EXPERIMENT NO.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS & RESISTOR COLOR

CODING

NAME: ESPERANZA, VINCENT RAUL C. DATE PERFORMED:13/09/19

SUBJECT AND SECTION: ACME 1-L BSME 2D DATE SUBMITTED : 27/09/19

REMARKS:
 _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

____________________
INSTRUCTOR RATING

V. DATA AND RESULTS

RESISTOR
1 2 3 4 5
1ST COLOR GREEN RED ORANGE ORANGE RED
2ND COLOR BLACK RED WHITE ORANGE VIOLET
3RD COLOR BLACK BROWN BROWN BLACK ORANGE
4TH COLOR GIOLD GOLD GOLD GOLD GOLD
TOLERANCE ± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5% ± 5%

CODED 50 Ω 220Ω 390Ω 33Ω 2700Ω

VALUE
MEASURED 50Ω 220Ω 380Ω 32Ω 2600Ω
VALUE
% 0% 0% 2.56% 3.03% 3.70%
DIFFERENCE
TABLE 1.2

TABLE 1.3

STEP POTENTIOMETER Rab Rbc Rca Rac + Rbc

SETTING Computed
Value
1 VARY OVER ITS 10K X X X
RANGE
2 COMPLETELY CW X 0K 10K 10K
3 CW TO CCW X 10K 0K 10 K
4 1/4 CW X 2.5K 7.5 K 10 K
5 3/4 CW X 7.5 K 2.5 K 10 K

TABLE 1.4

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

RESISTORS 1000Ω 7500Ω 10 000Ω 13 000Ω 27 000Ω

VOLTAGE 20 V 20 V 20 V 20 V 20 V

CURRENT 19 mA 1.2 mA 1.75 mA 1.4 mA 0.8 mA

VI. COMPUTATIONS

| CODEDVALUE  MEASUREDVALUE |
% DIFFERENCE   100%
CODEDVALUE
 50  50
FOR R1 % difference  x100  0%
50
220  220
FOR R2 % difference  x100  0%
220
390  380
FOR R3 % difference  x100  2.56%
390
33  32
FOR R4 % difference  x100  3.03%
33
27000  26000
FOR R5 % difference  x100  3.70%
27000
VII. CONCLUSIONS

WHEN THE VOLTMETER IS MEASURED PARALLEL TO CIRCUIT

CONSISTING OF A SINGLE VOLTAGE SOURCE AND A RESISTOR, THE VOLTAGE
OF THE RESISTOR IS EQUIVALENT TO THE VOLTAGE SOURCE.
WHEN THE AMMETER IS MEASURED IN SERIES TO THE CIRCUIT, THE
CURRENT IS MEASURED IN EACH RESISTOR.
 VIII. GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. GIVE THE COLOR CODE OF THE FOLLOWING CARBON RESISTORS

A) 0.73 OHM
B) 490 OHMS
C) 5.6 OHMS
D) 62000 OHMS

SOLUTION: FROM THE RESISTOR COLOR CODING

1ST DIGIT 2ND DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

A) 0.73 OHM 7 3 0.01 NOT GIVEN
VIOLET ORANGE SILVER

1ST DIGIT 2ND DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE

B) 490 OHMS 4 9 10 NOT GIVEN
YELLOW WHITE BROWN
1ST DIGIT 2ND DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
C) 5.6 OHMS 5 6 0.1 NOT GIVEN
GREEN BLUE GOLD
1ST DIGIT 2ND DIGIT MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE
D) 62000 6 2 1000 NOT GIVEN
OHMS
BLUE RED ORANGE

2. AN AMMETER AND A VOLTMETER OF SUITABLE RANGES ARE TO BE

USED TO MEASURE THE CURRENT AND VOLTANGE OF AN ELECTRIC LAMP. IF
MISTAKES WERE MADE AND METERS INTERCHANGE, WHAT WILL HAPPEN?

ANSWER:
IF AN AMMETER IS MEASURED IN SERIES IS SWITCH TO A VOLTMETER,
THE MULTITESTER WILL MALFUNCTION AND DESTROY EVENTUALLY. YOU
CAN SAY THAT THE VOLTMETER IS MEASURED IN SERIES IF THE POINTER
OF THE MULTITESTER DEFLECTS FROM INFINITY TO ZERO VERY QUICKLY.
THE SAME IF A VOLTMETER IS MEASURED IN PARALLEL IS SWITCH TO A
AMMETER. NEVER AND EVER INTERSWITCHED THE TWO MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS. AN AMMETER IS FOR SERIES CONNECTION AND A
VOLTMETER IS FOR PARALLEL CONNECTION.

3. AN AMMETER HAS A RESISTANCE OF 0.0075 OHM READS UP 15A. WHAT

RESISTANCE SHUNT IS NEEDED TO MAKE A FULL SCALE DEFLECTION OF 150A.

SOLUTION. BY OHMS LAW, THE CURRENT IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO

THE RESISTANCE. HENCE

1
Iα
R
BY REPLACING A PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT K BY UNITY.
 I1 I
 2
R1 R2

AT I1= 15 A WHEN R1= 0.0075Ω AND I2= 150A, HENCE

15 A 150a

0.0075 R2

SOLVING FOR R2 , HENCE

R2 = 0.075Ω

4. A 50 mV METER HAS A RESISTANCE OF 10 OHMS. A MULTIPLIER HAS

BEEN INSERTED TO PRODUCE A VOLTMETER OF RANGE 5V. HOW CAN THE
MULTIPLIER BE MODIFIED SO THAT THE NEW METER WILL HAVE RANGE OF 15
V.

SOLUTION: FROM OHMS LAW, THE VOLTAGE IS DIRECT PROPORTIONAL TO

RESISTANCE. HENCE
VαR
BY REPLACING A PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT K BY UNITY

V1 R1 = V2 R2

LET m BE THE MULTIPLIER OF R2, SUCH THAT mR1 = R2 . R2 IS EQUIVALENT TO

THE RESISTOR 1 MULTIPLIED BY THE MULTIPLIER BECAUSE THE VOLTAGE
WILL CHANGE AS THE RESISTOR IS INSERTED BY A MULTIPLIER. HENCE.

V1 R1 = V2 R2
V1 R1 = m V2 R1
V1 = m V 2

V1
m
V2
AT V1 = 50 X 10-3 V , V2 = 5 V

50  10 3 V
m
5V
m = 0.01
LET n BE THE MODIFICATION OF THE MULTIPLIER m SUCH THAT IT WILL HAVE A
RANGE OF 15 V and z BE THE NEW MULTIPLIER WHEN A 50 mV METER HAS A
RESISTANCE OF 10 OHMS AND A MULTIPLIER IS INSERTED TO PRODUCE A
RANGE OF 15 V. SIMILARLY TO OUR DERIVE EQUATIONS.
AT V1 = 50 X 10-3 V , V2 = 15 V
V1
z
V2

50  10 3 V
z
15V
z = 0.003333
SINCE WE ARE IN PARTICULAR TO THE MODIFICATION OF THE MULTIPLER m
WHICH WE WILL DEFINED AS n, HENCE
m-z=n
0.01 - 0.0003333 = n
Answer. n = 6.67 x 10-3
THE MULTIPLIER MUST BE MODIFIED BY ADDING 6.67 x 10-3 TO THE INITIAL
MULTIPLIER.

5. HOW DOES A POTENTIOMETER DIFFER FROM A RHEOSTAT?

ANSWER: A RHEOSTAT IS A TWO TERMINAL DEVICE WHOSE MAXIMUM

VALUE IS SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER AND ITS MINIMUM VALUE IS
ZERO. THE RHEOSTAT IS ADJUSTABLE AND VARIES RESISTANCE BETWEN
THE TWO TERMINALS. MEANWHILE, POTENTIOMETERS ARE THREE
TERMINAL DEVICE AND THE RESISTANCE OF THE MIDDLE TERMINAL
VARRIES AND THE OTHER TWO TERMINAL ARE FIXED. ALSO, A
POTENTIOMETER CAN BE USED AS A RHEOSTAT IF THE MIDDLE POINT IS
CONNECTED TO ONE OF THE TERMINALS, HENCE THE OTHER TERMINAL
CONNECTED TO THE MIDDLE TERMINAL SERVES AS THE RHEOSTAT.