School of Engineering Engineering Mathematics 4 (ENG 2123)

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 Learning outcomes
When you have completed this lecture you will be able to

Recognise j as standing for  1 and be able to

reduce powers of j to  j or 1 .

 Recognise that all complex numbers are in the form

(real part) + j(imaginary part).

 Add, subtract and multiply complex numbers.

 Find the complex conjugate of a complex number.

 Divide complex numbers.

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 Learning outcomes
When you have completed this lecture you will be able to

 State the conditions for the equality of two

complex numbers.
 Draw complex numbers and recognise the
parallelogram law of addition.
 Convert a complex number from Cartesian to polar
form and vice versa.
 Multiplication and division in polar coordinates.
 Write a complex number on its exponential form.

 Obtain the logarithm of a complex number.

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Introduction
The symbol j
Powers of j
Complex numbers
Equal complex numbers
Graphical representation of a complex number
Graphical addition of complex numbers
Polar form of a complex number
Exponential form of a complex number

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 Introduction: Ideas and symbols
 The numerals were devised to enable written calculations and
records of quantities and measurements. When a grouping of
symbols such as 1 occurs to which there is no
corresponding quantity we ask ourselves why such a grouping
occurs and can we make anything of it?

 In response we carry on manipulating with it to see if anything

worthwhile comes to light.

 We call 1 an imaginary number to distinguish it from

those numbers to which we can associate quantity which we
call real numbers.

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 The symbol j
Quadratic equations
The solutions to the quadratic equation:
x 1  0
2

are: x  1 and x  1
The solutions to the quadratic equation:

are: x2  1  0
x   1 and x   1
We avoid the clumsy notation by defining j  1

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 Power of j
Positive integer powers
Because:

j  1
so:
j  1
2

j3  j 2 j   j
j  j    1
2 2
4 2
1
j5  j 4 j  j

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 Power of j
Negative integer powers
Because:
1
j 2  1 so j     j 1
j
and so: 1
j j
 j 
1
  1  1
2 2 1
j
j 3   j  j    1  j   j
2 1

  j    1  1
2
4 2 2
j

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 Power of j

Positive integer powers Negative integer powers

j  1 j 1   j
2
j  1
2
j  1
3
j j
3
j  j
4
j 1
4 j 1
5
j  j
5
j j

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 Complex Numbers

A complex number is a mixture of a real number and an

imaginary number. The symbol z is used to denote a
complex number.

In the complex number z = 3 + j5:

- the number 3 is called the real part of z and denoted by

Re(z)

- the number 5 is called the imaginary part of z, denoted by

Im(z)
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 Complex Numbers
Addition and Subtraction

The real parts and the imaginary parts are added

(subtracted) separately:

and so: (4  j 5)  (3  j 2)
 4  j5  3  j 2
 4  3  j5  j 2
 7  j3

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 Complex Numbers
Multiplication
Complex numbers are multiplied just like any other
binomial product and so:
(4  j 5)  (3  j 2)
 4(3  j 2)  j 5(3  j 2)
 12  j8  j15  j 210
 12  j8  j15  10 because j  1
2

 22  j 7
The product of two complex numbers is found by multiplying as
if the numbers were binomials and using the fact that j2 = 1.

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 Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugate
The complex conjugate of a complex number is obtained by switching
the sign of the imaginary part. So that:
(5  j8) and (5  j8)
are complex conjugates of each other.
The product of a complex number and its complex conjugate is
entirely real: ( a  jb)  (a  jb)
 a( a  jb)  jb( a  jb)
 a 2  jba  jba  j 2b 2
 a 2  b2

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 Complex Numbers
Division
To divide two complex numbers both numerator and denominator
are multiplied by the complex conjugate of the denominator:
7  j 4  7  j 4   4  j 3
 
4  j 3  4  j 3  4  j 3


 7  j4   4  j 3
 4  j 3   4  j 3


16  j 37 
16  9 
16 37
  j
25 25
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 Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugate
The complex conjugate is important because it permits us to switch
from complex to real.
If, in general, z  x  jy , then its complex conjugate is
z  x  jy and we can show that
zz  x  y
2 2

If two complex numbers z1 and z2 are given, then

z1  z 2  z1  z 2 z1  z 2  z1  z 2
z 1 z 2  z1 z 2 z1

z1
z2 z2
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 Equal complex numbers

If two complex numbers are equal then their respective

real parts are equal and their respective imaginary parts
are equal.

If a  jb  c  jd then a  c a
b  c  jd then a  c and b  d
hen a  c and b  d

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 Graphical representation of a complex number
The complex number z = a + jb can be represented by the line
joining the origin to the point (a, b) set against Cartesian axes.

Im

z - plan

Re

This is called the Argand diagram and the plane of points is

called the complex plane.

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 Graphical representation of a complex number
Then it is clear that:
-The scale on the x-axis represents the real numbers, and is
therefore called the real axis.

-The scale on the y-axis represents imaginary numbers, and is

therefore called the imaginary axis.
Im

z - plan

Re

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 Graphical addition of complex numbers
Quite similar in vectors we add (subtract) the complex
numbers according to the parallelogram rule:

(5  j 2)  (2  j3)  7  j5

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 Polar form of a complex number
A complex number can be expressed in polar coordinates r
and .
z  a  jb
 r (cos  j sin  )
where:
a  r cos , b  r sin 
and: r 2  a 2  b2
z  r cos   j sin  

is called the polar form or (trigonometric form) of the

complex numbers.
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 Polar form of a complex number

z  r cos   j sin  

is called the modulus of is called the argument of

the complex number. the complex number.
mod z or ‌z ‌ arg z

The polar form can be shortened to r q

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 Multiplication in polar coordinates
When two complex numbers, written in polar form, are multiplied
the product is given as a complex number whose modulus is the
product of the two moduli and whose argument is the sum of the
two arguments.
If z1  r1  cos1  j sin 1  and z2  r2  cos 2  j sin  2 


then z1z2  r1r2 cos1  2  j sin1  2  

If z  r cos   j sin   is a complex number, and if n is any
real number, then

z  r cos   j sin    r n cos n  j sin n 

n n

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 Division in polar coordinates

When two complex numbers, written in polar form, are divided the
quotient is given as a complex number whose modulus is the
quotient of the two moduli and whose argument is the difference of
the two arguments.

If z1  r1  cos1  j sin 1  and z2  r2  cos 2  j sin  2 

 
z1 r1
then  cos1  2  j sin1  2 
z2 r2

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 Exponential form of a complex number

Recall the Maclaurin series:

2 3 4 5
x x x x
e 1 x 
x
   
2! 3! 4! 5!
3 5 7
x x x
sin x  x    
3! 5! 7!
2 4 6
x x x
cos x  1    
2! 4! 6!

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 Exponential form of a complex number

So that:

 j   j   j   j 
2 3 4 5
j
e  1 j     
2! 3! 4! 5!
 2
 3
 4
 5
 1  j  j   j 
2! 3! 4! 5!
 2 4    
3 5

 1     j     
 2! 4!   3! 5! 
 cos  j sin 

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 Exponential form of a complex number
Therefore:

z  r  cos  j sin    re j

In the exponential form of a complex number must be in

radians.

j
e  cos   j sin 
 j
e  cos   j sin 

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Relationship between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

Since: j  j j  j
cos  e  e and j sin  e  e
2 2
it is clear that for
  jx

cos jx  cosh x

j sin x  sinh jx

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 Three forms of expressing complex numbers
So the three ways of expressing a complex number are
therefore
z  a  jb
z  r cos   j sin  
j
z  re
Remember that the exponential form obtained from
the polar form.
(i) The r value is the same in each case.
(ii) the angle is also the same in each case, but in the exponential
form the angle must be in radians.

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 Three forms of expressing complex numbers
Logarithm of a complex number

Since:
j
z  re
then:

ln z  ln r  ln e  ln r  j
j

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School of Engineering Engineering Mathematics 4 (ENG 2123)

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 Learning outcomes
When you have completed this lecture you will be able to

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 Functions of a Complex Variable

Example:
y = f(x) = x2

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 Functions of a Complex Variable
For a function of a single complex variable
w  f ( z)  u( x, y)  jv( x, y)
we have four real variables, x, y, u and v.

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 Functions of a Complex Variable
Try this!
If z = x + jy express each of the following complex
function in the form w  f ( z )  u( x, y)  jv( x, y) .

 z  3  j 2; w  2 z - j 6
 z  2  j; w  4  jz
 z  j 1  j ; w  2  j z  1
 z  j  2; w  1  j z  3

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 Functions of a Complex Variable

 z  3  j 2; w  2 z - j 6  w  6 - j2
u  6; v  2

 z  2  j; w  4  jz  w  3 - j2
u  3; v  2

 z  j 1  j ; w  2  j z  1  w  j3
u  0; v  3

 z  j  2; w  1  j z  3  w2
u  2; v  0

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Functions of a Complex Variable

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Complex Mapping

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Complex Mapping

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 Complex Mapping

Example:

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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Does a straight in the z-plane always map onto a
straight line in the w-plane?
To answer this question let’s consider the following
two examples.
Example_A:
Map the straight line joining A(-2+j) and B(3+j6) in the
z-plane onto the w-plane when w = 3 + j2z.

Example_B:
Map the straight line joining A(2+j0) and B(0+j2) in the
z-plane onto the w-plane when w = z2.

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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Example_A. Solution:
 Map the end points A and B onto the w-plane to obtain A’
and B’ as we did in the previous example.
A : w  1  j 4; B  : w  9  j 6;
 Illustrate the transformation on a diagram.

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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Example_A. Solution (cont.):
 As z moves along the line A to B in the z-plane, we cannot
assume that its image in the w-plane travels along a
straight line from A’ to B’.
 As yet, we have no evidence of what the path is. We there-
fore have to find a general point w = u + jv in the w-plane
corresponding to a general point z = x + jy in the z-plane.

w  u  jv  f z   3  j 2 z
u  3  2 y and v  2 x
3u v
and y and x 
2 2
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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Example_A. Solution (cont.):
 Now the Cartesian equation of AB is y = x + 3 and
substituting from the previous slide we obtain v = -u – 3,
which is the equation of a straight line.
 So, in this case, the path joining A’ and B’ is in the fact a
straight line.

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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Example_B. Solution:
 Map the end points A and B onto the w-plane to obtain A’
and B’ as we did in the previous example.
A : w  4  j 0; B  : w  4  j 0;
 Illustrate the transformation on a diagram.

y  2 x

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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Example_B. Solution (cont.):
 As z moves along the line A to B in the z-plane, we cannot
assume that its image in the w-plane travels along a
straight line from A’ to B’.
 As yet, we have no evidence of what the path is. We there-
fore have to find a general point w = u + jv in the w-plane
corresponding to a general point z = x + jy in the z-plane.

w  u  jv  z 2

u  4 x  4 and v  4 x  2 x 2

u4
and x
4
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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Example_B. Solution (cont.):
 Now the Cartesian equation of AB is y = 2 - x and
substituting from the previous slide we obtain v   u 2  16 ,
1
8
which is not a straight line.
 So, in this case, the path joining A’ and B’ is in the fact a
parabola for which at u = 0, v = 2.

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 Mapping of a Straight Line
Conclusion ,we can draw from the examples A and B, are:


Try this!
Find the image of the line Re(z) = 1 under f(z) = z2.

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Mapping of a Straight Line

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 Types of Transformation of the form w = az + b
Depending on the values of the constants a and b (may be real
or complex),we have the following types of transformation:

(a) Magnification – given by |a|

(b) Rotation – given by arg a
(c) Translation – given by b.
(d) Combined magnification and rotation.
(e) Combined magnification, rotation and
translation.

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 Types of Transformation of the form w = az + b
Magnification: when w = az + b; b = 0 and a is real.

Example: w = 2z. Points A and B are (0,1) and (2,3).

Solution:

Notice that length of AB= 2 2

and length of A’B’= 4 2

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 Types of Transformation of the form w = az + b
Translation: when w = az + b; b is complex and a=1.

Example: w = z + 2-j. Points A and B are (0,1) and (2,3).

Solution:

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 Types of Transformation of the form w = az + b
Rotation: when w = az +b, b=0; and a complex.

Example: w = jz. Points A and B are (0,1) and (2,3).

Solution:

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 Types of Transformation of the form w = az + b
Rotation: when w = az +b, b=0; and a complex.

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Example transformation : w=(1+j2)z+3-j4 =(1+j2)z+3-j4
Magnification= |a|= |1+j2|=√(1+4)=2.236
Rotation=arg a =arctan(2/1)=63.43° ( 1st quadrant)
Translation = 3 units to the right, 4 units downwards.

W=2z
Magnification is 2
Rotation = NIL
Translation =NIL

W=z+2-j
Magnification is 1
Rotation=NIL
Translation= 2 unit right, 1 unit down.

W=jz
Magnification=NIL ( a is real)
Rotation= arctan (1/0)=90°
Translation=NIL
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