Classification of some ML Algorithm and Techniques to

Analyze the AQI

Arun Mani Tripathi

* DDI-PG CSE Department, UIT-RGPV Bhopal M.P.

Abstract- Supervising and checking of Air pollution is an old
but very useful concept in everyday life. Due to the explosion
in pollutants coming out from the factories as well as the
agriculture lands, vehicles and almost every things due to its
rise in amount in environment. ‘Air pollution monitoring start
from traditional way to the most sophisticated computers
systems and hardware’s have been used to monitor the air
quality’. However the fresh air is necessary for all human
being, for that “various methods and technologies has been
used and some of those technologies are really useful in order
to provide a real time air quality data”. The main Aim of this
paper is to feature some important and useful technology
which are used for air pollution monitoring and how effective
of these technologies are and identify the important research
in this domain. Most of the work depends upon the previous
recorded Data to analyze the future prediction and current
scenario. It has been found that Machine learning techniques
provide a model with the help of which we can predict the air
quality when numbers of factors affecting the air quality have
been considered.
Rain forest fire which was considered as the biggest forest fire in
the history, and in India, in the season of winter after cutting the
Kharif crops and burning out there left overs which currently the
main reason of exceeding of AQI level of Delhi to more than the
600. Green house effects is also one of the long term effects. [11]
The concept of an air quality index (AQI) that transforms weighted
values of individual air pollution related parameters (e.g. SO2,
NO2, CO, visibility, etc.) into a single number or set of numbers
is widely used for air quality communication and decision making
in many countries. [3] Eight parameters (PM10, PM2.5, NO2,
SO2, CO, O3, NH3, and Pb) having short-term standards have
been considered for near real-time dissemination of AQI.

Important Highlight’s:- Wireless sensor’s network, AQI (Air

quality Index), pollutants, real time pollution monitoring, SO2,
NO2, PM indicator.

INTRODUCTION
Pollution is defined as the contamination of the environment by
foreign substances called pollutant. Pollutants can be introduced
into air or water and thus cause air and water pollution. The source
of air pollution include smoke produced from vehicles, industries
Fig.1 Classification Levels of pollution in PM
or natural disasters like forest fires like the current case of Amazon

REQUIREMENT OF MONITORING
“Clean and good quality of air is the essential need for every living
being’s life. Polluted and Hazardous air causes many health
problems and many damages to the body and to the life cycle of
living objects”, therefore to make any step ahead of controlling the
pollution rate it is necessary to check the air quality which may
help to make a right decision and to take a right path at the right
time. There are diverse causes of increasing of the pollution such
as smoke coming out from automobile, chemical discharge from
industries in the rivers, non-disposable substance’s, forest fires,
dust particles in the environment etc., these are some of the main
reason of collapsing of the quality of air. The main gases which
straightly affect the living beings health are Carbon monoxide
(CO), Hydrogen sulphide, Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) and the main contribution of these gases are
automobile related gas emission and pollutant emission. Dust
particles from construction units and development areas are also a
major reason of pollutant’s causing a great health damage to the
living beings and to the nation as well. More and more efforts are
required to revamp or to stabilize the quality of air in both outdoor
and indoor environment. The pollution can be controlled by using

http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.X.X.2018.pXXXX www.ijsrp.org
manual techniques as well as by taking advantage of latest
techniques and automations. There are various advancement in the
hardware related to examining of environment quality checking
have been done but still cannot meet the bitter environment results.
 Major Pollutants affecting AQI
The major pollutants affecting the AQI are gases as well as
the particles or may be some other factors which disturb the
composition of the good quality air. A short brief of some
of the pollutants are listed below:
1. Ozone (O3)
Ozone is a secondary pollutants formed from
hydrocarbon and nitrogen dioxide. It causes respiratory
problems like asthma in humans and also causes damage
to plants and crops.
regarded as the most health impact pollutant of all commonly
measured air pollutants. Due to its small size PM2.5 is able to go
through deep into the human respiratory system and from there to
the whole body and it stick with the lungs, resulting in a wide
range of short and long term health effects. It is also the most
affected pollutant over the globe for affecting the health.
It can come from different sectors of natural as well as man-made
inhabited or non-inhabited sources. Common sources of PM
include combustion from vehicle engines, industry, wood and coal
burning, construction sites, landslides as well as through other
pollutants present and reacting in the atmosphere.

2. Particulate Matter (PM)

Particulate Matter is the combination of liquid drops and
solid particles in the environment. PM2.5 refers to the
particles with 2.5 μm or smaller diameter and PM10 are
the particles with 10 μm or smaller diameter. Particulate
matter causes heart problems, bronchitis and other lung
problems in humans. They also lead to acid rain and
Haze
.
3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Nitrogen dioxide is emitted from vehicles and factories.
Ozone is formed from the reaction of NO2 with
hydrocarbons. NO2 causes respiratory problems like
inflammation in airway and asthma.

4. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur Dioxide is emitted from the industries. It causes
breathing problems and wheezing in asthma patients.

5. Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon Monoxide is produced from vehicular emissions.
It causes problems in people with heart problem as it
lowers the capacity of blood to carry oxygen.
6. Lead
Lead is emitted from the vehicles with leaded gasoline.
Other sources of lead include activities such as battery
recycling. It causes neuron development disorders in
children.
The various factors that affect the concentration of air pollutants
are meteorological factors like temperature, humidity, and wind
speed, temporal factors like hour of the day and day of the week
and the local topography like location. Among these factors, the
one which has the strongest influence on the variation in the
concentration of air pollutants are the meteorological factors.
Fig.2 Global indicators of PM all around the world. [3]
The Red indicators on the countries shows the highest PM values
which was not good for the countries. INDIA stands 3rd on the AQI
most polluted country in the world.
 AIR QUALITY PREDICTION MODEL
An Air Quality prediction model is a tool used to forecast the air
quality which in turn depends on number of factors. It defines the
relationship between emissions that cause pollution and the air
quality affected from it. The various factors that affect Air Quality
Prediction are weather factors like temperature, humidity and
wind speed and temporal factors like hour of the day and day of
the week. Factors affecting Air Quality Prediction are depicted in
below figure:

[8] Now a days the PM2.5 is also taken as the major parameters to
determine the air quality and as a representative measure of air
pollution. PM2.5 implies to particulated matter (ambient airborne
particles) which measure up to 2.5 microns in size and has a
combination of chemical makeups and harmful sources. PM2.5 is

http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.X.X.2018.pXXXX www.ijsrp.org

Fig: The figures shows the factors affecting the AQI [5]
Some Comparison of methods implemented to monitor the Air
pollution
1) K.Thanweer Basha
The application area focused in this paper was Industrial sector
because it was one of the major pollutant execration. The
technique focused majorly on IOT to collect the data and to give
output, Arduino UNO with multiple sensor for gases are used,
and to analyze the data MATLAB is used. This model is Reliable
and has a good speed of giving out put but at the same time it
was very complicated.
2) K.P.Singh, S.Gupta & P.Rai
[1][9][10] This paper focuses on identifying the sources of
pollution and predicting the data collected from the urban area to
calculate the quality of air. There are multiple techniques are
used to find the accurate results, such as Decision Tree Boost
(DTB), Decision Tree Forest (DTF), Support vector machine
(SVM) and Single decision tree (SDT). It also uses the wireless
system to capture the data.
3) Nunnari et al
Nunnari et al focused on the one major parameter of air pollution
which was SO2 (sodium di oxide). In this technique Nunnari et al
used the statistical approach to analyze the rise and downfall of
the SO2 in the air. In this technique ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) is used which is a self-learning model due to its neural
networks models.
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.X.X.2018.pXXXX
 CONCLUSION
The various works from scholars and researchers are taken
under the consideration to calculate the most possible result of
AQI, but it was not at all easy to calculate the real time AQI by
taking the all parameters at the same time due their own norms,
but the major parameters like SO2, NO2, Lead, PM 2.5 etc., can
be calculated at the same time. To monitor the air pollution with
the wireless sensor network or by the hardware’s have several
benefits over the historic environment. Wireless sensor network
has its own advantage such as low cost compared to other sensors
used to monitor the weather, easy to setup and provide a real time
pollution data. Monitoring stations which are used to calculate,
analyze and to collect the real time pollutant data from the road
traffic discharge, to monitor the pollution level from different area
of peek pollution is a difficult task, and it requires a huge setup of
infrastructure and proper administration. To normalize these
difficult task the data collected from the sensors and hardware’s
from different stations and sub-station have to be divided and
calculated separately and then the results are to be analyzed to get
a more accurate and better final result. The methods may vary
according to the result generated be applying different algorithms
and techniques but that should be taken as the scope of
enhancement in this field.
 REFERENCES
[1] Singh, K. P., Gupta, S., & Rai, P. (2013). Identifying pollution sources and
predicting urban air quality using ensemble learning methods. Atmospheric
Environment, 80, 426-437.
[2] Kleine Deters, J., Zalakeviciute, R., Gonzalez, M., & Rybarczyk, Y. (2017).
Modeling PM2. 5 urban pollution using machine learning and selected
meteorological parameters. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
2017.
[3] 2018 World Air Quality Report, WHO.
[4] National Air Quality Index, CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
(CPCB), Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change.
[5] A Study of Various Air Quality Prediction Models. Jasleen Kaur Sethi
Research Scholar USICT, GGSIPU Dwarka New Delhi, India, Mamta Mittal
Assistant Professor G. B. Pant Govt. Engg College Okhla New Delhi, India.
[6] Review Paper on Air Pollution Monitoring system. Snehal Sirsikar1 P.G
Student, Department Of Computer Technology, Priyadarshini College of
Engineering, Nagpur, India. Priya Karemore Assistant Professor, Department
Of Computer Technology, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur,
India.
[7] Shikha Gupta, Nikita Basant. "Modeling thereactivity of ozone and sulphate
radicals towards organic chemicals in water using machine learning
approaches", RSC Advances,2016
[8] Indianenvironmentalportal.org.in
[9] Basant, Nikita, Shikha Gupta, and Kunwar P.Singh. "Predicting aquatic
toxicities of chemical pesticides in multiple test species using nonlinear
QSTR modeling approaches", Chemosphere, 2015.
[10] Kunwar P. Singh, Shikha Gupta, Anuj Kumar, Dinesh Mohan. "Multispecies
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2014
[11] Krishikosh.egranth.ac.in
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