DL 10190

Three-phase Synchronous
Machine

PRATICAL EXERCISE

DL 10190

Rev.
1 20160728 Copyright © 2016 De Rev.
Lorenzo S.p.A.
20160728
 DL 10190

CONTENTS

Practical test nr. 1 A) measuring the resistance of the armature

windings Page 3
B) measuring the resistance of the excitation
winding. Page 5

Practical test nr. 2 Survey of the magnetization characteristic Page 7

Practical test nr. 3 Measuring the mechanical, the iron and the
additional losses Page 9

Practical test nr. 4 Survey of short - circuit characteristic Page 13

Practical test nr. 5 Survey of the external characteristics Page 15

Practical test nr. 6 Survey of regulation characteristics Page 19

Practical test nr. 7 Paralleling the alternator with three-phase

network. Page 20

Practical test nr. 8 Survey of a “V” characteristic curve Page 22

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 DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 1

Measuring the resistance at the armature and excitation windings.

a) Measuring the resistance of the armature windings

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT
(Excitation)

W2 U2 V2

U1 V1 W1

F1 F2

1A

Starting rheostat 3V

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 DL 10190

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION

When the power supply section is set, perform the following operations:

1 Set the controls of modules:

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open

(Excitation) Variac fully turned CCW

STARTING RESISTANCE: Max. resistance

2 Activate the power supply module.

3 Through knob adjust the current on ammeter A up to 0.8 A.

4 Read the indications of the ammeter A and voltmeter V.

5 Open the switch and repeat the operations 1 ÷ 4 for the other terminals U2 - U1 and V2 - V1

TABLE OF MEASURING VALUES

Test temperature = .......... °C

Terminals Ammeter (A) Voltmeter (V) Rphase () Rm ()

W1 – W2

U1 – U2

V1 – V2

FORMULES

V
R
I

RU  RV  RW
Rm 
3

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 DL 10190

b) Measuring the resistance of the excitation winding

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT
(Excitation)

W2 U2 V2

U1 V1 W1

F1 F2

0.6A 15V

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 DL 10190

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:

When the power supply is set, perform the following operations:

1 Set the controls of the module:

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open.

(Excitation) Knob fully turned CCW

2 Activate variable D.C. output

3 Through knob adjust the current on ammeter A up to 0.6 A

4 Read the indications of ammeter A and voltmeter V.

TABLE OF MEASURING VALUES

Test temperature = .......... °C

Ammeter (A) Voltmeter (V) REXC ()

V
Re xc 
I

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OVER
SPEED
PROTECTION

K1

W2 U2 V2
A1 B2
(A2)
M (B1)

D1 D2 U1 V1 W1

E1 E2 F1 F2

Starting rheostat
SURVEY OF THE MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTIC

rpm

K1 K2

50V 50V 1A
DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 2

7
 DL 10190

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

When the power supply is set, perform the following operations.

1 Set the controls of the modules:

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open.

(Excitation) Knobs fully turned CCW

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open.

Output on D.C. voltage with about 50V

STARTING RESISTANCE: Max. resistance

EXCITATION RESISTANCE: Min. resistance

2 Start the driving motor until the rated speed at the alternator

3 Activate the variable D.C. output (excitation)

4 Through knob adjust the excitation current increasing it up to 20 - 30% over the rated value.

5 For each value of the excitation current (ammeter A). read the correspondent indications of the
output voltage by the voltmeter V2.

6 Disexcitate the alternator and stop the motor.

TABLE OF MEASURING VALUES

Iexc V2 f n
(A) (V) (Hz) (rpm)

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 DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 3

MEASURING THE MECHANICAL, THE IRON AND THE ADDITIONAL LOSSES

rpm

K2
PROTECTION
SPEED
OVER

K1

K1
W1
V2

F2
V1
U2
W2

U1

F1
D2
B2

E2
(B1)
(A2)
M

D1
A1

E1
Starting rheostat

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 DL 10190

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

When the power supply is set perform the following operations:

TEST Nr. 1 - NO-LOAD LOSSES OF THE TEST MOTOR

Mechanically disconnect the alternator from the motor. Set the connection only to the motor.

1 Set the controls of the modules:

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open

(Excitation) Knobs fully turned in CCW

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open

Output with about 50V

STARTING RESISTANCE: Max. resistance

EXCITATION RESISTANCE: Min. resistance

2 Shunt the A1 coil of the instruments (make the connections signed with dashed lines) to protect
them against the spike due to the starting current.

3 Set the switch on. DC motor must be turn. Verify that the rotation sense of the motor is correct
and take out the shunt. Set the commutator Ra from “1” position to “6” position.

4 Acting on variac adjust the power supply to the exact value shown on the motor plate and with
excitation resistance regulate the speed until the rated speed of the alternator.

5 Read the instruments indications A1 e V1.

6 Open the switch to stop the motor.

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 DL 10190

TEST Nr. 2 - MECHANICAL LOSSES OF THE ALTERNATOR

NOTE: Mechanically connect the alternator to the motor.

Don’t excitate the alternator.

1 Start the motor until the rated speed at the alternator.

Repeat the point 1 - 6 of test Nr. 1.

TEST Nr. 3 - IRON LOSSES OF THE ALTERNATOR

1 Mechanically connect the alternator to the motor.

Connect only the V2 voltmeter.

2 Repeat the operations 1 and 4 of test Nr. 1

3 When the rotation speed is exactly the rated speed, excitate the alternator until the output voltage
is the rated value.
Control it by the voltmeter V2.

4 Read the input voltage and current of the motor.

TEST Nr. 4 - ADDITIONAL LOSSES OF THE ALTERNATOR

NOTE: Mechanically connect the alternator to the motor.

Connect only the ammeter A2 and connect U1 to V1.

1 Start the motor as in the test Nr. 1

2 When the rotation speed is equal to the rated ones, excitate the alternator until the output short-
circuit current is about 120% of the rated ones.
Control it with the ammeter A2.

3 Read the indications of the input voltage and current at the motor.

4 Repeat the measurement for decreasing value for the output current.

5 Open the switch to stop the motor.

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 DL 10190

TABLE OF MEASURING VALUES

n = .......... rpm

Alternator losses
Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter
N Note
V1 (V) A1 (A) A2 (A) Pm Pir Pcu 3RI2 Padd
(W) (W) (W) (W) (W)
only
1 --- --- --- --- --- --- no-load
motor
motor +
2 --- --- --- --- --- disexcitated
alternator
motor +
3 --- --- --- --- excitated
alternator

4 ---

5 ---

6 ---

7 ---

8 ---

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OVER
SPEED
PROTECTION

K1

A1 B2 W2 U2 V2
(A2)
M (B1)

D1 D2 U1 V1 W1

E1 E2
F1 F2

Starting rheostat
SURVEY OF SHORT - CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTIC

50V

rpm

K1 K2

2.5A 1A
DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 4

13
 DL 10190

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

When the power supply is set, perform the following operations.

1 Set the controls of the modules:

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open.

(Excitation) Knobs fully turned CCW

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open.

Output on D.C. voltage with about 50V

STARTING RESISTANCE: Max. resistance

EXCITATION RESISTANCE: Min. resistance

2 Start the driving motor until the rated speed at the alternator

3 Close the switch of variable D.C. output module (excitation) and regulate the knob until the rated
current of the alternator is obtained.

4 For each of different values of the excitation current read the correspondent armature current.

5 When the armature current in quite near to the rated value, change the rotation speed in a wide
range and verify that the short - circuit current is quite constant.

6 Disexcitate the alternator and stop the motor.

TABLE OF MEASURING VALUES

Short-circuit Excitation
current current n
Note
Isc Iexc (rpm)
(A) (A)

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 DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 5

SURVEY OF THE EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS

The purpose of this test is to determinate one point of the wattless load characteristic and survey the
external characteristic with cos = 1 and cos = 0.8.

ELECTRIC DIAGRAM

NOTE: The alternator has to rotate at its rated speed while the load is changing

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 DL 10190

OVER
SPEED
PROTECTION

K1

A1 B2
(A2)
M (B1)

D1 D2

E1 E2

* *
* *

W2 U2 V2

U1 V1 W1

F1 F2

rpm

K1 K2

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 DL 10190

A) Point of the wattless characteristic

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

When the power supply is set, perform the following operations.

1 Set the controls of the modules:

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open.

(Excitation) Knobs fully turned CCW

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open.

Output on D.C. voltage with about 50V

STARTING RESISTANCE: Max. resistance

EXCITATION RESISTANCE: Min. resistance

2 Start the driving motor until the rated speed at the alternator

3 Close the switch of variable D.C. output module and regulate the knob until the rated voltage of
the alternator is obtained.

4 Set the commutators only at load L module in 1 (then in 2, then 3, ........) position. Control that
the speed is stable (eventually change the excitation of the motor) and the excitation of the
alternator so that the output voltage is near to the rated value. For each of the load value read the
instrument indication.

Load IEXC (A) I (A) V (V) P (W) Cosφ

L1

L2

L3

……

P
cos  
3VI

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 DL 10190

B) External characteristic

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

When the power supply is set, perform the following operations.

1 Repeat the operation as point 1 - 3 in test A

2a cos = 1 characteristic
Set the commutators only at load R module in 1 (then in 2, 3, ......) position and for each load
value read the meter indications.

2b cos = 0.8lag characteristic

Set the commutators at load R and L modules so to realize a cos = 0.8 and for each value read
the meter indication.

Load IEXC (A) I (A) V (V) P (W) Cosφ

R1
R2
R3
……
RL1
RL2
RL3
……

P
cos  
3VI

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 DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 6

SURVEY OF REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS

The purpose of this test is it change the regulation characteristic of the alternator when cos = 1 and
cos = 0.8 The electric diagram and the practical diagram are the same as practical test Nr. 5.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

1 Repeat the operation as point 1 - 3 in the practical test Nr. 5.

2 Characteristic with cos = 1

Set the commutator R of load module from “0” position to “1” (then in 2, 3, .......). For each
position, after that the output voltage is reported to the rated value by excitation knob, read the
instrument indications.

3 Characteristic with cos= 0.8lag.

Set the load with cos = 0.8 setting the commutator R and L on load modules and for each load
value read the instrument indication.

4 Open the power supply switch to stop the motor.

Load IEXC (A) I (A) V (V) P (W) Cosφ

R1
R2
R3
……

RL1
RL2
RL3
……

P
cos  
3VI

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 DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 7

PARALLELING THE ALTERNATOR WITH THREE-PHASE NETWORK.

The purpose of this test is to realize the paralleling with the three - phase network and to verify the
exchange of the power P and Q.

OVER
SPEED
PROTECTION

K1

A1 B2
M (A2)
(B1 )

D1 D2

E1 E2

* *
* *

W2 U2 V2

U1 V1 W1

F1 F2
rpm

K1 K2

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 DL 10190

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:

When the power supply is set, perform the following operations:

1 Set the controls of the modules

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open

Knob fully turned in CCW

FIXED THREE - PHASE OUTPUT: Switch open

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Output regulated with about 50V

VARIABLE DC OUTPUT: Switch open

(Excitation) Knob fully turned in CCW

PARALLEL BOARD: Switch open

2 Close the switch on fixed three - phase module and control the voltage value of network. Close
the switch of variable dc output and regulate the knob so that the output voltage of the alternator
is near to the network value. Adjust the speed so that the set rotate with a speed close to the
rated one. Then control the network frequency. Adjust the alternator excitation so that the output
voltage is equal to the network.

3 Observe the lamps H1 - H2 - H3; you will note that they turn on and off following a time
progression that gives the impression of “rotating” lights. Make this rotation very slow acting on
the motor excitation by the knob of the excitation rheostat.

4 Close the switch (position “on”) on Parallel board when H1 turns off and H2 - H3 show the same
luminance to do the paralleling of the alternator.

5 If the operations have been correctly performed, the alternator will perfectly balance the network
and the instruments inserted between alternator and network point out that there isn’t any power
exchange.

6 Verify the real power exchange between alternator and network.

6.a Slowly increase the excitation of the driving motor “trying” to increase the rotation speed
of the set. Note that the speed remains perfectly unchanged while the real power is flowing
from the alternator to the network.
6.b Now decrease the excitation of the driving motor “trying” to decrease the rotation speed of
the set. Note that the speed remains perfectly unchanged while the output power and, at a
certain point, it becomes zero as in the instant of the paralleling.
6.c Decreasing again the excitation of the driving motor, you note a new exchange of real
power from the network to the alternator, that is therefore operating as synchronous motor.

7 Verify the reactive power exchange between alternator and network. Again return to the
paralleling condition zero setting current and power between network and alternator by
excitation of the driving motor. Now slowly act to either decrease or increase the alternator’s
excitation. Verify that the output voltage doesn’t change. On the contrary a new reactive power
exchange rises between alternator and network.

8 Open the switch to stop the set.

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 DL 10190

PRACTICAL TEST NR. 8

SURVEY OF A “V” CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

The purpose of this test is to draw a “V” curve of the alternator when it is operating as no-load
synchronous motor.
The electric and practical diagram on the same as in previous test Nr. 7.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:

1 Perform the paralleling of the alternator with the network exactly repeating the operations
described in points 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 of the previous test.

2 When the connection has been made, open the switch on variable dc output (power). The driving
motor will be disconnected and will be drived from the alternator that has automatically begun to
operate as synchronous motor.

3 Increase the synchronous machine excitation by progressively adjusting the knob until an input
current is achieved exceeding by 10 - 20% the rated value and detect the instrument readings.

4 Progressively decrease the excitation and note the instruments readings. You will note that as the
excitation current decreases, also the input current decreases, until a minimum value is reached.
Then it will again rise (therefore establishing the typical “V” shape” of the I = f(i) diagram).

5 Stop the set.

NOTE: It is suggested to gradually adjust the excitation currents and not to excessively reduce
their value, not to weak too much the torque, with the corresponding danger of the
machine “loosing the step”.

TABLE OF MEASURING VALUES

Pout  0 V = ....... (V)

Iexc Iabs Pabs

Note
(A) (A) (W)

over
excitation

under
excitation

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