Cell Theory:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

Cells need
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________

Cell membranes are permeable to:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

Cell membranes are impermeable to:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

Nucleotide components:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

Nucleotides are connected by

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
to form a ______________________________________________________________

RNA, compared to DNA,

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

Chargraff’s rules state:

In DNA, the 5’ end has the __________________________________ while the 3’ end

has the ____________________________________.

Hershey and Chase’s experiment:

Griffiths experiment:

Avery & Macleod’s experiment:

Messehlson & Stahl’s experiment:

Kornberg’s experiment:

Bacteria have ______ DNA polymerases. The two major DNA polymerases and their
traits are:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
Eukaryotes have _____ polymerases. The two major ones and their traits are:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

DNA polymerase catalyzes ____________________________________________

__________________________ reduces torsional strain caused by unwinding.

DNA is replicated in the ________________________ direction.

Draw a picture of the DNA replication process:

DNA polymerase has __________ exonuclease activity.

Blackburn’s experiment:

PCR cycle steps:

1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
Telomeres are primarily made up of _________ and _____________ bases.

Depurination affects __________________ and _____________, and results in

______________________________.

Deamination primarily affects ___________________, and transforms it into

______________. It can also affect ________________.

Alkylation of G results in ___________________________________.

Oxidation of G results in ____________________________________.

DNA excision repair steps:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

DNA mismatch repair steps:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________

Tm = ______________________________________________________________

Restriction enzyme were originally _______________________________________.

Cells can ___________________ DNA to protect is from attack by restriction enzymes.
Restriction enzymes sites are usually ______________.
A A G | C T A
_ _ _ | _ _ _
For restriction mapping you want to use restriction sites:
1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________

Uracil, compared to thymine, has a ________________________.

RNA is more susceptible to nuclease attack because it

______________________________________________________.

Altman showed tRNA leader sequences can be removed by a

________________________________.

Transcription begins at the _________________________________. Bacteria

commonly feature ___________________.

RNA polymerase reads DNA in a _____________ direction while nucleotides are added
in a _____________ direction. Specifically, RNA polymerase reads the
_________________________ strand.

Bacterial transcriptional termination involves a _______________________________

which form a________________________.

The strand to be transcribed is determined by which strand

___________________________________________.

Eukaryotic transcription involves processing:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

Eukaryotic transcription is terminated in the following steps:

1. ________________________________________________________________
 2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

Phosphorylation is key in elongation in these ways:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

Eukaryotes have ________ RNA polymerases, with RNA polymerase _________ being
important. Compared to bacteria, the promoters of eukaryotes are
________________________. Eukaryotes also do not have ______________ but
transcription factors, of which there are __________ essential ones.

Draw transcription process in a eukaryote:

Sanger sequencing utilized ______________ strand.
_________________ DNA reanneals quickly. More complex organisms have a higher
percentage of this type of DNA.

Satellite DNA is ___________________ which have ______________ repeats.

Microsatellites are called _____________________. Huntington’s disease involves
_____________________.

_________________ are the main unit used in splicing. These units with other proteins
form the _________________________.

The __________________ recruits splicing factors.

Draw the 3 steps of splicing:

Splicing occurs _______-transcriptionally.

Nuclear mRNA export requires successful ___________________________________

You can regulate lacZ through two mechanisms. Please describe both.
The electrophoretic mobility shift assay
________________________________________. The ___________________ can
also be used for the same purpose.

Please describe how trp is regulated:

Tryptophan also activates a ____________________________.

Small molecules can ____________________ transcription or
_____________________ translation.

cDNA is generate using the key enzyme: _____________________________.

In antibody rearrangement, there are 3 steps:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

Please draw the antibody structure:

CpG = ______________________________________________________________.
__________________________________________________ can block bisulfite
conversion of C to _____________.
___________________________________ recognizes
_________________________________________ to ensure daughter cells have
methylated sequences,

The histone contains 4 types of histones, please list them:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________

What are the 4 levels of DNA compaction?

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________

Chromosomes are connected at _____________________________________ which

are made up of ____________________________________________________.

You can acetylate or methylate these amino acids:

__________________________________ and _______________________________

The _______________________________________ interprets the histone modification

pattern.
Daughter cells inherit such modifications by the
_______________________________________________________ complex.

Enhancers interact with _________________________________________, which

(1) interact with ________________________________________________ to recruit
____________________________ and _________________________________; or
(2) interact with ______________ to ___________________________________.
Silencers interact with ________________________, which has 4 mechanisms:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________

When there is low iron, _____________ binds to ___________________ in

___________________________ to prevent translation. Iron
________________________ to result in translation. This is at the ____ end.

In contrast, when there is low iron ______________________ binds to the

____________________ of ___________________________ mRNA to protect it from
degradation. This is at the __________ end.

Fire & Mello injected RNA into worms and observed ___________________.
Describe the steps of this process with dsRNA:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
miRNA involves the above steps but also involves 1 step that precede it:
1. ____________________cuts up ____________, producing ________________.

siRNA is from ________________ but miRNA is from ______________________.

If there is an exact match, __________________________. If there is a partial match,

____________________________.

Disulfide bonds form between __________________ amino acids.

_________________ catalyzed protein folding.
Secondary structures are linked to form tertiary ____________________________.
Types of filtration:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

Describe the cell cycle

______________________________ complexes with ________________________ to

regulate the cell cycle. This complex is regulated in this fashion:

___________________ causes degradation of __________________.

Acetylation or methylation can occur at the _____________________ or

_________________________ amino acids in histone tails.

X-inactivation occurs in ________________ but is inherited. ____________________ is

the responsible ________________ which is not ___________________. It
____________________________________. It is a part of the
_________________________________ region.

Turner syndrome involves a ________________________, and demonstrates that

____________________________________________________.
Methylation of the __________________________________ leads to
_____________________________ of IGF2. This site recruits ___________________
to block _____________________________.

The following two statements describe diseases related to imprinting.

_________________ is activated in __________.
_________________ is activated in __________.

___________________ is from the organism, and is subcultured to potentially result in

________________ which makes cancer cells:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

Cadherins are important for ______________________________________ and signal

to result in _________________________________________________.

__________________________ is the nondividing state.

3 types of genes are related to cancer.

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

p53 is a _______________________________________________, which senses

_________________________________________________; this results in
________________________________ which binds to
_____________________________________, which codes for
a__________________________________________________.
______________________________________________is key to retinal cancers. It is
a __________protein, where _____________________________ makes it release the
_________________________________, resulting in _________________________.
______________________________ controls this gene.

Both p53 and this retinal gene operate the __________________________ checkpoint.
Mutations of proto-oncogenes:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________

3 elements related to apoptosis, describe function:

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________

2 sources of human variation:

1. ________________________________________________________________
Mostly in ______________________ regions.
You can detect it via:
1.
2.
3.
Useful for
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. ________________________________________________________________
Are ____________ less than ___________ in size.
Detected with ____________________.
GWAS utilized _______________________ , and can be useful for:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
Main challenge is…

HGP steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Next-gen sequencing can only take _______________. You can also shorten time by
only sequencing the __________________ ( %).

Nuclear receptors mainly are triggered by ________________ which are notable

because they are ______________________ in polarity.

Long distance signaling:

Short distance signaling:

Receptor affinity:

Draw protein kinase & Ras mechanism

Draw G-protein and cAMP mechanism

Show importin mechanism:

Draw signal recognition mechanism (post-translational import):

Draw stop-transfer sequence mechanism:

Describe microsome experiment & relate to cotranslational import:

Describe prophase I prophase I and crossing over:

Describe eukaryotic translation:

Describe bacterial translation:

Explain the mechanisms where GTP is used in translation:

Describe the roles of the C-terminal domain: