2019

Composite materials & material

selection

Karina López Rodríguez

1153266
4/1/2019

Composites materials & Selection materials
Karina López Rodríguez
Autonomous University of Baja California – Aerospace engineering
Karina.Lopez.Rodriguez@uabc.edu.mx
Abstract: A brief investigation is made, about the
composite materials and the selection of materials
for the design, obtaining information through
reliable sources such as books referred to this topic.
All this in order to understand the importance of
knowing about composite materials and how we
can apply it to engineering.
I. INTRODUCTION
“The Man, materials and engineering have evolved
over time and continue to do so. Throughout history,
progress has depended on improvements in the
materials with which we work. (William, 1993, Cap.1
p.2).”
As the years passed, the use of materials was limited,
from the Stone Age to the new copper and iron ages.
Its production and elaboration in finished products are
part of today's economy. The engineer designs most of
these manufactured products. Since the materials are
necessary for the manufacture of the products, the
engineers must know both their internal structure and
their properties, so that it can be chosen depending on
the use that is going to be given and its application in
the labor field.
Composite materials are combinations of two or more
materials that have a discrete and recognizable
interface that separates, these two phases are called
matrix and reinforcement. Due to these characteristics,
they are heterogeneous (their properties are not the
same in all their volume). Composite materials are
classified according to the type of matrix and the
reinforcement of the components and the differences
of these change their mechanical properties.
Composite materials are both natural and those created
by man, the latter being the most important since
composite materials offer a greater variety of materials
to choose from.
II. DEVELOPMENT
1. Composite materials
1
Composite materials are formed with two or more
different materials, each of which contributes to
shaping the final properties. Unlike metal alloys, the
materials of one compound remain distinct from the
others at the macroscopic level.
Most of the compounds used in engineering consist
of two materials: a reinforcement called a filler and a
matrix. The reinforcer provides stiffness and
resistance; the matrix holds the materials together and
serves to transfer load between discontinuous
reinforcements. The most common reinforcers,
illustrated in Figure 1.1, are continuous, straight or
woven fibers, cut fibers and those containing particles.
The most common matrices are different plastic resins
although other materials are used, among them,
metals.[2]
Figure 1.1Compounds ordered by type of reinforcement
Typically, the filler is a strong, stiff material,
whereas the matrix has a relatively low density. When
the two materials bond together, much of the load-
carrying ability of the composite is produced by the
filler material. The matrix serves to hold the filler in a
favorable orientation relative to the manner of loading
and to distribute the loads to the filler. The result is a
somewhat optimized composite that has high strength
and high stiffness with low weight. Table 1.1 lists
some of the composites formed by combination of
resins and fibers and their general characteristics and
uses.
A virtually unlimited variety of composites materials
can be produced by combining different matrix
materials with different fillers in different forms and in
different orientations. Some typical materials are listed
below.

Matrix Materials
The following are among the more frequently used
matrix materials:
▪ Thermoplastic polymers:
Polyethylene, nylon, polypropylene,
polystyrene, polyamides.
▪ Thermosetting polymers: Polyester,
epoxy, phenolic polyimide.
▪ Ceramics and glass.
▪ Carbon and graphite.
▪ Metals: Aluminum, magnesium,
titanium.
Forms of Filler Materials
Many forms of filler materials are used:
▪ Continuous fiber strand consisting of
many individual filaments bound together.
▪ Chopped strands in short lengths (0.75
to 50 mm or 0.03 to 2.00 in).
▪ Chopped strands randomly spread in
the form of a mat.
▪ Roving: A group of parallel strands.
▪ Woven fabric made from roving of
strands.
▪ Metal filaments or wires.
▪ Solid or hollow microspheres.
▪ Metal, glass, or mica flakes.
▪ Single-crystal whiskers of material
such as graphite, silicon carbide, and
copper.[2]
Table 1.1 Examples of composite materials and their uses
Advantage of composites
The advantage of composite materials is that, if well
designed, they usually exhibit the best qualities of their
components or constituents and often some qualities
that neither constituent possesses.
2
Some of the properties that can be improved by
forming a composite material are:
• strength
• fatigue life
• stiffness
• temperature-dependent behavior
• corrosion resistance
• thermal insulation
• wear resistaRc-e
• thermal c-enducttv#y
• attractiveness
• acoustical insulation
• weight
Naturally, not all of these properties are improved at
the same time nor is there usually any requirement to
do so. In fact, some of the properties are in conflict
with one another, e.g., thermal insulation versus
thermal conductivity. The objective is merely to create
a material that has only the characteristics needed to
perform the design task. [3]
Designers typically seek to produce products that are
safe, strong, stiff, lightweight, and highly tolerant of
the environment in which the product will operate.
Composites often excel in meeting these objectives
when compared with alternative materials such as
metals, wood, and unfilled plastics. Two parameters
that are used to compare materials are specific strength
and specific modulus, defined as follows:
Specific strength is the ratio of the tensile strength
of a material to its specific weight.
Specific modulus is the ratio of the modulus of
elasticity of a material to its specific weight.
Table 1.2 gives comparisons of the specific strength
and specific stiffness of selected composite materials
with certain steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. [2]

Table 1.2 Comparison of specific strength and specific modulus for
selected materials
Figure 1.2 shows a comparison of these materials
using bar charts
Figure 1.2 Comparison of specific strength and specific stiffness for
selected metals and composites.
Figure 1.3 is a plot of these data with specific
strength on the vertical axis and specific modulus on
the horizontal axis. When weight is critical, the ideal
material will lie in the upper- right part of this chart.
Note that data in these charts and figures are
composites having the filler materials aligned in the
most favorable direction to withstand the applied
loads.
3
Figure 1.3 Specific strength versus specific modulus for selected metals
and composites.
Types and Classifications of composite materials.
Four commonly accepted types of composite
materials are:
1) Fibrous composite materials that
consist of fibers in a matrix [3]
Most fiber-reinforced composites improve strength,
breaking load, stiffness, strength/weight ratio, by the
introduction of strong, rigid and brittle fibers into a
softer, more ductile matrix.
The matrix also provides protection for the surface
with fibers and minimizes the diffusion of species such
as oxygen or moisture that can degrade the mechanical
properties of the fibers.
A characteristic of these compound with respect to
those hardened by dispersion is that the resistance of
the compound increases both at room temperature and
at high temperatures. Glass fibers in a polymer matrix
produce fiberglass for applications in transport and
spacecraft.
A type of reinforcement is:
Fiberglass
The glass fibers are used as reinforcement in plastic
matrix to form structural compounds and molding

compounds. The favorable characteristics of the
materials with this reinforcement are:
• High resistance and weight ratio
• Good dimensional stability
• Good resistance to heat, cold, moisture and
corrosion
• Good electrical insulation properties
• Manufacturing facility
• Relatively low cost
The most common applications are:
• car bodies and boats,
• storage containers,
• Mainly the transport industry in general.[4]
Figure 1.4 Fiberglass of type E
2) Laminated composite materials that
consist of layers of various materials
Laminated composite materials consist of layers of
at least two different materials that are bonded
together. Lamination is used to combine the best
aspects of the constituent layers and bonding material
in order to achieve a more useful material. The
properties that can be emphasized by lamination are
strength, stiffness, low weight, corrosion resistance,
wear resistance, beauty or attractiveness, thermal
insulation, acoustical insulation, etc. Such claims are
best represented by the examples in the following
paragraphs in which bimetals, clad metals, laminated
4
glass, plastic-based laminates, and laminated fibrous
composite materials are described.
A type of reinforcement is:
Bimetals
Bimetals are laminates of two different metals that
usually have significantly different coefficients of
thermal expansion. Under change in temperature,
bimetals warp or deflect a predictable amount and are
therefore well suited for use in temperature-measuring
devices. For example, a simple thermostat can be made
from a cantilever strip of two metals bonded together
as shown in Figure 1.5. There, metal A has coefficient
of thermal expansion α_A and metal B has α_B greater
than α_A. Consider the two cases of (1) two unbonded
metal strips of different coefficients of thermal
expansion placed side by side but not bonded and (2)
the same two strips bonded together. For case (1 ), at
room temperature, the two strips are the same length.
When they are heated, both strips elongate (their
primary observable change, but they do also get wider
and thicker). For case (2) at room temperature, the
strips are also of the same length but bonded together.
When the bonded bimetallic strip is heated, strip B
wants to expand more than strip A, but they are
bonded, so strip B causes the bimetallic strip to bendl
This bending under a loading that would otherwise
seem to cause only extension is our first (qualitative)
example of the structural phenomenon of coupling
between bending and extension.
Figure 1.5 Cantivelered Bimetallic Strip (Thermostat)
3) Particulate composite materials that
are composed of particles in a matrix
Particulate composite materials consist of particles
of one or more materials suspended in a matrix of
 5

another material. The particles can be either metallic applications such as turbine parts. Cermets are also
or nonmetallic as can the matrix. The four possible used as nuclear reactor fuel elements and control rods.
combinations of these constituents are described in the Fuel elements can be uranium oxide particles in
following paragraphs. stainless steel ceramic, whereas boron carbide in
stainless steel is used for control rods.
Metallic Particles in Metallic Matrix Composite
Materials 4) Combinations of some or all of the
first three types [3]
Unlike an alloy, a metallic particle in a metallic
matrix does not dissolve. Lead particles are commonly In general, composite materials can be classified as
used in copper alloys and steel to improve the follows:
machinability (so that metal comes off in shaving form
▪ Natural composite materials; wood,
rather than in chip form). In addition, lead is a natural
bone, bamboo, muscles and other tissues.
lubricant in bearings made from copper alloys. Many
▪ Micro-compound materials; Metal
metals are naturally brittle at room temperature, so
alloys and hardened thermoplastics, sheets for
must be machined when hot. However, particles of
continuous molding and reinforced
these metals, such as tungsten, chromium,
thermoplastics.
molybdenum, etc., can be suspended in a ductile
▪ Micro-composites; Galvanized steel,
matrix. The resulting composite material is ductile yet
reinforced concrete beams, helicopter blades
has the elevated-temperature properties of the brittle
and skis.
constituents. The actual process used to suspend the
brittle particles is called liquid sintering and involves Applications of composite materials
infiltration of the matrix material around the brittle
particles. Las ventajas de los materiales compuestos aparecen
cuando se consideran el módulo de elasticidad por
Fortunately, in the liquid sintering process, the brittle unidad de peso (modulo especifico) y la resistencia por
particles become rounded and therefore naturally more unidad de peso (resistencia especifica). En los
ductile. materiales compuestos el módulo de elasticidad por
unidad de peso (modulo especifico) y la resistencia por
Nonmetallic Particles In Metallic Matrix
unidad de peso (resistencia especifica) es muy alto, es
Composite Materials
decir se reduce mucho peso, lo cual es muy importante
Nonmetallic particles such as ceramics can be en la industria del transporte ya que, al reducir el peso
suspended in a metal matrix. The resulting composite en las partes móviles, se incrementan el desempeño y
material is called a cermet. Two common classes of un ahorro de energía. En la tabla 1.3 se muestran
cermets are oxide-based and carbide-based composite algunos ejemplos de las aplicaciones de los materiales
materials. As a slight departure from the present compuestos en particular de plásticos reforzados.
classification scheme, oxide-based cermets can be
either oxide particles in a metal matrix or metal
particles in an oxide matrix. Such cermets are used in
tool making and high-temperature applications where
erosion resistance is needed. Carbide-based cermets
have particles of carbides of tungsten, chromium, and
titanium. Tungsten carbide in a cobalt matrix is used in
machine parts requiring very high hardness such as
wire-drawing dies, valves, etc. Chromium carbide in a
cobalt matrix has high corrosion and abrasion
resistance; it also has a coefficient of thermal
expansion close to that of steel, so is well-suited for
use in valves. Titanium carbide in either a nickel or a
cobalt matrix is often used in high-temperature

Table 1.3 Applications of composite materials
Manufacturing Processes.
According to Derek Hull, composite materials are
manufactured by open mold processes and closed mold
processes.
Processes in open mold:
1) Manual contact method (Hand lay). They are
placed on a mold felts of rolled fiber, braided wicks
and other fabrics made of fibers and impregnated with
resin with a fastener, then a roller is passed, layers are
put until the thickness of the design is reached. The
molding heals without heat or pressure, the curing of
the model is achieved by a catalyst added to the resin.
(Figure 1.6)
6
Figure 1.6 Manual contact method
2) Projection. Cut wires and resin are simultaneously
projected to a prepared mold and the roller is passed
before the resin hardens, the curing of this method is
done in the same way as the previous method.
3) Vacuum bag and pressure autoclave. Fiber layers
are impregnated, normally unidirectional sheets with
resin and partially cured to form a pre-impregnated.
The pre-impregnated sheets are placed on the surface
of the mold in certain orientations, covered with a
flexible bag, and consolidated using another autoclave
pressure at the required curing temperature. (Figure
1.7)
Figure 1.7 Vacuum bag and pressure autoclave
4) Filament winding. Continuous fiber yarns are
passed over rolls and guides and pass through a resin
bath and then rolled up, using a machine controlled by
a program on a mandrel with pre-set angles. The resin
cures partially or completely before removing the
component, usually a tube, from the mandrel. (Figure
1.8)
Figure 1.8 Filament winding
Process in closed mold:

1) Hot compression molding. Hot and coupled
matrices or tools are loaded with raw material and
compressed so that they adapt to the cavity and cure.
(Figure 1.9)
Figure 1.9 Hot compression molding
2) Injection molding. Molten or plastic polymers
mixed with short fibers are injected, usually under high
pressure, into the cavity of a shaved mold and allowed
to solidify or cure.
3) Pultrusion. A continuous feeding of fibers in a pre-
selected orientation is impregnated with resin and is
compressed through a heated one to give it the shape
of the final section. During the passage through the
matrix, partial or total curing takes place (Figure 1.10)
Figure 1.10 Pultrusion
4) Cold pressing molding. It is a low pressure and
low temperature process in which the fibers are
impregnated with resin and compressed between both
sides of the mold. The heat is generated during curing.
5) Resin Injection. Fiber-shaped fibers are put into
the mold, which is then closed. The resin is then
injected at low pressure into the cavity and flows
between the fibers to fill the space of the mold.
6) Injection molding with forced relation. A fast-
curing resin system consisting of two components that
are mixed immediately before injection. The fibers are
either put into the closed mold prior to injecting the
resin or are added cut to pieces and disordered to one
of the components of the resin to form a mixture before
injection.
7
5) Centrifugation molding. Mixtures of fibers and
resins are introduced in a rotating mold and left to cure
in situ.[5]
2. Material selection
the selection of a material to build a machine part or a
structural element is one of the most important
decisions that the designer must make The actual
selection of a material for a particular design
application can be easy, for example, based on
applications previous (steel 1020 is always a good
candidate due to its many positive attributes), or the
selection process can be as complicated and daunting
as any design problem with the evaluation of many
physical, economic and material processing
parameters. There are systematic and optimization
approaches to select the material. The actual selection
of a material for a particular design application can be
easy, for example, based on previous applications
(steel 1020 is always a good candidate due to its many
positive attributes), or the selection process can be so
complicated and discouraging as any design problem
with the evaluation of many physical, economic and
material processing parameters. There are systematic
and optimization approaches to select the material. A
basic technique is to list all the important properties of
the materials associated with the design, for example,
strength, rigidity and cost. This can be prioritized using
a weighting measure that will depend on which
properties are more important than others. Then, for
each property, a list of all available materials is made
and ordered according to which of them is the best
material; For example, for resistance, high-strength
steel such as 4340 should be at the top of the list. To
have a complete list of materials, a large source of
material data may be required. After having formed the
list, a manageable quantity of materials is selected
from the top of the list. From each shortlist, the
materials included in all the lists are chosen for a more
in-depth review. The materials included in the reduced
lists can be assigned grades and then weighted
according to the importance of each property.[1]
Material attributes
Figure 2.2 illustrates how the Kingdom of Materials
can be subdivided into families, classes, subclasses and
members. Each member is characterized by a set of
attributes: its properties. As an example, the Materials

Kingdom contains the family ‘Metals’ which in turn
contains the class ‘Aluminum alloys’, the subclass
‘5000 series’ and finally the particular member ‘Alloy
5083 in the H2 heat treatment condition'. It, and every
other member of the materials kingdom, is
characterized by a set of attributes which include its
mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical
properties, its processing characteristics, its cost and
availability, and the environmental consequences of its
use. We call this its property-profile. Selection
involves seeking the best match between the property-
profile of materials in the kingdom and that required
by the design.
Figure 2.1 Material selection is determined by function. Shape
sometimes influences the selection.
Figure 2.2 The taxonomy of the kingdom of materials and their
attributes.
There are two main steps which we here call
screening and ranking and supporting information
(Figure 2.3). The two steps can be likened to those in
selecting a candidate for a job. The job is first
advertised, defining essential skills and experience
('essential attributes'), screening-out potential
applicants whose attribute-profile does not match the
8
job requirements and allowing a shortlist to be drawn
up. References and interviews are then sought for the
shortlisted candidates, building a file of supporting
information.[5]
Fig. 2.3 The strategy for materials selection. The main steps are enclosed
in bold boxes.
Figure 2.4, which is known as a "bubble" plot,
represents the Young E modulus plotted against the
density ρ. The linear ranges of each property of
appropriately graphed material in two dimensions form
ellipses or bubbles. This graph is more useful than the
two bar graphs separately for each property. Now, we
also observe how the stiffness / weight of different
materials are related. Figure 2-16 also shows bubble
groups schematized according to the material families
in Table 2-4. In addition, the dotted lines in the lower
right corner of the graph indicate the ratios 𝐸𝛽 /𝜌,
which helps select materials for the minimum mass
design. The lines parallel to these lines represent
different values of 𝐸𝛽 /𝜌. For example, some dotted
lines that represent different values of E / ρ (β = 1) are
shown in Figure 2-16. Since (E / ρ) 1/2 represents the
velocity of sound in a material, each dotted line, E / ρ,
represents a different velocity as indicated.

Figure 2.4 Young E module versus density ρ of different materials.
(Figure courtesy of Professor Mike Ashby, Granta Design, Cambridge,
U.K.)
To see how β fits in the mix, consider the following.
The performance measure P of a structural element
depends on 1) the functional requirements, 2) the
geometry and 3) the properties of the materials of the
structure. This is,
or, symbolically,
If the function is separable, which it often is, we can
write Eq. (2–23) as
For optimum design, we desire to maximize or
minimize P. With regards to material properties alone,
this is done by maximizing or minimizing f3(M),
called the material efficiency coefficient.
For illustration, say we want to design a light, stiff,
end-loaded cantilever beam with a circular cross
section. For this we will use the mass m of the beam
for the performance metric to minimize. The stiffness
of the beam is related to its material and geometry. The
stiffness of a beam is given by k = F/δ, where F and δ
are the end load and deflection, respectively. The end
deflection of an end-loaded cantilever beam 1, as δ =
ymax = (Fl3)/(3E I), where E is Young’s modulus, I
9
the second moment of the area, and l the length of the
beam. Thus, the stiffness is given by
The second moment of the area of a circular cross
section is
where D and A are the diameter and area of the cross
section, respectively. Substituting Eq. (2–26) in (2–25)
and solving for A, we obtain
The mass of the beam is given by
Substituting Eq. (2–27) into (2–28) and rearranging
yields
Equation (2–29) is of the form of Eq. (2–24). The term
2 √π/3 is simply a constant and can be associated with
any function, say f1(F). Thus, f1(F) = 2 √π/3(k1/2) is
the functional requirement, stiffness; f2(G) = (l 5/2),
the geometric parameter, length; and the material
efficiency coefficient
is the material property in terms of density and
Young’s modulus. To minimize m we want to
minimize f3(M), or maximize
where M is called the material index, and β = 1/2.
Returning to Fig. 2.4, draw lines of various values of
E1/2/ρ as shown in Fig. 2.5. Lines of increasing M
move up and to the left as shown. Thus, we see that
good candidates for a light, stiff, end-loaded cantilever
beam with a circular cross section are certain woods,

composites, and ceramics. Other limits/constraints
may warrant further investigation. Say, for further
illustration, the design requirements indicate that we
need a Young’s modulus greater than 50 GPa. Figure
2.6 shows how this further restricts the search region.
This eliminates woods as a possible material.
Figure 2.5 A schematic E versus ρ chart showing a grid of lines for various
values the material index M = E1/2/ρ
Figure 2.6 The search region of Fig. 2.4 further reduced by restricting E ≥
50 GPa.
Another commonly useful chart, shown in Fig. 2.7,
represents strength versus density for the material
families. The ratio of strength to density is known as
specific strength and is particularly useful when it is
desired to minimize weight where the primary design
limitation is strength, rather than deflection. The
guidelines in the lower right corner represents different
10
relationships between strength and density, in the form
of 𝑆𝛽 /𝜌. Following an approach similar to that used
before, it can be shown that for axial loading, β = 1,
and for bending loading, β = 2/3.
Certainly, in a given design exercise, there will be
other considerations such as environment, cost,
availability, and machinability, and other charts may
be necessary to investigate. Also, we have not brought
in the material process selection part of the picture. If
done properly, material selection can result in a good
deal of bookkeeping. This is where software packages
such as CES Edupack become very effective.[1]
The process of material selection must commence
with a clear understanding of the functions and design
requirements for the product and the individual
component. Then, the designer should consider the
interrelationships among the following:
▪ The functions of the component
▪ The component's shape
▪ The material from which the component is to
be made
▪ The manufacturing process used to produce
the component
Overall requirements for the performance of the
component must be detailed. This includes, for
example:
▪ The nature of the forces applied to the
component
▪ The types and magnitudes of stresses created
by the applied forces
▪ The allowable deformation of the component
at critical points
▪ Interfaces with other components of the
product
▪ The environment in which the component is to
operate
▪ Physical size and weight of the component
▪ Aesthetics expected for the component and the
overall product
▪ Cost targets for the product as a whole and this
component in particular
▪ Anticipated manufacturing processes
available
A much more detailed list may be made with more
knowledge of specific conditions. You should develop

a list of key material properties that are important.
Examples often include:
1. Strength as indicated by ultimate tensile strength,
yield strength, compressive strength, fatigue strength,
shear strength, and others
2. Stiffness as indicated by the tensile modulus of
elasticity, shear modulus of elasticity, or flexural
modulus
3. Weight and mass as indicated by specific weight or
density
4. Ductility as indicated by the percent elongation
5. Toughness as indicated by the impact energy (Izod,
Charpy, etc.)
6. Creep performance data
7. Corrosion resistance and compatibility with the
environment
8. Cost for the material
9. Cost to process the material
A list of candidate materials should then be created
using your knowledge of the behavior of several
material types, successful similar applications, and
emerging materials technologies. A rational decision
analysis should be applied to determine the most
suitable types of materials from the list of candidates.
This could take the form of a matrix in which data for
the properties just listed for each candidate material are
entered and ranked. An analysis of the complete set of
data will aid in making the final decision. [2]
III. CONCLUSION
It is interesting how it is possible to join two materials
and obtain a new one eliminating the disadvantages of
each one. Composite materials are important in
aerospace engineering since an aircraft depends on the
strength of the materials and the weight of the material.
So it is important to know about this topic as an
aerospace engineer so that our selection of materials
for the design of an aircraft is easier and more
appropriate to achieve an excellent job.
IV. RESULTS
11
You can get a wide variety of materials with great
qualities knowing about composite materials, so we
could obtain materials that suit our needs in the design.
Also having knowledge about how the selection of
these is made is easier to meet our expectations in a
project.
V. DISCUSSIONS
▪ Specific strengths for composite materials can
range as high as five fimes those of high-
strength steel alloys.
▪ Specific modulus values for composite
materials can be as high as eight times those
for steel, aluminum, or titanium alloy.
▪ Composite materials typically perform better
than steel or aluminum in applications where
cyclic loads can lead to the potential for
fatigue failure.
▪ Where impact loads and vibrations are
expected, composites can be specially
formulated with materials that provide high
toughness and a high level of damping.
▪ Some composites have much higher wear
resistance than metals.
▪ Careful selecfion of the matrix and filler
materials can provide superior corrosion
resistance.
▪ Dimensional changes due to changes in
temperature are typically much less for
composites than for metals.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] Richard G. Budynas and J. Keith Nisbett. Diseño
en ingeniería mecánica de Shigley, 9na ed. Mexico:
McGraw-Hill Interamericana. 2012. ISBN 978-607-
15-0771-6
[2] Robert L. Mott. (2004). Machine eleinents in
mechanical design. New Jersey: Pearson.
[3] Robert M. Jones. Mechanics of Composite
Materials, 2nd Ed. New York; Taylor and Francis.
1999
[4] Derek Hull. Materiales Compuestos Barcelona:
Reverte. 1987
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[5] Michael F. Ashby. (1992). Material selection in

mechanical design. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn:
Butterworth-Heinemann.