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Economics
CHAPTER 1
Q2. Discuss the importance of the command process and the traditional
process in the making of management decisions. Illustrate specific ways
in which managers must consider these two processes.
Answer: The Command process is influenced by the government or central authority to
find the answer that best fit to the three basic questions (What, how, for whom). The
government owns most of the resources of production like land and other natural
resources and take decisions about the allocation of resources to controls all the factors of
production.
On the other side, The Traditional process uses the culture and trends of the population.
In this kind of system, the customs and traditions are used to decide what to produce, how
to produce, and for whom to produce.
The managers should take into account both command process that related to
government’s laws and regulations that govern and control the action of both consumers
and products and the traditional process that related to religions, customs and traditions
during answer the three questions What, how, and for whom.
Answer: the best question here is “How to produce the spare parts. What and
for whom are known. Therefore, the managers of a firm should know the best way
to make spare parts available weather through make or buy.
b. Should the company continue to service the equipment that it sells or
ask customers to use independent repair companies?
Answer: the best question here is “What to do, continue to service or stop it
and ask the customer to do it through another repair companies.
Answer: the best question here is “How to replace the available network with
another one.
e. Should the company buy or lease the fleet of trucks that it uses to
transport its products to market?
Answer: the best question here is “How to buy or lease the fleet of trucks.
Answer: I used to make these decisions on almost a daily business. As I have a small
service center in Sana’a. There were many important decisions to make, what type of
services, how the services will be done and for whom to provide.
Yes, many decisions were guided by a market process such as third parties choice to
support once the services providing to the customers. The command process also guided
many decision, as the laws and regulations of Yemen should allow all services.
Regarding tradition process, we always considered religion and customs when provided
the services where we did not provide prohibited services or the services not accepted by
society.
CHAPTER 2
Q2. What are transaction costs? How does opportunistic behavior tend
to increase transaction costs?
Answer: Transaction cost is incurred when a company enters into a contract with other
entities. This cost including the original investigation to find outside firm, cost of
negotiation a contract, enforcing the contract and coordinating transaction.
Opportunistic behavior occurs where one party takes advantage of the other because of e
changing the market conditions to maximize self-interest. The concept has an important
role in increasing the transaction cost. When transaction costs are high, a company may
choose to provide the service or product itself. However, carrying out operations tend to
increase transaction costs.
D0= dividend paid last year=$2 D1= dividend paid coming year=?
g= annual constant growth rate= 0.06 r= rate of return=0.13
Q19. How does implicit cost lead to a difference between accounting and
economist profits?
Answer: Accounting profit is the difference between the total revenue and the total cost,
excluding the implicit cost, which is the cost of the opportunity. On the other hand, the
economic cost is the difference between the total revenue and the total cost, including the
implicit cost.
Therefore, accounting profit can be defined as the revenue deducted from the explicit
costs, and economic profits, as the revenue deducted from explicit and implicit costs.
CHAPTER 3
It is obvious that the relationship between the demand for the product offered by the firm
and its price is negative. Therefore, the draw showing the negative relationship between
quantities demanded and price.
The demand curve is sloping downward, because of the law of demand: as price falls,
quantity demanded rises and vice versa.
Q 12. Define the rationing function of price. Why is it necessary for the
price to serve this function in the market economy?
Answer: Rationing function of price is the increase or decrease in price to clear the market of
any shortage or surplus. The price higher so that less of the consumable will be purchased and
more will be conserved or rationed. Rationing is necessary because of the scarcity problem. When
needs are unlimited, but resources are limited, available commodities must be rationed out to
competing uses so those buyers willing and able to pay the price only purchase.
Problems:
P2. The following relations describe the supply and demand for posters.
QD = 65,000 – 10,000P
QS = - 35,000 + 15,000P
Where Q is the quantity and P is the price of a poster, in dollars.
Answer:
a. Complete the following table.
P4. Consider the following supply and demand curves for a certain
product.
QS = 25,000P
QD = 50,000 - 10,000P
a. Plot the demand and supply curves.
b. What are the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity for the
industry? Determine the answer both algebraically and graphically.
(Round to the nearest cent.)
Answer:
a. To draw demand curve we assume it is ideal so we need two points.
Assume that QD = 0 ----------- P= 50000/10000= $5
Assume that P=0 ------------ Qd= 50,000
To plot the demand curve connect the two points.
QS = QD
25000P=50000-10000P ------ P=50000/35000
P=$1.43 the equilibrium price.
At the equilibrium price ------- QS = 25000(1.43) = 35750