OSI Model

 To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number,

the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched
many network schemes and recognized that there was a need to
create a network model

 This would help network builders implement networks that could

communicate and work together

 ISO therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.

Open System Interconnect (OSI)

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Layer 7- Application layer

7 Application • User Interaction Layer

• Opens applications such as MS –word, excel,
6 Presentation PowerPoint, etc. and networking applications.
5 Session • PDU (Protocol Data Unit) is in the form of Data

4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Layer- Presentation Layer

7 Application • This layer gives file extension.

• E.g.- .ppt, .doc, .docx
6 Presentation • Encryption, decryption, compression,
5 Session decompression are done in this layer
• PDU is in Formatted data
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Layer- 5 Session Layer

7 Application • This layer establishes, manages, and terminates

sessions between two communicating hosts.
6 Presentation • Offers three modes of communication
5 Session 1. Simplex
2. Half duplex
4 Transport 3. Full duplex
• PDU is in Formatted Data
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Communication types

 Simplex
One way communication that is either send or receive
E.g.- Pager
 Half duplex
Two way communication, but either one at a time.
E.g.- Walky talky
 Full duplex
Two way communication, both at one time.
E.g.- Telephone
Layer- 4 Transport Layer

7 Application • This layer breaks up the data from the sending

host and then reassembles it in the receiver.
6 Presentation • It also is used to insure reliable data transport
across the network.
5 Session
• Can be reliable or unreliable
4 Transport • Sequencing
• Acknowledgment
3 Network • Retransmission
• Flow Control
2 Data Link
• PDU is in Data segments
1 Physical
Layer- 3 Network Layer

7 Application • Sometimes referred to as the “Cisco Layer”.

• Provide logical addressing that routers use for
6 Presentation path determination
5 Session • Segments are encapsulated
• Error Correction
4 Transport • Packet forwarding
• Packet Filtering
3 Network • Makes “Best Path Determination”
2 Data Link • Fragmentation
• PDU is in Data Packets
1 Physical
Layer- 2 Data Link Layer

7 Application • Performs Physical Addressing

• This layer provides reliable transit of data
6 Presentation across a physical link.
5 Session • Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames
4 Transport • Access to media using MAC address
• Error detection, not correction
3 Network • LLC and MAC
2 Data Link • Logical Link Control performs Link
establishment
1 Physical • MAC Performs Access method
• PDU is in Data Frames
Layer- 1 Physical Layer

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport • This is the physical media through which the
data, represented as electronic signals, is sent
3 Network from the source host to the destination host.
2 Data Link • Move bits between devices
• Encoding
1 Physical
Data Encapsulation & Decapsulation
 The process of converting Data into Bits and Bytes is called
Encapsulation
 The process of converting Bits and Bytes into Data is called
Decapsulation
 Layer 1 Devices- Cables and Connectors
 Layer 2 Devices- Hub, Switch, NIC, Bridge
 Layer 3 Devices- Router (Also known as CISCO layers)
Collision Domain

 Collision Domain is the place where collision occurs.

 Hub is a single Collision Domain.
 In the case of a Switch each port in a switch is a single Collision
Domain
Broadcast Domain

 The maximum area in which the broadcast travels is called Broadcast

Domain
 Hub and Switch are single Broadcast Domains.
 Router will not forward either Collision domains or Broadcast
Domains.
Types of transmission
DOD Model or TCP/IP Model

 Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the

historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission
Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
 The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data
communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the
world, at nearly the speed of light.
 The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference
model because it wanted a network that could survive any conditions,
even a nuclear war.
5 Layers

Application

Presentation

Session Application

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data-Link Data-Link

Physical Physical
Application Layer

File Transfer
- TFTP*
- FTP*
- NFS
E-Mail
- SMTP
Remote Login
Application
- Telnet*
- rlogin*
Transport Network Management
- SNMP*
Internet Name Management
- DNS*
Data-Link
*Used by the Router
Physical
Transport Layer

Transmission Control Connection-

Application Protocol (TCP) Oriented

Transport User Datagram Connectionless

Protocol (UDP)
Internet

Data-Link

Physical
TCP Port Numbers

 Exit or entry layer from one application

to another are called port numbers. F T S D T S R
 1- 64711 are well known port numbers T E M N F N I
 64712- 65535 are unknown P L T S T M P
N P P P
E
T

21 23 25 53 69 161 520

TCP UDP
TCP Three way Hand Shake

Host A Host B

Send SYN
1 (seq = 100 ctl = SYN)
SYN Received
2
SYN Received

Established
3 (seq = 101 ack = 301
ctl = ack)
Windowing

 Windowing in networking means the quantity of data segments which

is measured in bytes that a machine can transmit/send on the
network without receiving an acknowledgement
 There are two window sizes—one set to 1 and one set to 3.
 When you’ve configured a window size of 1, the sending machine
waits for an acknowledgment for each data segment it transmits
before transmitting another
 If you’ve configured a window size of 3, it’s allowed to transmit three
data segments before an acknowledgment is received.
Flow Control

 Another function of the transport layer is to provide optional flow

control.
 Flow control is used to ensure that networking devices don’t send too
much information to the destination, overflowing its receiving buffer
space, and causing it to drop the sent information
 The purpose of flow control is to ensure the destination doesn't get
overrun by too much information sent by the source
 3072
SEQ 1024 3
A
SEQ 2048 B

SEQ 3072
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the connectionless transport protocol in the TCP/IP
protocol stack.

 UDP is a simple protocol that exchanges datagrams, without acknowledgments or

guaranteed delivery. Error processing and retransmission must be handled by higher layer
protocols.

 UDP is designed for applications that do not need to put sequences of segments together.

 The protocols that use UDP include:

1. TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
2. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
3. DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol)
4. DNS (Domain Name System)
TCP vs. UDP
Internet Layer

Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Internet Control Message
Transport Protocol (ICMP)

Internet Address Resolution

Protocol (ARP)
Data-Link
Reverse Address
Physical Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Connectivity Protocols

 IP- Used for IP addressing

 ICMP- Used to check internet connectivity
 ARP- Resolves MAC address from IP
 RARP- Resolves IP from MAC address