LIWANAG. Judy Ann C.

Activity Anaphy

1. List several functions of the kidneys.

 Clean waste material from the blood

 Retain or excrete salt and water
 Regulate blood pressure
 Stimulate bone marrow by producing erythropoietin to make red blood
cells
 Control the amount of calcium and phosphorous absorbed and excreted
2. What does the glomerulus do?
The glomerulus (plural glomeruli), is a network of small blood vessels (capillaries) known as a tuft,
located at the beginning of a nephron in the kidney. The tuft is structurally supported by the
mesangium - the space between the blood vessels - made up of intraglomerular mesangial cells.
The blood is filtered across the capillary walls of this tuft through the glomerular filtration barrier,
which yields its filtrate of water and soluble substances to a cup-like sac known as Bowman's
capsule. The filtrate then enters the renal tubule of the nephron.[1]
The glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal arterial circulation.
Unlike most capillary beds, the glomerular capillaries exit into efferent arterioles rather than venules.
The resistance of the efferent arterioles causes sufficient hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus
to provide the force for ultrafiltration.
The glomerulus and its surrounding Bowman's capsule constitute a renal corpuscle, the basic
filtration unit of the kidney.[2] The rate at which blood is filtered through all of the glomeruli, and thus
the measure of the overall kidney function, is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

3. What are several constitutes you should not find in urine?

What should NOT be found are red or white blood cells, bacteria
(yes, urine should be sterile), or nitrites or esterases which indicate
an infectious processes.

4. What is specific gravity?

Specific gravity, also called relative density, is the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of a reference substance; equivalently, it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass
of a reference substance for the same given volume. Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the
weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal volume of the reference substance.
The reference substance for liquids is nearly always water at its densest (at 4 °C or 39.2 °F); for
gases it is air at room temperature (20 °C or 68 °F). Nonetheless, the temperature and pressure
must be specified for both the sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always
1 atm (101.325 kPa).

A US Navy Aviation Boatswain's Mate tests the specific gravity of JP-5 fuel

Temperatures for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry. In British beer brewing,
the practice for specific gravity as specified above is to multiply it by 1,000.[1] Specific gravity is
commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of
solutions of various materials such as brines, hydrocarbons, antifreeze coolants, sugar solutions
(syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort, must, etc.) and acids.

5. What two hormones effect fluid volume and sodium concentration in the urine?

Effect of isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance fluid therapy on urine output, fluid balance,
and electrolyte homeostasis: a crossover study in fasting adult volunteers

6. Where are the pyramids located in the kidney?

Renal pyramids (or malpighian pyramids or Malpighi's pyramids named

after Marcello Malpighi, a seventeenth-century anatomist) are cone-shaped tissues of
the kidney. In humans, the renal medulla is made up of 10 to 18 of these conical
subdivisions.[4][5] The broad base of each pyramid faces the renal cortex, and its apex,
or papilla, points internally towards the pelvis. The pyramids appear striped because they
are formed by straight parallel segments of nephrons' Loops of Henle and collecting
ducts. The base of each pyramid originates at the corticomedullary border and the apex
terminates in a papilla, which lies within a minor calyx, made of parallel bundles of urine
collecting tubules.

7. What vessel directs blood into the kidney?

Oxygenated blood comes to the kidneys from the right and left renal arteries
off the abdominal aorta. Deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys via the right
and left renal veins that run into to the inferior vena cava.

The kidneys are highly complicated “filtration factories.” Inside each kidney,
the renal arteries branch into smaller and smaller parts until they
make contact with the core structural and functional units of the kidney,
the nephrons.