INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
Condensation may be in the form of
filmwise and dropwise. In filmwise
condensation. Filmwise is a laminar film
of vapour that create upon a surface.
The film can then flow downwards, the
thickness is increasing when the
additional vapour is pick along the way.
While in the dropwise condensation
vapour droplets at an acute surface.
The objectives for this
experiment of this experiment is to
demonstrate the filmwise and dropwise
condensation, to determine the filmwise
heat flux and surface heat transfer
coefficient at a constant pressure, to
determine the dropwise heat flux and to
determine the dropwise heat flux and
surface heat transfer coefficient at
constant pressure.
There are two forms of
condensation which is filmwise and
dropwise. A laminar film of vapour is
created upon a surface in filmwise.
Then the flow downwards in the
dropwise.
The liquid does not wet the wall
when the rate of conduction is low thus
dropwise condensation is occur. The
condensation is required part of an
industrial process film condensation in
the most engineering components as
the large of mass flux condensed liquid
per unit length wetted area.
The condensation of dropwise
has been recognised first by Schmidt et
al. (1930) and by their report that heat
transfer coefficient were between 5 and
7 times those found with the film
condensation. A few demonstrations
successful application on an industrial
scale has been conducted over a few
years.
This experiment has been used
industry to increase the efficiency of
condenser. For example, rankine cycle.
By increasing the efficiency of the
condenser, its operational pressure can
be reduced and the overall efficiency of
the cycle can be increased.
 The dropwise condensation is OBJECTIVES
difficult to sustain reliably, therefore
industrial equipment is normally 1. To demonstrate the filmwise

designed to operate in filmwise and dropwise condensation.

condensation mode.
2. To determine the filmwise
The application of this
heat flux and surface heat
experiment is the steam must be
transfer coefficient at
condensed as it transfer heat to a
constant pressure.
cooling medium which could be cold
water in a condenser of generating
station, hot water in a heating calorifier, 3. To determine the dropwise
sugar solution heat can be quickly and surface heat transfer
transferred from the condensing coefficient at constant
surface in to the cooling medium, the pressure.
heat exchanger can be compact and
effective.

The heat transfer coefficient can

be calculated using Nussselt equation.
Nusselt assumed that the heat transfer
that occurs from the vapour through the
film and to the wall is conduction. Since
the process is conduction is well known,
therefore calculation on the heat-
transfer coefficients can be done. In this
experiment, obtained data are for Tsat,
Tsurf, Tin and Tout.
 THEORY Very high rates of heat-transfer
occur on these bare areas. The
Mechanism of Condensation average heat transfer coefficient for

Condensation of a vapor to a liquid and dropwise condensation is five to 10

vaporization of a liquid to a vapor both times larger than the filmwise

involve a change of phase of a fluid coefficients.

with large heat-transfer coefficients. Dropwise condensation can be

Condensation occurs when a saturated
vapor such as steam comes in contact
with a solid whose surface temperature
is below the saturation temperature, to
form a liquid such as water.
promoted by making the surface non-
wetting (via coating). However,
dropwise condensation is difficult to
maintain in industrial applications due
to oxidation, fouling and degradation of

Normally, when a vapor coating, and eventually film

condenses on a surface such as a condensation occurs. Therefore,

vertical or horizontal tube or other condenser designs are often based on

surface, a film of condensate is formed the assumption of filmwise

on the surface and flows over the condensation.

surface by the action of gravity. It is

this film of liquid between the surface
FILM BOILING CONDENSATION
and the vapor that forms the main
resistance to heat-transfer. This is Film-Condensation coefficients
called filmwise condensation. for vertical surfaces. Film-type
condensation on a vertical wall or tube
Another type of condensation,
can be analysed analytically by
dropwise condensation, can occur,
assuming laminar flow of the
where small drops are formed on the
condensate film down the wall. The
surface. These drops grow and
film thickness is zero at the top of the
coalesce, and the liquid flows from the
wall or tube and increases in thickness
surface. During this condensation,
as it flows downward because of
large areas of tube are devoid of any
condensation.
liquid and are exposed directly to the
vapor.
 Nusselt assumed that the heat- PROCEDURE
transfer from the condensing vapor at
Tsat, through this liquid film, and to the GENERAL START-UP

wall by conduction. Equating this heat- 1. Ensure the main switch is in the
transfer by conduction to that from off position.
condensation of the vapor, a final 2. The power regulator is set to to
expression can be obtained for the the minimum.
average heat-transfer coefficient over 3. V1 and V6 valve are closed.
the whole surfaces. 4. The chamber is filled with the
distilled water until the water
level is between the heater and
APPARATUS baffle plates. The heater must be
fully immersed in the water
1. Solteq model
throughout the experiment. The
valve, V4 is opened and the
water is filled into the chamber
through the drain valve, V4.
Then the valve, V4 is closed.
5. The water flow to the condenser
is adjusted by controlling the
- Pressure relief valve control valve.
6. The main and heater switch is
- Indicators
turned on. The heater power is
- Flowmeter set by rotating the power

- Discharge valve regulator clockwise to increase

the heating power.
- Pressure ransmitter
7. The water temperature reading
- Separator is observed.
8. The water boiling point is heated
- Dropwise condensation
up until the pressure reached
- Filmwise condensation 1.02 to 1.10 bar. Valve V1 and
- Coiled-Heater V5 is opened immediately for 1
minute for the vacuum out the air
- Vacuum injector
 inside the condenser. Then, both EXPERIMENT 2
V1 and V5 valve close
1. The cooling water is circulated
immediately.
through the filmwise condenser
9. The system is stabilize. Then, all
starting with a minimum valve
the data experiment is recorded.
0.1 LPM
2. The heater power is adjusted to
obtain the desired pressure at
GENERAL SHUT-DOWN
1.01 bar.
1. The control voltage is turned on 3. The data of the steam (Tsat) and
to 0 volt position by turning the surface (Tsurf), Tin(T1) and
knob fully anti clockwise. The Tout(T2) and flowrate is recorded
cooling water keep flowing for 5 when the condition is stabilized.
minutes through the condenser
to cold them down.
2. The main switch is switch off. EXPERIMENT 3
Then, the power supply unpled.
1. The cooling water is circulated
3. The water supply is closed and
through the dropwise condenser
the cooling water tubes is
starting with a minimum valve of
connected.
0.4 LPM.
4. The water inside the chamber
2. The heater power is adjusted to
discharged using the discharge
obtain the desired pressure at
valve.
1.01 bar.
3. The data of the steam (Tsat) and
surface (Tsurf), Tin(T1) and
EXPERIMENT 1
Tout(T2) and flowrate is recorded
1. By following the general start up when the condition is stabilized.
procedures.
 RESULT

EXPERIMENT 2
EXPERIMENT 1
Flowrate
Power (W) 370
(LPM) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Tin (⁰C) 35.9
Power (W) 472 424 327 470 449
Tout (⁰C) 60.0 Tin (⁰C) 35.7 35.2 35.0 34.4 34.1
Tsat (⁰C) 69.1 Tout (⁰C) 56.1 46.5 41.1 38.5 37.3
Tsurf (⁰C) Filmwise : 88.4 Tsat (⁰C) 71.5 71.4 71.1 70.8 70.6
Dropwise : 87.7 Tsurf (⁰C) 69.7 61.6 56.5 53.1 50.0
∆Tm (⁰C) 24.1 Tsat – 1.8 9.8 14.6 17.7 20.6

Tsat – Tsurf (⁰C) Filmwise : -19.3 Tsurf (⁰C)

∆Tin (⁰C) 20.4 11.3 6.1 4.1 3.2
Dropwise : -18.6
q(kW) 0.143 0.158 0.128 0.115 0.112
ᶲ (W/m2) 2021.4 2238.4 1812.8 1624.2 1584.5
U 6.543 7.236 5.862 5.247 5.117
(W/m2.K)
Flowrate % 2 10 16 23 27

The demonstration of the filmwise and

dropwise condensation
 EXPERIMENT 3 SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

Flowrate
(LPM) 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.8 EXPERIMENT 2
Power (W) 464 508 443 443 286
Tin (⁰C) 33.7 33.6 33.4 33.3 33.2
Flowrate, m =

Tout (⁰C) 39.7 37.5 36.4 35.8 35.7 (0.1l/min)(1min/60s)(1000kg/m3)(1m3/

Tsat (⁰C) 70.9 70.9 70.9 71.1 71.1 1000l)

Tsurf (⁰C) 59.8 56.9 56.0 54.6 53.2
= 0.001667kg/s
Tsat – 11.1 14.0 14.9 16.5 17.9
Tsurf (⁰C) Heat, q = mC(Tout-Tin)
∆Tin (⁰C) 6.0 3.9 3.0 2.5 2.5 =
q(kW) 0.168 0.218 0.251 0.279 0.314 (0.001667kg/s)(4.19kJ/kg.C)(20.4C)
ᶲ (W/m2) 2377.4 3090.9 3566.1 3961.9 4458.3
= 0.143kW
U 7.660 9.956 11.479 12.741 14.333
(W/m2.K)
Flowrate % 1 1 1 1 1
Heat flux, ᶲ

ᶲ = q / ∏dL+(∏d2/2)

=0.1425kW/(∏(0.12)(0.12)+(∏(
0.12)^2)/2)

= 2021.4W/m2

Surface Heat transfer Coefficient,

U = ᶲ / ∆T

= 2021.4/35.8+ 273.15

= 6.543 W/m2.K
EXPERIMENT 3 DISCUSSION

Flowrate, m =
(0.4l/min)(1min/60s)(1000kg/m3)(1m3/ This experiment is conducted
1000l) mostly to investigate about the
condensation that happens in filmwise
= 0.006667kg/s
and dropwise by using the solteq film.
The objectives for this experiment are

Heat, q = mC(Tout-Tin) to demonstrate the filmwise and

dropwise condensation, to determine
=
the filmwise heat flux and surface heat
(0.006667kg/s)(4.19kJ/kg.C)(6.0C)
transfer coefficient at constant pressure
= 0.168kW and lastly is to determine the dropwise
and surface heat transfer coefficient at
constant pressure.
Heat flux, ᶲ
For experiment 1 we
ᶲ = q / ∏dL+(∏d2/2)
demonstrate the filmwise and dropwise
=0.168kW/(∏(0.127)(0.12)+(∏( condensation. As for the condensation
0.12)^2)/2) in filmwise, the most of the material
used in the condensation are wetable.
= 2377.4W/m2
The filmwise cdensation is spread over
the surface. More vapour condenses

Surface Heat transfer Coefficient,
U = ᶲ / ∆T
= 3685.3/37.2+ 273.15
= 7.6604 W/m2.K
onto the outside of this film thus it
increase the thickness and cause the
flow to go downwards. Moreover during
filmwise condensation, there were a
layer of condensate covers the cool
surface and thus it will cause the
resistance of the transfer of heat.

For the condensation in

dropwise, the material at dropwise that
had been used are non wet table. Thus,
when the steam at dropwise is
condenses, the number of spherical RECOMMENDATIONS
that forms on its surface will become
larger. When this beads become larger, 1. Allow the cooling water to flow at

the trickle will go downwards. The the end of the experiment before

moving beads gathers all the static the equipment is shut down to

beads along its downward path and avoid the cracking of cylindrical

also will accelerates and leaves a bare tube.

surface and its trail virtually. 2. Make sure all valve has been
close before start the experiment
In the experiment 2 and
3. Make sure the valve close
experiment 3 is to show the theoretical
thightly when the film
value which shows there are a big
condensation equipment turn off
different from the graph in the dropwise
4. Make sure the eyes are parallel
and filmwise graph. There are a big
to the meniscus to avoid the
difference based on the heat transfer
error.
coefficient and temperature difference.
The transfer during the dropwise it
shows that there is a relatively larger CONCLUSIONS
are of heat transfer coefficient and thus
it will produces the larger value of heat In this experiment is being conducted to

transfer. shows the condensation that happens

in the filmwise and driopwise
While in the filmwise
condensation.
condensation, a smaller value of heat
transfer and larger area on the graph In the experiment 2 and

thus toshows the larger margin of heat experiment 3 we can be concluded that

transfer are at the larger value of the the condensation of the dropwise heat

heat transfer. Thus the error occur flux and the surface coefficient at a

when it did not match for the desirable constant pressure and it is relatively

data. larger value at a small temperatures

differences than the condensation at
the filmwise.
 REFERENCES

1. http://www.p-a-
hilton.co.uk/English/Products/H
eat_Transfer/heat_transfer.html

2. http://www.springerlink.com/con
tent/46322536602154p1/

3. http://wins.engr.wisc.edu/teachi
ng/mpfBook/node9.html

4. http://www.scribd.com/doc/2299
2765/Dropwise-and-Fimwise-
Condensation-Lab-Report