1.

Phenomenological Method- (DO NOT INCLUDE YUNG MGA NAKA PARENTHESIS)

(When you want to describe an event, activity, or phenomenon, the most

appropriate qualittative method that you can use is the phenomenological study
since
the goal of the phenomenological method of research is to)

Describe how any one participant experiences a specific event. (So In a

phenomenological study,
you) utilize a combination of methods, such as conducting interviews, reading
documents, watching videos,
observing, conducting a surveys to gather information from subjects or visiting
places and events,

(to understand the meaning participants place on whatever�s being examined. So

basically,) You rely on the participants�
own perspectives to provide insight into their motivations. Phenomenology is
highly concerned with how participants
feel about things during an event or activity.

example: The �Need to Transcend�: A Phenomenological

Study on the Lived Experiences of Millennial
Teachers (http://www.ijsre.com/assets/vol.%2C-11(3)-lacdo-o-et-al.pdf)

Playing it straight: A Phenomenological Study of Filipino Homosexual Adolescents

who are �Closeted� at Home but are �Out� at School
(https://www.academia.edu/8276534/Playing_it_straight_A_Phenomenological_Study_of_F
ilipino_Homosexual_Adolescents_who_are_Closeted_at_Home_but_are_Out_at_School?
auto=download)

2. Ethnographic Study

(from the words ethnography which means study of human races and cultures)
one of the most popular and widely recognized methods of qualitative research,
( Why do you think so?.. do u have clues)
you immerse yourself in the target participants� environment to understand the
goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge.
(You engage ina culture you're unfamilliar) The goal is to learn and describe the
culture's characteristics
Ethnography has its roots in cultural anthropology (where researchers immerse
themselves within a culture, often for years! Rather than relying on interviews or
surveys,
you experience the environment first hand, and sometimes as a �participant
observer.� )

example: Multilingualism: An Ethnographic Study on Maranao School Children in

Sorsogon City, Philippines
(https://jhe.cnu.edu.ph/index.php/cnujhe/article/view/142)
Cultural Beliefs and Practices of Ethnic
Filipinos: An Ethnographic Study (https://research-
advances.org/index.php/RAJMSS/article/download/277/289)

3. Historical Study

describes past events in order to understand present patterns and anticipate future
choices.
(This model answers questions) based on a hypothetical idea and then uses resources

to test the idea for any potential deviations. (Since its based on the past it
makes use of different
data collection methods from those used in other qualitative approaches. But you
may ask, why
is it included in the qualitative research? why not in quantitative research. It's
included in qualitative because its)
emphasis on interpretation and its use of nonnumeric data.
(They attempt to establish facts and arrive at a conclusions concerning the past)

The historian systematically locates, evaluates, and interprets evidence from which
people can learn about the past,
Based on the evidence gathered, conclusions are drawn regarding the past became the
present. The desired result is
increased understanding of the present and a more rational basis for making
choices.

SOURCES OF DATA:
a. Documents - (In general, a document (noun) is a) record or the capturing of some
event or thing so that the information will not be lost.
Usually, a document is written, but a document can also be made with pictures and
sound.
b. Relics and artifacts - Artifacts are the physical manifestations of an
organization. They include factors such are dressing codes, awards, myths, rituals,
decorations and stories
c. Oral reports -info passed down through word of mouth

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA
primary sources - include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or
participant in an event. They can be firsthand testimony or evidence
created during the time period that you are studying. may include diaries,
letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs, newspaper articles,
government documents, poems, novels, plays, and music.

secondary sources - analyze a scholarly question and often use primary sources as
evidence.
include books and articles about a topic. They may include lists of sources, i.e.
bibliographies, that may lead you to other primary or secondary sources.

VALIDITY OF MATERIALS:
a. Internal Criticism - requires evaluating the worth of the evidence, for
instance, whether a document provides a true report of an event
b. External Criticism - Asks if the evidence under consideration is authentic and,
depending on the nature of the study, may involve such techniques as authentication
of signatures,
chemical analysis of paint, or carbon dating of artifacts

example:The Philippines in 1997: Weathering Political and Economic Turmoil

(https://www.academia.edu/41110237/The_Philippines_in_1997_Weathering_Political_and
_Economic_Turmoil)
(2009) The Study of Colonialism, Past and Present -A Personal Memoir
(https://www.academia.edu/41115522/_2009_The_Study_of_Colonialism_Past_and_Present_
-A_Personal_Memoir)

4. Case study
Made famous by the Harvard Business School, (even mainly quantitative researchers
can relate to the value of the case study in explaining an organization, entity,
company, or event. )
A case study involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources.
(t tries to bring together all aspects and information about the unit under study,
contributing to explaining or describing something.)
Case studies can be explanatory, exploratory, or describing an event.

example: THE PHILIPPINES: A CASE STUDY IN LOCAL PLANNING FOR CHILDREN

(https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/171-the-philippines-a-case-study-in-local-
planning-for-children.html)

Technology and knowledge transfers in production

networks: Case study on Philippine food
manufacturing firms
(https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/173585/1/pidsdps1708_rev.pdf)