSmsX GXm\pw
sk‚n-ao-‰¿ am{Xw hen-∏-ap-≈h e£-°-W-°n\v CXn-ep-≠v. apJy-e-Lp-{Kl taJ-ebv°v
]pdsa hymg-Øns‚ AtX -]-cn-{I-aW]Y-Øn¬ hymg-Øns‚ AtX--th-K-X-bn¬ hymg-Øn\v
hfsc ap∂nepw ]n∂n-ep-ambn c≠v eLp-{K-l°q´-ßƒIqSn D≠v. Chsb "t{SmP≥' Iq´-
ßƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Ch-bpsS ÿm\-ßƒ "e{Km≥Pn-b≥ ÿm\-ßƒ' F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.
[qa-tI-Xp-°ƒ (Comets)
[qa-tI-Xp-°fpw kuc-bq-Y-Ønse AwK-ß-fm-Wv. kuc-bq-Y-Øn¬ G‰hpw Zqsc-bmbn k©-
cn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wn-h. kao-]-ÿ-ß-fmb \£-{X-ß-fpsS BI¿j-W-^-e-ambn ]cn-{I-a-W-]-
Y-Øn¬ am‰w ht∂-°mw. Nne-t∏mƒ kuc-bqYw hn´v t]msb∂pw hcmw. lmen [qa-tI-
Xp-hns\ 1682 emWv lmen Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. XpS¿∂v 1758, 1835, 1919, 1985 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬
lmen [qa-tIXp {]Xy-£-s∏-´p. 2062¬ lmen [qa-tIXp ho≠pw {]Xy-£-s∏-Spw.
[qa-tI-Xp-hn\v hm¬ D≈-Xp-t]mse Hcp Xebpw D≠v. Jc-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Hcp tI{µhpw
Np‰pw t\¿Ø "tIma' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hmX-I-]-S-ehpw IqSn-b-XmWv Cu io¿jw. t\¿Ø
hmen\v At\-I-e£w Intem-ao-‰¿ \of-ap-≠m-Ipw.
D¬°Iƒ (Meteors)
kz¥w ]cn-{I-a-W-]-Y-Øn¬ \n∂pw th¿Xn-cn™v `qan-bpsS ASp-tØ°v FØn-t®-cp∂
eLp-{K-l-ß-fpsS sNdnb IjvW-ß-fpw, s]mń-®n-X-dnb [qa-tI-Xp-°-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ß-
fp-amWv D¬°-I-fmbn {]tXy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ch sk°‚n¬ 60Dw 70Dw Intem-ao-‰¿ thK-
X-bn¬ `qan-bpsS A¥-co-£-Øn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-tºmƒ L¿jWw aqew NqSp-]n-Sn®v Bhn-
bmbn t]mIp-∂p. Ch-bmWv sIm≈n-ao-\p-Iƒ AYhm D¬°-Iƒ. Nneh ]q¿W-ambpw
Bhn-bm-ImsX _m°n-`mKw `qan-bn¬ ]Xn-°m-dp-≠v.
N{µ-bm-\p-ambn _‘-s∏´ skan-\m¿
C¥y-bpsS _ln-cm-Im-i-K-th-jWw F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ ¢mkn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ \S-Ømw.
skan-\m-dn¬ C\n ]d-bp-∂h Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.
1. _ln-cm-Imi ]≤-Xn-bpsS ta¬t\m-´w
2. CXp-hsc hnt£-]n® D]-{K-lß-- ƒ
3. hnt£-]-W-hm-l-\-ßƒ
4. _ln-cm-Imi ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£y-ßƒ
5. N{µ-bm≥ ]≤Xn
6. _ln-cm-Imi Kth-j-W-cw-KØv C¥y-bpsS `mhn-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
IqSp-X¬ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ C‚¿s\‰v sh_vssk‰pIƒ
1. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov.
2. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov.
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A[ym-]-I-k-lmbn

{io. A\n¬ Ipam¿.]n.sI

F.-]n.-Fw. apl-ΩZv l\ojv IAS

12. Pohs‚ sN∏v

Pohn-I-fpsS LS-\m-]-chpw Poh-[¿Ω-]-c-hp-amb ASn-ÿm-\-L-SIw tImi-ßfmsW∂v Ip´n-

\n¿h-lWw˛ ap≥ {]mIv‰n-°¬ sNbvX {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ ˛ 35 an\n´v

ssat{ImkvtIm∏n-eqsS Ip´n-Iƒ t\-csØ a\- n-em-°nb tImi-`m-K-ßsf Nn{X-\n-co-£-

a¿Ω-kvXcw a¿Ω-{Z-hyw a¿ΩIw

$ P¥p-tIm-i-Øn¬ D≈ `mK-ß-sf√mw kk-y-tIm-i-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?

{]]©w AXn-kq-£vaØ - n¬ \n∂m-cw-`n®v A\-¥a - mbn hnI-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. imkv{Xo-

Nn{Xw. 13.1 Imﬁ-Øns‚ tOZw

]mTm-h-X-cWw apX¬ {]mIvSn-°¬ Bkq-{XWw hsc ˛ 1 ]ocn-bUv

Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Apical Lateral Intercalary Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem

Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane structure

\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ teml-ß-fpsS ]¶v t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp bqWn-‰m-Wn-Xv. a\p-j-y-N-

$ F√m teml-ßfpw ImTn- $ teml-ß-fn¬ ImTn\yw IqSn-bhpw $ eLp-]c- o-£W- ß

B`-c-W-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-\mbn tKmƒUpw kn¬hdpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw Ip´nIƒ

_ew ChnsS {]tbm-Kn-°p∂p

teml{In-Ã-en¬ B‰-ß-fpsS ÿm\w

amen-b-_n-en‰n G‰hpw IqSnb teml-amWv tKmƒUv. Aeq-an-\n-b-Øns‚ t\¿Ø XIn-

temlw Iºn-I-fm°n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-k-µ¿`-ßƒ

Fßs\ Bkq-{XWw sNømw?

Metal Specific conductance

Cßs\ teml-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kzX{¥ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fpsS km∂n-

temlw km{µX (300 K. Dujvam-hn¬)

¢m n¬ e`-y-amb hnhn[ teml-ßƒ sIm≠p≈ hkvXp-°-sfbpw (D-Zm. C≥kv{Sp-sa‚ v

CXp-hsc tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\s-∏-SpØn teml-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Is≠-Ø-

F√m Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amb Hcp ]Zm¿∞-amWv Pew. `qan-bn¬ km[m-

Øn¬ tkm∏v ]X-bn-√, Cu {]tXy-I- hninjvSXm]-[mcnX-sb-°p-dn-®v KMnO4

Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ sh≈-

Pe-Øns‚ Akm-[m-cW kz`m-h-ßƒ

Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

eo\w embIw DZm-l-cWw

2. Hcp •mkv jo‰n\v -ap-I-fn¬ $ •mkvjo-‰v, Ccp-ºp-s]m-Sn, $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

3. Hcp t{Umbnw-Kvjo-‰n¬ _m¿ $ t{Umbnw-Kvjo-‰v, _m¿am-·-‰v, $ kl-I-cW at\m-`mhw $ {]h¿Ø-\-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

Ip∂ Im¥-i‡n IqSpw. F¶nepw Im¥-h¬°-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xn\v Hcp ]cn-[n-bp-≠v. Im¥--

N¿® Cßs\ t{ImUo-I-cn-°mw

Cu c≠psam´p-kq-Nn-I-fn¬ ]‰n]nSn-°p∂ a‰p sam´p-kq-Nn-

Cu {]h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ßƒ

Nn{Xw 18.11 (F) Nn{Xw 18.11 (_n)

`qan Hcp Im¥w

A‰Øv Z£n-W-{[p-hhpw sXs° A‰Øp

Hcp _m¿am-·-‰n-se∂ t]mse DØ-c-Im-

Nm = North magnetic pole

\nXyPohnXØns‚ kakv X taJeIsfbpw kv ] ¿in®p \n¬°p∂ Du¿Pcq]amb

$ CSnan∂¬ F¥mWv? $ taL-ß-fn¬ kw`-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ $ N¿® $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw $ N¿®m°pdn∏v

$ an∂¬ D≈- t ∏mƒ $ N¿® $ ]mT-]p-kvXIw $ imkv{Xob at\m-`mhw N¿®m-°p-dn∏v

kma{KnIƒ : kn¬°v, t]mfnÃ¿, Iºnfn, •mkv, F_ssW‰v, d∫¿, temlw

Dckm≥ D]tbmKn® hkvXp BI¿jWØns‚ kz`mhw

ChnsS ssl{U-P≥ B‰Øn-s‚ Nm¿Pn\p-≠mb am‰-sa¥v? Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pI?

h¿°v jo‰v ˛ 2 t¢mdn≥ B‰w

ChnsS t¢mdn≥ B‰-Øns‚ Nm¿Pn-\p-≠mb am‰-sa¥v? Nn{Xo-I-cn-°pI?

Dc-k-en\v hnt[-b-amb Ce-Ivt{Sm¨ ssIam‰w t]mkn-‰ohv/s\K-‰ohv

(1) + (2) (3)

t{]cWw aptJs\ Ce-Ivt{Sm-kvtIm-∏ns\ s\K-‰ohv Bbn Nm¿Pv sNøp∂

Nn{Xw 19.6 (a) bnse t]mkn‰ohv Bbn Nm¿PvsNøs∏´ CeIvt{SmkvtIm∏ns\ Hcp

CSan∂epambn _‘s∏´ skan\m¿

{]]-©-Øns‚ D¤-h-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®pw \msf F¥p

Nn{Xw {i≤n-°q. Hcp Aam-hmkn Znhkw `qan P F∂ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw

Nn{Xw 1¬ N{µ≥ A bnem-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ x F∂v AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂

N{µs‚ hr≤n£bw a\-kn-em-°p-∂X- n-\p≈ Hcp hnh-cWw C\n sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂p. N{µ≥,