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Impact of a health education program for secondary school Saudi girls about
menstruation at Riyadh city
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Ebtisam M. Fetohy
Health Administration& Behavioral Sciences Dep., High Institute of Public
Health, Alexandria University, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
An experimental study was conducted to assess the impact and suitability of
menstrual education program (MEP) for 1st and 2nd graders at a girls'
secondary school in Riyadh city. The MEP was conducted on 5 classes,
through one session and one assessment. The results revealed that the mean
scores of knowledge, attitude and practice of the intervention classes (1st and
2nd graders) were significantly higher than that of the control classes.
Stepwise linear regression models show that the age of menarche and grade
were the predictors of students' knowledge among the control group and
explained 7.8% of the variation of the knowledge score. Knowledge was a
predictor of students' attitude of both groups (control and intervention)
(ß=0.359, 0.300 respectively). Knowledge was also a predictor of students'
menstrual practice among control group (ß=-2.12). Attitude was a predictor of
students' menstrual practice for both groups (ß=0.360, 0.252 respectively).
The study recommended the replication of the same program among
elementary, preparatory, and other secondary schools for improvement of
students' menstrual knowledge, attitudes and practice.
Corresponding Author:
Dr. Ebtisam M. Fetohy
Health Education & Behavioral Sciences Dept.,
High Institute of Public Health
Alexandria University
E-mail: ebtisammf@yahoo.com
J Egypt Public Health Assoc Vol. 82 No. 1 & 2, 2007
INTRODUCTION
A woman goes through several developmental milestones that
greatly influence her reproductive health. Menarche, which is the
establishment of menstruation, is one of these milestones. The profile of
the woman's reproductive health is greatly influenced by the girl's
reaction to menarche, her beliefs and attitude towards menstruation,
and more important her behavior during it. (1) Girls need emotional
support and assurance that menstruation is normal and healthy, not
bad, frightening or embarrassing. The practices of menstrual hygiene
and subjective experience of menstruation should be stressed. (2)
Old women tales persist, thus, early in the first few years during
the puberty period; a young girl is conditioned to the idea of
dysmenorrhea. She may be discouraged from somatic, outdoor
activities, discontinue bathing, and she may be encouraged to stay at
home for a day from school or the office. In addition, many young
women have a mindset of avoidance that has to do with an association
of water or environmental conditions, especially cold. They believe that
cold can stop menstrual flow. According to the ancient hot/cold theory,
blood was seen as hot and dry and is opposed by anything cold or wet,
including certain foods, herbs and medicines. (3) The menstruating
Muslim woman is not allowed to enter the mosque for prayer, touch the
Qur'an, or fast in Ramadan. In addition, she cannot engage in sexual
intercourse nor divorce at this time. During Hajj, she can do with the
exception of circumambulating in Makkah. Yet the small girl must keep
clean, tidy, in good condition, and practice all daily activities. (4)
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Furthermore, 17% of girls who seek medical help from primary health
care centers in Riyadh are suffering from menstrual related disorders. (8)
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Methods of teaching:
Lecture and group discussion were used. Visual aids in the form of
posters, handouts and pamphlets were used.
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Evaluation procedure:
Impact evaluation is the level of evaluation used to assess short-
term effects of the MEP on students’ menstrual knowledge, attitude and
practices. One assessment was approached through the administration
of predesigned pilot-tested questionnaire to the pupils as a class
activity, so all pupils were encouraged and expected to participate. A
pilot study was done in another, one class from 1st and another from
second. According to the result of the pilot study, some items were
removed and others were changed. Pupils were instructed to use a
cover sheet for their responses and not to answer aloud. The
questionnaire was designed to elicit the following information:
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like format (not sure, sure or very sure), and scored from 1 to 3
with higher score indicating positive attitude. The total score
ranged from 22-66. Standardized item alpha reliability
coefficients was .736
• The menstrual behavior questionnaire: included 32 multiple
choices items designed as (never, rarely, sometimes, always)
assessing behaviors that are practiced by the students during
menstruation, like bathing and care of perineal pads and
methods for managing any menstrual problems and type of
food and drink used or avoided. Each item was scored from 1 to
4 with higher score for the best menstrual practice. Thus, the
total score ranged from 32 to 128.
Data analysis
Data from the completely filled questionnaires were analysed using
SPSS program (version 11). The influence of MEP on the knowledge,
attitude and practice scores was assessed by examining the mean
posttest-data at each grade level of the experimental versus the control
group using independent t test. Also, examining the two means of 1st
and 2nd graders of the intervention versus the control group using
independent t test. A general linear model procedure from SPSS was
employed.
RESULTS
The intervention and control groups were comparable with no
statistically significant difference as regard socio-demographic factors
except that most of the control group (66.9%) belonged to age group 14-
16years, compared to 54% of the intervention group. The difference was
statistically significant, X² =4.319, p<0.05 (Table 1).
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70
60.2
56.7
60
50
40
%
Control
30
Intervention Group
20 15 14.7 15.3
9 11.3
10 5.3 5.3
3.8 2.7
0.8
0
Mass Media School Nurse Mother Grangmother Sister Friends
Sources of information
χ² =4.22, p>0.05
Figure (1) Distribution of the Sample According to Their Sources of
Information about Menstruation and Menstrual Hygiene.
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significant difference between the mean practice scores of 1st & 2nd
graders among control group. The mean practice score of the 1st graders
among intervention group was significantly higher than that of the 2nd
graders (t=2.33, p<0.05).
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DISCUSSION
Menstruation is a normal physiologic process, and girls and
women need not restrict their usual daily routine work, social and
athletic activities in any way during their period. Indigenous practices
of some girls prior to menstruation will influence their behavior toward
it. They usually share whatever local customs and beliefs their parents
practice. Some traditional practices are useful, while some are harmful
and some are harmless. Every girl should be prepared for her first
menstruation as it is preceded with the general development and
changes. (6)
The present results reveal that mean age of menarche was 13.1+0.6
years. This is in accordance with findings from other studies. (9, 10)
Studies done in Riyadh 1999, 2001 demonstrated that the mean age at
menarche was 12.8+1.1 and 12+1 years respectively. (11, 12) In a study in
Mansoura, Egypt 2004, the mean age of menarche was 12.9 years. (13)
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The results of the present study revealed that the mean score of
students' attitudes was low among the control group, Table 3. Studies
revealed that girls' reasons for avoiding bathing, perneal care and pad
changing included the fear of causing increased blood loss (12,17) or pain
or hair loss(17) or of trapping menstrual flow within the body, (11-13, 17)
leading to insanity. (12) Similar beliefs have been reported among African
tribes. (19, 20) Studies also revealed that one to three fifths of the students
were absent from school or work and stayed home fearing the pain on
the first day of menstruation. (11, 13, 17, 21) In addition, the majority of girls
avoided exercising during menstruation due to fear of the pain;
increased bleeding (3, 11-13); uterine displacement (12) and they consider
exercising as a harmful activity. (11)
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The present study shows that the mean score of practice was low
among control group, Table 4. The study of Hassanen et al., (2004)
revealed that 59% of the girls had poor practice during menstruation
before the program.(17) Mobarak et al., (2004) concluded reported that
Alexandria girls adopt some unhealthy practices during menstruation
which were found to have sociocultural origin. (14) Several studies
revealed that a substantial proportion of the sample avoided bathing
and perineal care during menstrual period. (3, 11, 12, 14, 18, 22) Furthermore,
they refrained from their sanitary protection while at school or work for
up to 8 hours. (11, 12) Such behaviors indicate very poor menstrual
hygiene. (12) This is one of the leading causes of later difficulties such as
infertility precipitated by salpingitis and similar conditions. (19, 20)
Moreover, other studies pointed out that there are many of the
restricting activities, such as refraining from doing any housework,
going out of house (3, 17, 21) and being absent from school(11, 14) In
addition, other studies showed that there were many useful behaviors
such as drinking worm milk(11), and avoiding cold drink, (3) and other
harmful practices like drinking tea and coffee, (11) increasing the intake
of both salty and sweet food(12), avoiding eggs, chicken, meat(11, 12) and
foods containing vitamin C(12) and the use of self-medication. (11, 18)
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that they got information from their mothers. Higher proportions of the
control group mentioned mother, mass media and sister as sources of
information. Meanwhile, higher proportions of the intervention groups
mentioned school nurse, grandmother and friends as sources of
information (figure 1). Al Ayafi (1999) found that 61.5% of the students
went to their mothers for answers to their questions. Religious books as
Fikgh Al-Sunnah were the second source of information. Peers,
teachers, medical personnel, television and other media were the last
sources of information. (11) Several studies, demonstrated that mothers
were the main source of information. (3, 14, 17, 21, 25) Drakashayani Devi
and Venkata Ramaiah (1994) reported that 73.8% of the girls received
information from their mothers. Other information sources included
grandmothers, friends and sisters. (18) On the other hand, In Egypt, in
Mansoura, El-Gilany et al., (2005) found that 92.2% of the girls reported
mass media as their source of information followed by mothers
(45%).(10) These sources not only vary in quality of information provided
but also show how girls value potential information.
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