Musical Instrument of Israel

Darbuk Hora
Jewish Lyre Shofar

Musical Instrument of India

Sitar Khartal
Shehnai Mrindangam

Arts of India

Taj Mahal
Dancing Woman Bharat Mata

Arts of Saudi Arabia

Calligraphic art in the streets of Jeddah

The Rock Art

Arts of Iran
 Ardabil Carpet
Colossal Statue of Shapur I
 Arts of Turkey

Classical Turkish Wooden House

İznik İsmail Bey Turkish Bath

Art of Pakistan

Truck Art
 Art of Tibet

Tantric thangka
 Tibetan frescoe, 1000 Buddhas

Stages of Infection

The first link is the pathogen itself. This is the disease-causing organism. For many illnesses
and diseases this is a virus or bacterium. In order to break this link, various methods can be used,
including the pasteurization of milk, the chlorination of drinking water, or the use of
disinfectants.

The second link is the reservoir. This is the natural environment that the pathogen requires
for survival. Reservoirs can be a person, an animal, or an environmental component, such as soil
or water. This link can be broken through medical treatment and testing, insect and rodent
eradication, or quarantine.

The third link is the portal of exit. This link is needed for the pathogen to leave the reservoir.
If the reservoir is a human, then the portal of exit may be saliva, mucous membranes, feces,
blood, or nose or throat discharges. By using barrier methods, such as condoms or masks, or
covering the mouth while coughing, this link can be broken.
 The fourth link is the means of transmission. The pathogen can be transmitted either directly
or indirectly. Direct transmission requires close association with the infected host, but not
necessarily physical contact. Indirect transmission requires a vector, such as an animal or insect.
The link can be broken through hand washing, safe sex practices, or avoiding contact with
infected individuals.

Link number five is the portal of entry. Entry of the pathogen can take place in one of three
ways: penetration, inhalation, or ingestion. The level and severity of an infection may depend on
the depth of penetration. Similar to the portal of exit, barrier methods, such as condoms or
masks, can be used to break this link along with other methods, such as insect repellants.

The final link is the new host. Once in the new host, various factors influence the severity of
infection, including the strength of the immune system and the reproductive rate of the pathogen.
Immunization, health promotion, and medical treatment can be used to break this link in the
chain.

Top ten leading causes of Morbidity and Mortality

 Most Common Communicable Disease
1. physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch (staphylococcus), sexual
intercourse (gonorrhea, HIV), fecal/oral transmission (hepatitis A), or droplets (influenza,
TB)
2. contact with a contaminated surface or object (Norwalk virus), food (salmonella, E. coli),
blood (HIV, hepatitis B), or water (cholera);
3. bites from insects or animals capable of transmitting the disease (mosquito: malaria and
yellow fever; flea: plague); and
4. travel through the air, such as tuberculosis or measles.

Emerging and Re-emerging Disease

Medscape Drugs & Diseases: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases

 Chikungunya Virus.
 Dengue.
 Ebola Virus Infection.
 Enteroviruses.
 Influenza.
 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Programs and Policies on Communicable Disease

Prevention and Control

What services does the Communicable Disease Program offer?

The program aims to:

Successfully interrupt and contain the spread of communicable disease clusters and outbreaks,
identify trends in the community, provide education regarding transmission and prevention;
Conduct surveillance for over 80 communicable diseases and disease syndromes
Investigate disease outbreaks and recommend control measures
Conduct special studies and projects
Produce annual reports, special analyses, and procedure manuals
Develop policies to address priority health needs;
1. Set policy and make procedure recommendations for activities related to infectious and
communicable diseases
2. Interpret and enforce State and Federal laws and regulations
3. Interface with other local, state, and federal agencies, professional societies, and programs
concerned with public health

Agencies responsible for CDPC

1. Infectious Diseases for Elimination Division (IDED)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines for the elimination of infectious diseases.
 Develops plans, programs and projects to carry out preventive and control strategies
against elimination of infectious diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of elimination of
infectious diseases.
 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure of interventions in the
prevention and control of elimination diseases.
 Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing
agencies on matters pertaining to the prevention and control of infectious diseases for
elimination.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
programs and projects related to the prevention and control of infectious diseases for
elimination.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to elimination of infectious diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.

2. Infectious Diseases for Prevention and Control Division (IDPCD)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines for the prevention and control of infectious
diseases.
  Develops plans, programs and projects to carry out preventive and control strategies
against infectious diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of infectious
diseases.
 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure of interventions in the
prevention and control of infectious diseases.
 Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing
agencies on matters pertaining to the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
programs and projects related to the prevention and control of infectious diseases.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to infectious diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.

3. Environmental-Related Diseases Division (ERDD)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines on environmental-related diseases division.

 Develops plans, programs and projects on environmental-related diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of health hazards and
risks associated with environmental-related and work related factors.
 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure of interventions to manage
health hazards and risks associated with environmental-related and work related factors.
 Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing
agencies on matters pertaining to environmental-related diseases.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
programs and projects related to environmental diseases.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to environmental-related diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.

4. Occupational Diseases Division (ODD)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines on occupational diseases.

 Develops plans, programs and projects on occupational diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of health hazards and
risks associated with occupational diseases and work related factors.
 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure of interventions to manage
health hazards and risks associated with occupational diseases and work related factors.
 Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing
agencies on matters pertaining to occupational diseases.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
programs and projects related to occupational diseases.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to occupational diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.
5. Essential Non-Communicable Diseases Division (ENCDD)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines for the prevention and control of
non-communicable diseases.
 Develops plans, programs and projects to carry out preventive and control strategies
against non-communicable diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of degenerative
diseases.
 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure of interventions in the and
control of non-communicable diseases.
 Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing on
matters pertaining to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
and projects related to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to non-communicable diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.

6. Lifestyle-Related Diseases Division (LRDD)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines for the prevention and control of
lifestyle-related diseases.
 Develops plans, programs and projects to carry out preventive and control strategies
against lifestyle-related diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of lifestyle-related
diseases.
 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure of interventions in the
prevention and control of lifestyle-related diseases.
 Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing
agencies on matters pertaining to the prevention and control of lifestyle-related diseases.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
and projects related to the prevention and control of lifestyle-related diseases.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to lifestyle-related diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.

7. Women and Men’s Health Development Division (WMHDD)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines on Women and Men’s Health diseases.
 Develops plans, programs and projects to provide packages of services for Women and
Men’s Health diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of diseases on
families and special population groups.

 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure impact of health services on

families and special population groups.
  Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing
agencies on matters pertaining to Women and Men’s Health Diseases.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
programs and projects related to Women and Men’s Health Diseases.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to Women and Men’s Health Diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.

8. Children’s Health Development Division (CHDD)

 Develops policies, standards and guidelines on children’s health diseases.

 Develops plans, programs and projects to provide packages of services for children’s
health diseases.
 Assists and strengthens capacity to measure and analyze the burden of diseases on
families and special population groups.
 Provides monitoring and evaluation schemes to measure impact of health services on
families and special population groups.
 Provides technical assistance and expert services to collaborating and implementing
agencies on matters pertaining to children’s health diseases.
 Develops capability of health sector agencies and organizations in the implementation of
programs and projects related to children’s health diseases.
 Promotes coordination and collaboration with partner agencies and organizations on
matters pertaining to children’s health diseases.
 Mobilizes resources to assist collaborating and implementing agencies and organizations.