Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Orientation
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE

 Intermolecular forces are the attractive forces between molecules,

between ions, or between ions and molecules.

Question: What is the difference between Intramolecular and Intermolecular

Forces?

Intramolecular

 Force that hold atoms together in a molecule

 The relative magnitude of these forces can also be used to explain trends
Intermolecular
in melting points and boiling points. It must be remembered that both
 are attractive forces between molecules melting point and boiling point tend to increase with increasing molar
mass, all other factors being equal.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Influence of dipole-dipole forces is seen in the boiling points of simple molecules.
• Ions- charged atoms
Compd Mol. Wt. Boil Point
• Cations- positively-charged atoms N 28 -196 C
o

2
• Anions- negatively-charged atoms o
CO 28 -192 C
• Dipole- a pair of equal and opposite electric charges separated by a small o
Br 160 59 C
distance 2
o

• Polar Molecules- have permanent dipoles ICl 162 97 C

• Nonpolar Molecules- has no separation of charge, so no positive or

negative poles are formed.
1A. HYDROGEN BONDING
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES?
 Hydrogen bonding is a special case of dipole - dipole forces, and only exists
1. DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES between hydrogen atoms bonded to F, N, or O, and F, N, and O atoms
 Attractive forces between polar molecules. bonded to hydrogen atoms.
 Polar molecules have permanent dipoles that interact with the permanent
dipoles of neighboring molecules. The positive end of one permanent
dipole is attracted to the negative end of another permanent dipole.
 Polar molecules have a higher melting and boiling points than nonpolar
molecules of similar molar mass.
H-bonding is especially strong in biological systems — such as DNA.
DNA — helical chains of phosphate groups and sugar molecules. Chains are helical
because of tetrahedral geometry of
P, C, and O.
 Remember that anions are larger than the atoms they are derived from
and cations are smaller than the atoms they are derived from.
Na+ — Cl- in salt.
These are the strongest forces.

Chains bind to one another by Lead to solids with high melting temperatures.
specific hydrogen bonding between NaCl, mp = 800 oC
pairs of Lewis bases.

—adenine with thymine

4. LONDON/ VAN DER WAALS FORCES
—guanine with cytosine  Also known as the Dispersion Forces.
 Interactions involving Induced Dipoles.
 Nonpolar molecules have no permanent dipole moment, but transient
2. ION-DIPOLE FORCES dipoles exist due to the random motion of the electrons about the positive
charge center.
 Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule.  Induced dipole forces result when an ion or a dipole induces a dipole in an
• a negative ion attracts the positive dipole of another molecule atom or a molecule with no dipole. These are weak forces.

• a positive ion attracts the negative dipole of another molecule

4A. LONDON/ VAN DER WAALS FORCES (DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE)

Ion-Dipole Interaction

3. ION-ION FORCES (IONIC BOND)

 The strongest force is the ion - ion force.

 These forces (ion-ion) increase as the size of the ion decreases and as the
magnitude of the charge increases.
4B. LONDON/ VAN DER WAALS FORCES (ION-INDUCED DIPOLE)

SUMMARY

4C. LONDON/ VAN DER WAALS FORCES (INDUCED DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE)

 Molecules that have induced dipoles may also induce neighboring

molecules to have dipole moments, so a large network of induced dipole-
induced dipole interactions may exist.
Generalization

• What are the general types of intermolecular forces?

• How they are different from each other?

• Rank IMF with increasing strength.