Pollution is defined as the excess discharge of any substance into the environment

whichaffects adversity quality of environment and causing damage to humans, plants and
animals.
Pollution is explained as any substance introduced into the environment that
adverselyaffects the usefulness of resources
Pollution can be in the form of solid, liquid or gaseous substance. Pollution causes damage to
human, plant and animal life. The nature and concentration of pollutant determine the severity of
effect of pollution.
Classification of pollution

The pollutants that pollute the environment is divided into following types
1.Air-pollution
2.Water-pollution
3.Soil-Pollution
4.Marine-pollution
5.Noise-pollution
6.Thermal-pollution
7. Nuclear hazards
Air pollution
It is the presence of harmful foreign substances (pollutants) in the atmosphere, emitted byboth
natural and anthropogenic (human activity) sources.
Air pollution is the contamination or presence of unwanted substances in the air making it
harmful and detrimental for human and animal health.
Air Pollution is the deterioration of the quality of the air to an extent that:
• it becomes difficult to breathe, often toxic or detrimental,
• it complicates the health of living beings,
• it causes the body organs to malfunction,
• it damages the habitats of animal, plants, and other living organisms,
• it poses the threat to the natural environment and its habitats.
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
1. Industrialization
2. Urbanization
3. Vehicles emission
4. Deforestation
5. Population
6. installation of chemical
7. test of modern weapons
8. increase of motor vehicles
9. Greenhouse gases
Air pollutants can broadly classified into two types-

1. Primary pollutants
2. Secondary pollutants

CLASSFICATION OF AIR POLLUTIONS

Air pollutants can also be divided into two categories: primary pollutant and secondary
pollutant.
• Primary pollutants:
Primary pollutants are emitted directly from the sources. Theexample of primary pollutant
includes carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO),sulfur dioxide, nitric-oxide, ammonia,
hydrogen sulphide, and radioactive substances.Industrial fumes and smokes, ash, dust, mist, are
other primary sources of air pollution.

• Secondary pollutants: The secondary pollutants are not emitted from the sources. They are
formed when primary pollutants interact with atmospheric constituents. Example includes
sulphur-trioxide (SO3), nitrogen-trioxide, ozone (O3), hydrocarbons,
acid rain, etc
MAJOR AIR POLLUTION
The pollutants that contribute major portion of global air pollution are:

1.Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a Colourless gas with a sharp odour that accounts for about 18%
of allair pollution.

EFFECT OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Sulphur dioxide reacts with moisture in eyes, lungs and mucous membranes to form
strongirritating acid. It can trigger allergic reaction and asthama. If moisture is present in the
atmosphere, sulphur dioxides is converted into sulphuric acid or ifconditions are dry, into
sulphate particulates.

The tiny- only 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter-sulphuricacid and sulphate particulates form

aerosols. The aerosols contribute to the adverse healthseffects of smog and haze and also play a
serious role in haze. Sulphuric acid and sulphate arelikewise directly involved in three serious
global global change problems. Acidic deposition isone of those.

The stratospheric ozone depletion, where by sulphate particles in the stratosphere

providesurfaces on which ozone-destroying reactions occur. A third major effect is the
antiwarminginfluence they exert in global climate change

2.Nitrous oxides(N2O):
These oxides are released into the atmosphere when industrialcombustion occurs at high
temperatures.

3.Carbon monoxide (CO) :

It is a colourless, odourless, flammable gas, which is a product of incomplete
combustion.Ifcarbon were completely oxidized during burning, complete combustion tocarbon
dioxide wouldoccur and carbon monoxide would not be a problem.

It is important not to confuse carbonmonoxide with carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide

(CO) is an incomplete combustion product andcan be toxic even at low concentrations, whereas
carbon dioxide (CO2) is a complete oxidationproduct.

Sources Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is formed whenever a carbon material is burned e.g. automobile
exhausts,cigarettes etc. In addition to motor vehicles, sources of carbon monoxide include
burning coal,natural gas or biomass. Biomass combustion can be a significant source of exposure
in ruralareas or in underdeveloped countries where it is burned for cooking, heating and even
light.Atmospheric oxidation of methane gas and other hydrocarbons and even light.
Atmosphericoxidation of methane gas and other hydrocarbons also produces carbon
monoxide.

EFFECTS OF CO:
 Carbon monoxide accounts for more than 50% of air pollution nationwide and
worldwide. It is apervasive pollutant. Worldwide, hundreds of millions monoxide- related
illness, which include
headaches, dizziness and drowsiness. Reports show that about 11% heart failure caused
byexcess carbon monoxide. In the normal situation, the iron atom in the blood protein
haemoglobin, picks up oxygen fromthe lung and transports in to the body’s cells. There the
haemoglobin releases oxygen and picksup the waste gas carbon dioxide, which it transports
back to the lungs and releases. After releasing carbon dioxide, it picks up more oxygen. Carbon
monoxide has 200 items greateraffinity for the iron in haemoglobin than does oxygen and
interrupts this cycle by displacingoxygen. The result is a lowered amount of oxygen reaching the
heart which can lead to heartfailure in sensitive people.
Carbon monoxide also has other adverse effects in the body. For example, it interferes with the
oxygen-carrying proteins in muscles.When humans are exposed to CO, it forms
carboxyhaemoglobin at the expense of oxyhaemoglobin. Tissues are thus deprived of oxygen
and asphyxiation occurs.
If the victimcontinues to receive a high dosage of CO, then permanent brain damage and even
death willresult. Initial symptoms include dizziness, headache, nausea and
faintness.

Carbon dioxide (CO2):

This noxious gas is another pollutant released when fossil fuels are burnt