Bowling

Bowling, also called tenpins, game in which

a heavy ball is rolled down a long, narrow lane
toward a group of objects known as pins, the aim
being to knock down more pins than an opponent.
The game is quite different from the sport of bowls,
or lawn bowls, in which the aim is to bring the ball to
rest near a stationary ball called a jack.

History
Articles found in the tomb of an Egyptian
child buried in about 3200 BCincluded nine pieces of
stone, to be set up as pins, at which a stone “ball”
was rolled, the ball having first to roll through an
archway made of three pieces of marble. The
modern sport of bowling at pins probably originated
in ancient Germany, not as a sport but as a
religious ceremony. As early as the 3rd or 4th
century AD, in rites held in the cloisters of churches,
parishioners may have placed their ever-present
club, or Kegel (the implement most Germans carried for sport and, certainly, self-
protection), at one end of a runway resembling a modern bowling lane. The Kegel was
said to represent the Heide(“heathen”). A stone was rolled at the Heide, and those
successfully toppling it were believed to have cleansed themselves of sin. Although the
peasants’ club evolved into pins, the association remained, and even today bowlers are
often called keglers.
The passage of time brought an increase in the size of the stone rolled at pins,
and eventually the ball came to be made of wood. Many variations of the game
developed, some played with three pins, others with as many as 17. A biographer of
the 16th-century cleric Martin Lutherhas written that Luther built a bowling lane for his
children which he occasionally visited, sometimes throwing the first ball.
In the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the game spread into the Low
Countries and also into Austria and Switzerland. The playing surfaces were usually
cinders or clay, specially treated and sun-baked to a hardness resembling concrete. The
roofing over of lanes, first done in London for lawn bowls around 1455, was the
beginning of bowling as an all-weather, around-the-clock game. When the lanes were
covered or put into sheds (called Kegelbahns in Germany and Austria and usually
attached to village taverns or guest houses), the playing surfaces ranged from wood or
hardened clay to, in later years, asphalt.
Rules and scoring
Bowling is relatively straightforward. A game consists of 10 frames and the
bowler is allowed to roll the ball two times in each frame to attempt to knock down all
the pins. A strike is when the player succeeds in knocking down all ten pins with the
first roll. A spare is when the player is able to knock down the remaining pins with the
second roll. An open frame is one where the player is not able to knock down all the
pins during the frame.
If an open frame was bowled, the player receives one point for each pin that was
knocked down. If a spare was achieved, the score sheet will show a '/' mark in the
right-hand square and once the player rolls their next ball, 10 bonus points will be
added to the total number of pins knocked down by that one turn. Similarly, if a strike
is bowled, the score sheet is marked with an 'X' and the bowler receives 10 bonus
points to the number of pins knocked down in the next two rolls.
Playing Surface and Equipment
Unlike other sports that are played on a field or a court, athletes bowl on a
hardwood or urethane lane that measures 60 feet long (to the first pin) by 42 inches
wide. The foul line is at the near end of the lane and the bowling pins are at the far
end. Leading up to the foul line is a large 15-foot zone that is referred to as the
approach. This is where the bowler does just that - they approach, or advance, to the
foul line. On either side of the lane are gutters, which the bowler should try to avoid. A
gutter ball is one that has left the lane and has fallen into a gutter, therefore out of play
and missing the pins. The bowling ball, whether it has struck pins or landed in the
gutter, is returned to the player via a conveyor system under the lane.
Ten hard maple bowling pins of regulation weight are used and are set up in four
rows, beginning with a single head pin. The head pin is followed by two pins, increasing
by a single pin in each row.
The bowling ball typically weighs between 10 and 16 pounds, although lighter
ones can be used for children. The ball is usually pre-drilled with three finger holes for
the middle fingers and thumb.
Special shoes must be worn for bowling to prevent damage to the lane. The
shoes are often colorful, with soles made of hard leather or vinyl to allow the bowler to
slide on the lane.
3 Fundamental Skill in Bowling
 You may be seasoned bowler or working for improving your skills as a new
bowler. We are talking about what are the essential things. Okay fine! We shall not
expand the ideology because it is really irritating to read. So, focus on the main three
terms to bowl efficiently.
1. Comfortable Grip
A comfortable grip will help you feel
comfortable when you though the ball.
Obviously, a tournament is not fun for you!
So, back in the rhythm with the charm of
your heart and start from gripping the ball
comfortably. Some bowlers make mistakes on
their grip and don't understand bowl's
weight!
2. Keep your footwork in rhythm
Footwork is the key to
your success in knocking
down the pins. It is the power
point of all the strategy
around your muscles. Bowlers
are usually worried whether
they would take a short or
long run. For them, it is to
prescribe that, taking a long
term is the best to get success over the opponents. Longtime empowers stamina
on your feet and inspires your bicep to release the ball with the full power.
3. Releasing time
It is essential to set up your mindset
whether you need a slow or fast release to
knock down the pins immediately. For that,
take a long run, control your muscles, and
make an instant statement. Besides, you
need to keep the ball over your waist and
fasten the pressure of the ball. Take a short
time of around 5 seconds to release the ball
depending on your footwork and positions.
Swing the ball from the left side to the middle of the pin bar.
CYCLING
For many people, riding a bicycle
was something they did as a kid, but it’s not
something they did much of once they got
into their teen years. For some, it’s because
they got a car and could drive places
instead of bike. For others, it’s because they
live in an area where bicycling really isn’t an
option—those out in rural areas with
unpaved roads may not always be able to
bike places. But with new inventions such as the electric bike and bicycles that are
safer, more and more people are turning to bikes as a way of saving money and going
green.
The History of Cycling
Bicycling was first introduced in in the 1800s, and it quickly became very
popular. However, the basic bicycle design can be traced back to 1493, when Gian
Giacomo Caprotti sketched out the idea. Another version was built in France in 1791.
However, what many people consider the first practical bicycle was created in 1817 by
Karl von Drais, a German civil servant.
In 1868, the first documented bicycle
race was held. Bikers racked 1,200 meters in
the Park of Saint-Cloud in Paris.
In the U.S., bicycles were incredibly
popular in the early 1900s. The oldest bicycle
racing club, the S.t Louis Cycling Club, was
established in 1887 and continues to host
races and other events today. However, by
1920, the practice of cycling quickly died out
because of the automobile and the growth of larger suburbs. In Europe, cycling
continued to go strong until the 1950s.
Today, though, more and more people are biking to work as a way of saving on
gas, getting exercise, and because it’s fun.
Rules in Cycling
Follow these rules of the road to stay safe and obey local traffic laws.
1. Rule: Yield to pedestrians or other vehicles already on the roadway
2. Rule: Ride in the same direction as the flow of traffic
 3. Rule: Don’t ride on the sidewalk
4. Rule: Obey all traffic signals and signs
5. Rule: Yield before turning or moving to the left side of your lane of travel
6. Rule: Always use hand signals
Equipment
1. Bicycle or Bike
A racing bicycle or bike is manually driven by
the rider by pedalling with no mechanical or
electrical machinery attached. It is completely
human powered and is the most important
equipment to begin the cycle race. The racing bike
driven by the cyclist should meet all the UCI
standards before starting the race. The UCI has
standardized the important characteristics of racing
bike in order to easily determine the winner and
recognize the efforts of the cyclist. The
characteristics of the racing bike are as follows:
 The maximum length of the bicycle - 185 cms,
 The maximum width – 50 cm,
 The total weight should not be less than 6.8 kgs,
 The diameter of both the wheels should be equal, ranging between 55 cm to 70
cm with minimum of 12 spokes in each wheel,
 The seat saddle position should be between 24 cm to 30 cm,
 The bicycle frame must be built around a triangle with tubular elements
enclosing in a straight line. The height of the frame should be 8 cm to 16 cm
with maximum thickness of 2.5 cm.
2. Rider Gear
In all the formats and categories the riders need to put on some basic clothing layers as
listed below:
a. Bib Shorts − The light weight, colored and skinny
shorts made out of lycra material with additional seated
padding to avoid discomfort while being seated till the
completion of race.
 b. Base Layer Suit − In order to maintain the body
temperature and manage moisture due to change in the
weather condition, the rider has to wear a thermal base
suit layer made up of fine fabric.

c. Jersey − The short sleeved skin tight nylon made,

colorful jerseys are ideal for the cycle racing conditions.

d. Gloves − The hand gloves help to hold the handle bar

with proper grip.

e. Socks − Depending upon the weather, there are two

types of cycling socks. The thermo lite fabric socks for
chill weather and air mesh socks for enhanced
breathability in hot temperatures.

f. Cycling Shoes − Pedalling shoes are specially

designed foot gear with custom made soles just apt for
pedalling.

g. Helmet − Out of the entire rider’s safety gear the helmet

is the most important safety gear to help reduce the risk
of head and face injuries of the rider.

h. Glasses − The single lens glasses are ideally used during

road races to protect rider’s eyes from all the weather changes
of rain, sun, wind, dust and any foreign particles.
Basic skills
These five essential cycling skills help you get faster and be safer out on the
road:

1. BRAKING
Before you get caught up in getting faster, you’ll
need to learn how to stop safely — and it’s more
complicated than just grabbing one of your brake levers.

2. BALANCE
Yes, most of us have already developed
enough balance to ride a bike safely. But riding
on the road for exercise requires you to develop
this skill a little more as your speed increases.
You’ll also need better balance when riding in
tight spaces, such as riding in traffic or on
group rides with friends.

3. SHIFTING
Not knowing when or how to shift gears can cause
you to lose momentum and possibly have to get off your
bike on a climb. For this reason, it’s important to
understand how to make your gears easier or harder and
to shift to the right gear before you actually need it.

4. PEDALING
Pedaling a road bike with clipless pedals
isn’t the same as pedaling the bike you learned
to ride as a kid. While flat pedals only allow you
to push down, to ride efficiently over long
distances you’ll need to practice pedaling in
smooth circles.
 5. DESCENDING
Gaining comfort going downhill at high
speeds can be counterintuitive for new
cyclists. Bike handling, balance and braking
technique are all put to the test — but before
you go downhill all out, safety should be your
number 1 priority.

Golf
The Birth Of Golf
Golf as we know it today originated
from a game played on the eastern coast
of Scotland in the Kingdom of Fife during
the 15th century. Players would hit a
pebble around a natural course of sand
dunes, rabbit runs and tracks using a stick
or primitive club.
Some historians believe that Kolven from Holland and Chole from Belgium
influenced the game. The latter was introduced into Scotland in 1421. However while
these games and countless others are stick and ball games, they are missing that vital
ingredient that is unique to golf - the hole. Whatever the argument, there can be no
dispute that Scotland gave birth to the game we know as golf today.
During the mid-15th century, Scotland was preparing to defend itself against an
English invasion. The population's enthusiastic pursuit of golf and soccer to the neglect
of military training (archery primarily) caused the Scottish parliament of King James II
to ban both sports in 1457. The ban was reaffirmed in 1470 and 1491 although people
largely ignored it. Only in 1502 with the Treaty of Glasgow was the ban lifted.
Golf's status and popularity quickly spread throughout the 16th century due to
it's royal endorsement. King Charles I popularized the game in England and Mary Queen
of Scots, who was French, introduced the game to France while she studied there.
Indeed the term 'caddie stems from the name given to her helpers who were the
French Military, known in French as cadets.
Rules and Regulations
The official rules of golf in the US are governed by the United States Golf
Association (USGA), but here are some basic rules to keep in mind when playing golf:
 1. You must play the golf ball where it lies, unless there is a rule that allows you to
move it.
2. The golf course may not be changed to gain an advantage, unless there is a rule
that allows for a specific change.
3. If your ball is in a bunker or water hazard, your golf club cannot touch the
ground or water prior to your actual swing. If it does, you must take a penalty
stroke.
4. If you accidentally play the wrong golf ball (oops!), you get a two stroke penalty.
5. On the green, you may mark and lift your ball to clean it or get it out of another
golfer's way.
6. When putting the ball must not hit the flag. If the golf ball does hit the flag, it is
a two stroke penalty.
7. If you loose the ball in a water hazard, you can drop the ball behind the hazard
and in line with the golf hole. You must take a penalty stroke.
8. If you loose the ball out of bounds, you can take a penalty stroke and then
replay the shot.
9. If your ball is unplayable, you may take a penalty stroke and then drop the golf
ball behind where the ball was and in line with the hole or drop the golf ball
within two club lengths.
10. You are allowed a maximum of 14 clubs in your golf bag.
11. Golfers must tee off behind and between the tee markers. Never in front
of the tee markers.
Equipment
Let us now take a look at the equipment used in golf.
1. Ball
The main equipment of this game is
the ball. It is made up of beech which is
generally a hardwood material. The golf ball
should have a minimum diameter of 42.67
metre and weight should not exceed 45.93
gm.

2. Golf Clubs
The clubs can be made of as woods, irons
and putters. A single player can carry only 14 clubs.
Now-a-days, a new type of club called Hybrid
clubis used which is a combination of wood and
iron.
 3. Ball Markers
Certain circumstances may occur in which there may be
the need to change the position of ball. At this point we use
ball markers. This is generally a round piece of metal or
plastic.

4. Golf Bag
This is a nylon or leather bag that is used to
transport the clubs. They have sections inside to
separate each club. They have various category such as
Sunday bag, cart bag, staff bags etc.

5. Golf Cart
This is a vehicle that is used to transport the players
from one place to another place in the course. Unlike other
petrol vehicles, these are battery or electric vehicles. Some
governing bodies have restricted certain usage limits upon
these vehicles.

6. Towels
Towels are used by the players to wipe the balls
and hands. They are attached to the bag with the help of
grommet.

7. Club Heads
Clubs heads are nothing but wood or leather
materials that are used to cover the head of the clubs so
that they will not collide with each other while being
together and will protect them from any accidental
damage.

8. Gloves
Most of the golf players used gloves while playing.
This helps in having a strong hold of the club grip and
prevents blistering. Players wear the gloves generally on
the dominant hand.
Necessary Skills
The skills incorporated with golfing are complex and thought-provoking. This is a
game that not only uses the physical skills of a practitioner, but it's a huge mental game
as well. The skills involved for golfing range from grip, stance, and swing, to strategies.
a. Grip: Interlocking, hammer, overlapping
b. Stance: Your posture in golfing
c. Swing: Drive shot, iron shot, pitch shot, chip shot, putt
d. Strategies: Tee box, short game/chipping
Grip is where it begins with the skills needed for golf; the correct grip is what allows
someone to develop a solid swing. The grip will translate into feeling consistency and
fluidity within the swing to follow.
Stance is next, and it's what will turn that swing into playing a slight slice or
slight hook. A slice refers to curving the ball in the direction of the player's dominant
hand; a hook refers to curving the ball in the direction opposite the player's dominant
hand. To incorporate a good stance, start with feet shoulder-width apart, a slight bend
in the knees, hips raised and your left shoulder angled above the right. Swing will follow
after you have the grip and stance down pat.
There are a lot of different swings, so let's begin with the drive shot. It allows the
ball to be put onto the fairway and lead up to the green, which sets up your entire
game. The iron shot is next, and it allows you to approach the green from all over the
golf course. Moving forward, the pitch shot is where a partial shot is used to get the ball
to the green. This is used for the situations when the iron shot is too forceful or you're
too close to effectively use that option. If your approach shot does not land on the
green, you will use a wedge to chip the ball onto the green. This is known to be a
difficult swing because it takes a lot of judgment to read sloping and determine the
speed needed. Last is the putt, where you take the ball from the green into the hole.

Surfing
The History and Origins of Surfing
Surfing is an amazing sport with an impressive history. The exact origins of surfing
are not certain, but it was first observed by Europeans on a ship in Tahiti back in 1767.
 Research suggests that surfing dates back to the ancient Polynesian cultures that
existed long ago. According to data collected and many myths, the chief of a tribe was the
man who could surf the best.
In other words, the top wave rider was the top man in his community. That says a
lot about how important surfing was in the lives of the ancients.
Hawaiian surfing has a rich tradition. The ancient Hawaiian inhabitants looked as
surfing as an integral part of life. It was not just a hobby or a job. It was a way of life and
an art form for them.
Constructing a surfboard was a spiritual process, and great care went into all things
related to surfing. The people were fascinated with the concept of taming the ocean and
discovering the mysteries buried beneath the powerful waves.
The most skilled surfers gained prestige and respect in society. Eventually many
upper class Hawaiians created a society that revolved around the sport.
Many years later, surfing caught on in the United States. Learning from the ancient
ways of the Polynesians, James Matthias Jordan, Jr. brought surfing to the East Coast.
He mounted a Hawaiian redwood board in 1912. This took place at Virginia Beach,
and this has been one of the main surfing centers in the country ever since.
Surfing also caught on in a big way on the West Coast of the United States.
Innovations in board design and more public exposure led to an explosion of surfing culture
in a few different places.
Hawaii, Australia, and California emerged as surfing heaven for those who wanted to
pursue the sport and the lifestyle that came with it.
Surfing culture really took off in the 1960s when movies and surf music like the
Beach Boys garnered international attention.
Southern California beach culture and the surfing lifestyle caught the eye of many
people. Competitions developed and a professional surfing community started to take hold.
This trend has continued up to the present day. There are now tons of surf shops,
events, prime beaches, and an entire subculture that revolves around this extreme sport.
Now for the Rules
There are 5 of them. Learn them. Know them. Love them. They will save your
ass in the lineup time and time again.
 Rule #1 – Don’t Drop In On Another Surfer
 Rule #2 – The Surfer Closest To The Peak Has The Right Of Way
 Rule #3 – Paddling Surfer Yields To Surfer Riding Wave
  Rule #4 – Don’t Ditch Your Board
 Rule #5 – Don’t Be A Snake
Equipments
Surfing is an energetic and exciting sport that needs several equipment. You
must choose the equipment based on your surfing skills. If you are a beginner, then
you need lesser equipment than an experienced surfer.
During your stay in Hawaii surf camp, there are few appliances that won’t
change for an experienced surfer or a beginner. We will talk about them here:

1. Surfboard
Surfboard can be titled as ‘magic carpet’ that lets the
surfers ride through the high waves. Your surfboard is the
main equipment for surfing.

2. Fins
You cannot sail through the waves without the fins. Fins
provide surfers with stability and drive that help in enhancing
the surfer’s performance level.

3. Leash
Leash is a surfing equipment that looks like
rope. It keeps the surfer attached to the board.

4. Surf Wax
Surfers massage a special kind of wax over the surfboard
before surfing. The wax keeps the surfers’ grip intact on the
surfboard.

5. Wetsuit
Wetsuits keep the surfers warm in the cold sea
water. You can choose Full Suit or Spring Suit based on the
temperature of the water. The thickness of the wetsuit also
varies from 2mm to 4/3mm.
 6. Surf Earplugs
Generally, surfers use earplugs while surfing in cold water.
Surf earplugs are used by the surfers to protect their ear canal as
they can suffer from ‘Surfer’s Ear’ due to the long exposure to cold
water and cold winds.

Skills for surfing

Surfing is a great sport and probably one of the hardest technical and athletic activities
out there. But through practice and passion you can achieve almost anything.
Additionally, to become a great surfer you need to possess a few key skills.
1. DETERMINATION
Getting pounded wave by wave can really test your motivation when you
begin to surf. If you are not determined to keep trying, surfing can be a very
frustrating experience.
2. BALANCE
Balance is the key to surfing. Not only are you standing on a small
surfboard but at the same time that board is moving through the ever changing
ocean. Every wave is different and you must deal with the changing conditions
every time. You need a strong core and strong legs.
3. FLEXIBILITY
Being flexible is essential for surfers. To get up on your feet every time
takes quite some bending of your body. Start stretching and begin those yoga
classes.
4. STRENGTH
Surfers need a lot of upper body strength. Strong shoulders, strong arms
and good firm chest muscles are necessary for plenty of paddling. Also a strong
and healthy body will help you to recover faster from your battles with the
waves. You will be less prone to injury and have more stamina.
5. ENDURANCE
To paddle constantly through whitewater, big waves and strong currents
takes endurance. You have to be willing to push through pain and exhaustion if
you want to keep riding waves all day. Determination and endurance go hand in
hand and are key skills in becoming a great surfer.