INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

NPTEL

NPTEL ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSE

Unit Operations of Particulate Matter

Lec – 08
Filtration and Batch Filtration (Part -03)

Dr. Shabina Khanam

Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Welcome to the 3rd lecture of week 2 and which is on filtration we are discussing filtration and
we have already discussed this in lecture 1 and lecture 2 and here we will discuss filtration cycle
and further we will solve a few examples based on filtration process, so let us start this filtration
cycle now if you see the filtration cycle.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:47)

How the filtration cycle is defined is the time required for filtration time required for washing
and time required for cleaning dumping and reassembling of the system so that complete time is
basically called as the filtration cycle, so filtration cycle that is t cycle is defined as t f + t wash + tetc.
so t cycle is defined as tf + t wash +t etc. tf is the time required for filtration t wash is the time
required for washing the cake that can be defined as volume of wash water / rate of washing and
t etc is time for draining filling opening dumping the cake and reassembling here we are
considering the case the constant pressure with incompressible slug and we are assuming filter
media resistance to be negligible.

So considering all these factors we have the equation dt / dV – K PV that is constant pressure and
incompressible slug KP we have defined like this as we have seen in the last lecture so once we
integrate it we can get the expression t – KP V 2/ 2 = tf because this t if is we see that will be the
time associated with the filtration, so this t value we can equate to tf that is time required for
flirtation.

(Refer Slide Time: 02:26)

Now here we can define x which is nothing but the ratio of volume of wash water used to the
final volume of literate collected it means x is the factor which is which gives the ratio of ratio
between volume of water required in washing divided total volume collected during filtration
process and why is the ratio of rate of washing to the final rate of filtration, so this x and y are
basically relating the parameter associated with washing and parameter associated with
filtration, so time required for washing is t wash = x V f / y 1/ KP Vf now x Vf, Vf is the final
volume of filtrate that is collected and into x so that should be the volume of wash water and
similarly y x 1/ KP Vf now if you see the filtration equation when we consider d V / dt that should
be the rate of filtration so it is value should be 1/KPV so that we have put over her and y is the
ratio so this complete factor will give the rate of filtration.

So x/ y KPVf 2 now t cycle is t cycle consists of tf twash and t etc putting the value of tf and putting
the expression if tf and t wash over here we can get this expression as t cycle now we have to
optimize the cycle time and the bases of this we have considered the totals volume collected in 1
day that is the bases, so that volume which you have to collected that should we have to
maximize to optimize the cycle time so number of cycles per day so 24 / t c ycle is the time
associated with one cycle so 24 as we have to perform for single days so 24/t cycle.

So daily collection of the filtrate V f is the volume of filtrate collected in a single cycle so 24c / t
e that it should be the total number of cycles into V f so that we have defined as Vd now putting
cycl

here the expression of t cycle this is the expression of Vd ay that is volume collected in a day, now
if we consider this particular expression Vday is a function of Vf

(Refer Slide Time: 05:16)

So differentiating Vday with respective Vf and putting = 0 we can get this equation and when we
solve this we can have expression of Vf which should be the optimum value and it is expression
is like this further after resolving this we can get this is the expression for V f optimum now if we
concentrate on this particular equation that should be KP / 2 Vf2 + x/ y KPVf2 – t = 0 so we can
take etc at this side and if you see this expression this we have derived for t f and this we have
derived for t wash.

So tf + t wash = t etc. So when we consider constant pressure with incompressible slug considering
0 media resistances the optimum cycle for this optimum cycle time for this is the time required
for filtration as well as washing should be = to the time required for dumping cleaning
reassembling etc…

So here we have total optimum cycle time which is tf + t wash

+ tetc this should be = t etc so here we have optimum cycle time is 2 x t etc. So in this way we
can defined the filtration cycle and we cam optimized the cycle time of filtration so that is all
about the theory part now form here on wont we will discusses a few example which are based
on batch filtration process so that you can understand what ever equations we have derived how
we can utilize this to calculate the different parameter associated with the filtration process.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:20)

So here we have example 1. In this example a plate and frame filter now what is this plate and
frame filter that we will discuss in subsequent lecture so a plate and frame filter having 1.5 m 2
surface area where filtering is carried out at constant pressure so you can say this is the constant
pressure phenomena in the feed 10 solid having a specific gravity 3 is mixed in the water during
flirtation in compressible cake is formed.

So this is the case of constant pressure and in compressible cake now what we have to do over
here is in part a compute the time required to wash the cake form at the end of 90 minutes of
flirting at the same pressure using 5m 3 of wash water so here we have to calculate the washing
time and second part if the time for during the cake and reassembling the press is 1 hour what is
the optimum cycle time And volume of filtrate collected per day wash water is used in the same
proposition to the final filtrate as in part A.

So here first of all we have to calculate the time required for washing and then we have to
optimize the filtrations cycle. So as for us operating data is concern this is the data we have
optioned by batch filtration where according to the tome filtrate volume vary so this is the data
for batch filtration.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:00)

So let so start the calculation of this the filtration is carried out constant pressure with
incompressible cake so final equation is for this case as we have seen in the last lecture is Δt/Δv
= Kp Vavg + B so here we have to plot the graph between Δt and between Δt/Δv and Vavg so first of
all we will calculate these value, if you see the operating Δ for this we are given time and volume
time is we write in a seconds and volume is in m3.

So we can calculate Δt over here that is this time – this time and similarly this minus this that is
squared easy calculation and here we have Δv difference in the volume so this minus this 1.99
further this minus this 1.56 in the similar line we can calculate other values of Δv. Now once we
have the value of v and Δv we can calculate V avg how that Vavg expression is if you see that is V +
Δv/ 2.

So here 1 point so here 6.1 + 1.99/2 so that should be 7.095 and for other cases we can also
calculate Vavg and here we have Δt as well as Δv division of this two will give these value now
we can draw the graph between Δt/Δv and Vavg.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:42)

So once we draw the graph between Δt/Δv and Vavg here the few points are available and once we
join these point we can get the straight line and slope of this straight line will give the value of
Kp and that comes as 40 sec/per/meter 6 and when we see the intercept of this line that its value is
40 s/m3 so governing equation becomes dt/dv = 40 v + 40 because all value of K p as well as value
of B both are 40 so we can get the filtration equation dt/dv = 40 v + 40.

Now if we reverse this if we reverse dv/dt that should becomes the rate of filtration so time of
washing is to be predicted at the end of 90 minute of filtration at the same pressure, so here what
we have to do is whatever rate of filtration at the end of 90 minute the same rate we can consider
as the rate of washing because operation is carried out at same pressure. So here we have dv/dt F
because we have used the final rate so that should be equal to 1/40 V f + 40. Vf is the volume Vf is
the final volume of filtrate collected at the end of 90 minutes.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:26)

Now here integrating the equation which the equation we have obtained is this and when we
integrate this for time the time comes as 20 v2 + 40 v so total filtration is carried out for 90
minutes so that is 5400 seconds, so this 5400 second can be replaced over here and whatever
volume is collected at 5400 second that should be the final volume of filtrate, so that we can
obtain while putting 5400 as the value of T.

And we solving this equation we can find V f as 15.4621 m3 and final rate of filtration as we have
seen in the last slide is dv/dt = 1/40 V f + 40, now this Vf is the final volume of filtrate when we
put its value which is 15.4621 over here, we can get final rate of filtration which should be equal
to 0.00152 m3 / s and here you can understand that as per the problem the rate of washing will
depend on final rate of filtrations.

So rate of washing in this case should also be equal to 0.00152 m 3 /sec so we already know the
rate of washing we know the volume of wash water used and that should be 5m 3 therefore time
required to wash the cake should be volume of wash water / rate of filtration. So that comes as
3292.42 second that is 54.87 minutes, so here we have solved the first part of this, now the ratio
of volume of wash water to final filtrate volume.
That is V wash/ Vf if you remember this factor we have defined as x so that factor comes as
0.3234.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:33)

Now in part B we have to find the optimum cycle time and cycle time if you remember we have
defined as tf + twash + tetc, tetc is given as 1 hour that is 3600 seconds, tf is time of filtration that is 20
Vf 2 + 40Vf, twash is volume of wash water/ rate of washing. So twash we can defined as this is the
volume of wash water and this is the rate of washing as it is equal to final rate of filtration, after
solving this we can get 12.936 Vf2 + 12.936 Vf that is the expression of twash.
So I know the expression of t f and twash while putting all these expression in T cycle here we can
get the final expression of tcycle in terms of Vf, now optimum cycle time how we can calculate this
by maximize the daily output of the filtration process so in that case first of all we have to
calculate number of cycles per day, so that should be 24 x 3600/ t cycle, tcycle is a time required for
one cycle and Vday = total volume collected in a day.

So Vf is the total volume collected in single cycle so that we should multiplied with total number
of cycle. So 24 x 300 x V f / tcycle and further while putting all values of all known values we can
get Vday = 86400Vf / this expression that is the expression of tcycle , now to maximize this Vday we
will differentiate with respect to Vf and equate it to 0, so Vf optimum is 10.455 m3 and tcycle
optimum cycle time is this much, so while putting the value of V f over here we can get 7753.46
second that is 2.154 hours, so that is total cycle time which is already optimized, so that is
optimum cycle time. So in this way we can calculate we can optimize the cycle time we can
calculate total time required for washing.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:07)

Now here we have second example, in this example a filter handles a sludge that consists of 70
kg of solid/ 1000 kg water and forms a compressible cake, so here you see the cake is
compressible the experimental data generated through filter of area 0.65 m2 is shown in following
table, estimate the filter media resistance and compressibility coefficient of the cake, so what we
have to calculate over her is, Rn value as well as S value.

The experimental data of constant pressure filtration is already given, now if you see this table
here we have 3 values of pressure but for one pressure whole filtration process will be carried out
and then the pressure value is change and then whole filtration process will be carried out then
the pressure value is changed and then hold filtration process will be carried out so here we have
though here we have three different values of pressure but this is constant pressure phenomenon.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:13)

Now if you see this the what type of case if this it is constant with compressible cake that is in
the case and for compressibility and for α value we can use this peri correlation that is α 0 (-∆p)s .
So in this example Rm and s are to be calculated so this is the expression for constant pressure
and compressible sludge K'p Vavg +B that is ∆t/∆V so here we have the equation for constant
pressure and compressible sludge and that is ∆t/∆V= K'p Vavg+B.

So K 'p we have find out like this there we have we can found the value of s and value of R m can
be found by the value of B so here we have to find the ∆t/∆V and the average so ∆t for all
different pressures we can find at this discussing the last example ∆V we can calculate because
volume corresponding time is known so ∆V we can calculate and for V average we can calculate.

As we have see in the last example and see only ∆t/∆v it can be calculated for different pressures
now what we have to do we have to draw the graph between ∆t/∆V at this average.
(Refer Slide time: 19:48)
So you see here we have for three different pressures three lines are here so here we have three
different pressures and therefore three different curve R m at clearly in this graph it is drawn
between ∆t/∆V and the average while drawing the line for each case we can find different slopes
as well as different B values.

So for ∆P that is 10 if we consider this 10 so this is the graph it has K'p, K'p it has the slope like
this and B we have like this so if you see all this graph we can conclude if we observe the slope it
has a higher slope then this and then this. Similarly the values are appear in this table. We can
also calculate from the intersect and those are available over here.

Once you know the value of B we can calculate R m value because we know other factors other
parameters so Rm can be calculated directly from the B value. So as we have three values three
Rm value we will operate and every time these three R m value will be the final value of Rm that is
filter may be an resistance.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:23)

And that is obtained as 2.33*108, m-1 and now further you will use the data of pressure drop
which we have seen from the last curve pressure drop and K'p so here we have three pressure
drop values and three K'p values. The K'p expression when we take log of the case this is the
final expression and here K'p will be become on pressure drops.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:49)

So K'p verses pressure drop we can draw here we have three points so three points re nearly over
here now you see here if we consider this particular section as well as this section this is an X
axis if we consider this Y axis and this X axis these are nothing but the logical axis. Now for this
three points when we draw the line the line will be like this and slope of this line will be negative
so that is -1-s.

So if we consider the value of this that should be equal to 1-s which is .8889 so from here we can
calculate value of s which comes as .111 so in this we can calculate factors which are associated
with the filter as well as compressible cake.

(Refer Slide Time: 22:45)

Now here I am considering third example were a sludge in a washing plate and frame filter press
is of such nature that the filtration equation is V 2=Kt where V is the volume of filtrate obtained in
time t, when the pressure is constant. 40m3 of filtrate is produced in 10 hours. 4m3 of wash water
is used for washing at the end of filtration.

So what we have to calculate the washing time if washing rate is 1/3 rd of filtration rate and
secondly filtering surface is double, remaining other conditions constant, how long it take to
produce 25m3 of filtrate.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:36)

So let us start with part 1 filtration equation we have given like this V 2 = Kt dV/dt=K/2V which
is nothing but the rate of filtration now in part a time t=10 hours volume is given as 40m3 so
when you put this values over here we can find value of the constant V that should be V 2/t so the
value comes as 160m6/h and rate of filtration should be k/2V that we can found as 2m3 /h.

So washing rate if you see washing rate is basically consider as 1/3rd of the rate of filtration so
2m3/h is the rate of the equation so washing rate of filtration the rate of washing should be .667
1/3rd of that. Therefore washing time should be total volume of the wash water we are using
divide by .6667, so 6 hours should be washing time.

Now part b as it is constant pressure phenomena it is denoted as expression should be dt/Dv=

KpV+B where kp is we find like this in the present problem dt/dv=2 V/K.now we come to this
equation with the above equation we can correlate that k is proportional to the A 2 so when we
double the revised coefficient should be 4 times then the previous one.

So revised coefficient value should be 4*160 160 is the previous coefficient values so final k'
should be 40m 6 per hour time to produce 25m 3 of filtrate that should be V2/K' is which you see
the phenomena equation volume we can put as 25m 3 solving this we can get .976 hour that is
58.6 minutes.

Now here we would like this to see should be the time required to generate for 40m 3 of filtrate
then filtered area when area of filter is doubled so in that case because k is proportional to area
square so when we doubled the area 4 times for 40m3 for generation of 40m3 of filtration will
required 2.5 hours instead of 10 hours.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:31)

So you have seen the examples we make you to understand how the equations will be used to
calculate the factors as well as you see the equation process so here we have the summary of the
lecture and you should keep in mind that the summary is for lecture 1 2 and 3 so in this series the
3 lectures filtration operations along with its types and operation is discussed.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:01)

A design equation for batch filtration is derived and different cases related to these are identified
and discussed. A few examples on filtration operation are discussed here you have the references
through which is studied about filtration in detailed and that’s all enough. Thank you.

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