Assessment Tool

School/ Department Name School of Engineering / Mechanical Engineering

Program Code and Title: EDMF15 - Diploma of Mechanical Engineering
Course Code and Title: 15FMCE123 – Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components
Assessment Number and Title: Experiment no. 4 - Compound (Series-Parallel) Circuits

Assessment Type: Lab Report

Assessment Location: ACK – Building 4 – Fluid Mechanics Lab
Assessment Date: Sunday 3rd of March 2019
Assessment Time/Duration: 8:00-10:00 AM / 2 hours
Student Name: Danah Abdulkareem
Student ID: 1719692
Section (s): P2M1 / P2M2 / P2M3 /P2M4
Assessment General  e.g. All questions must be answered correctly in order to meet
Instructions: assessment requirements. Please use black or blue pen, not pencil
 e.g If you require any assistance during the assessment please raise
your hand and the supervisor will attend to you.
 e.g Talking, cheating, using mobile phones are not allowed during
the assessment.

DO NOT WRITE IN THE AREA BELOW

Lab Report Maximum Marks Student Marks

1 25

Total Mark 25

Assessor Feedback:

Assessor Name: Lab Instructor’s Name

Date:
Assessor Signature:
Student Name:
Date:
Student Signature:
 School of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering

15FMCE123
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components
Experiment # 1

Compound (Series-Parallel) Circuits

Danah Abdulkareem
1719692
P2M1
4/3/2019
24/3/2019
Ummay Rubab
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

Contents
I. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 5

II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY ............................................................................... 6

III. APPARATUS ............................................................................................................... 12

IV. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 14

V. DATA AND CALCULATIONS .................................................................................. 15

VI. RESULTS AND GRAPHS .......................................................................................... 16

VII. SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS ................................................................................. 17

VIII. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................... 18

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 19

X. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 20

XI. DATA APPENDIX/ DATA WORKSHEET ............................................................... 22

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 3/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

List of Figures and Tables

NO TABLE OF FIGURES ENTRIES FOUND.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 4/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

I. OBJECTIVES
READ AND DELETE: (1 Mark)

Objectives: -

The purpose of this experiment is to better familiarize us with the concepts of series-

parallel circuits in regards to formulating them into simpler circuits in which we can

better understand and calculate. By preforming this experiment we learn not only

how Ohm's law applies, but how to use the voltage divider formula as well. This

experiment also gives us the same ability as the previous labs, to be able to see how

computation of currents, resistance, and voltage applies in regards to real world

measurements.

Calculate and measure the voltage, current and resistance characteristics of complex

series parallel circuits.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 5/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY

READ AND DELETE: (2 Marks)

Abstract: -

The purpose of this lab is to study the flow of current and potential difference across

different points in a circuit composed of resistors in series, parallel or a combination

of both. This experiment can also verify the total resistance expressions for each

type of circuit. It is hypothesized that in the series circuits, current measured across

each resistor will be the same and voltage will not, but for the parallel circuits,

voltage measured across each resistor will be equal whereas current will not. Also,

given values of resistances for each resistor, it is hypothesized that we can

determine the value of resistance using Ohm’s Law. The lab attempts to explore this

objective by experimenting with the setup of a circuit board.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 6/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

INTRODUCTION: -

Series-Parallel Combination Circuits: A combination circuit is one that has a

“combination” of series and parallel paths for the electricity to flow. Its properties
are a synthesis of both the series and parallel circuits.

When analyzing combination circuits, it is critically important to have a solid

understanding of the concepts that pertain to both series circuits and parallel
circuits. Since both types of connections are used in combination circuits, the
concepts associated with both types of circuits apply to the respective parts of the
circuit. The main concepts associated with series and parallel circuits are organized
in the table below.

Series Circuits Parallel Circuits

1. The current is the same in every
resistor; this current is equal to that
in the battery.
2. The sum of the voltage drops across
the individual resistors is equal to the
voltage rating of the battery.
3. The overall resistance of the
collection of resistors is equal to the
sum of the individual resistance
values,
Rtot = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
1. The voltage drop is the same
across each parallel branch.
2. The sum of the current in each
individual branch is equal to the
current outside the branches.
3. The equivalent or overall
resistance of the collection of
resistors is given by the equation
1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ...

Each of the above concepts has a mathematical expression. Combining the

mathematical expressions of the above concepts with the Ohm's law equation (ΔV =
I • R) allows one to conduct a complete analysis of a combination circuit.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 7/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

CONTINUING INTRODUCTION: -
What is a Series-Parallel Circuit?

With simple series circuits, all components are connected end-to-

end to form only one path for the current to flow through the circuit:

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 8/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

With simple parallel circuits, all components are connected between

the same two sets of electrically common points, creating multiple
paths for the current to flow from one end of the battery to the
other:

Rules regarding Series and Parallel Circuits

With each of these two basic circuit configurations, we have specific sets of
rules describing voltage, current, and resistance relationships.

Series Circuits:

• Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.

• All components share the same (equal) current.
• Resistances add to equal total resistance.

Parallel Circuits:

• • All components share the same (equal) voltage.

• • Branch currents add to equal total current.
• • Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 9/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

Series - Parallel Circuits

However, if circuit components are series-connected in some parts and
parallel in others, we won’t be able to apply a single set of rules to every part of
that circuit. Instead, we will have to identify which parts of that circuit are
series and which parts are parallel, then selectively apply series and parallel
rules as necessary to determine what is happening. Take the following circuit,
for instance:

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 10/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

Purpose: -
To investigate the current flow and voltages in series-parallel circuits, and also to
use Ohm’s law to calculate equivalent resistance of series and parallel circuits.

THEORY: -
THEORY FOR SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS
Many circuits consist of resistor networks, in which series and parallel connections
appear. Such a circuit is shown in Figure 1. The theory required derives directly from
that for the series and parallel tests.

Figure 1

The total resistance in this case is a combination of series and parallel

principles.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 11/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

III. APPARATUS
READ AND DELETE: (1 Mark)

A Schematic Diagram

DC Power Supply Digital Multimeters

Breadboard Several Wires

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 12/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

Various Standard Resistors (Ω)

Ammeter (A) Voltmeter (V)

Resistor Ammeter

Power Supply Voltameter

or Battery

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 13/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

IV. METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

READ AND DELETE: (1 Mark)

EXPERIMENT SET-UP: -
Now for the grand conclusion. We are going to use our techniques on a circuit that
has resistors in both series and parallel connections. Below we have a circuit with
four resistors. The two, which are connected in parallel, R3 and R4, are in series
with R1 and R2.

PROCEDURE: -

Characteristics in a Series-Parallel Circuit

1. For the circuit. When wiring the circuit, allow for convenient means
of measuring each individual current and voltage drop.
2. Set the supply voltage so that the supply voltage reads exactly 8v.
Measure the source voltage.
3. Using the DMM, measure each resistor’s voltage drop
4. Using the DMM, measure the current through each resistor
5. Disconnect the circuit from the DC source terminals. Measure with
the DMM the total resistance.
6. Calculate and measure all values for the circuit in Figure 1 and
indicate them in Table 1,2,3,4.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 14/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

V. DATA AND CALCULATIONS

READ AND DELETE: (5 Marks)

The given resistors: -

R1 R2 R3 R4
1 kΩ 220 Ω 510 Ω 2.2 kΩ

EQUATIONS: -
R=V/I

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + …

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

V total = V1 + V2 + V3 + …

𝑉=𝑉×𝑉
|Deviation = (Measured−Theory|
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
) /Theory

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 15/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

VI. RESULTS AND GRAPHS

READ AND DELETE: (5 Marks)

RESULT: -

The theoretical value of the total resistance, and compared it

with the measured one. Table 1 and 2

Req from calculation Req from measurement Deviation

Voltage I total measured

4 2.44 mA

6 3.6 mA

8 4.84 mA

10 6.06 mA

12 7.27 mA

1634.02 Ω 1615 Ω 1.16%

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 16/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

TABLE 3 AND 4

Voltage Theory Measured Deviation

V AB 4.84 v 4.84 v 0%
V CB 1.0648 v 1.061 v 0.4%
V C−ground 2.0952 v 2.019 v 3.6%
V D−ground 2.0952 v 2.019 v 3.6%
VII. SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS
READ AND DELETE: (1 Mark)

V=I×R
V = 4.84 x 1 = 4.84 v
|Measured−Theory|
𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = x 100
/Theory

Finding percentage error in Req

Current Theory Measured Deviation

4.84 mA 4.85 mA 0.2%
R1
R2 4.84 mA 4.85 mA 0.2%
R3 4.108 mA 3.95 mA 3.8%
R4 0.95 mA 0.90 mA 5.3%
Total 14.738 mA 14.55 mA 1.3%
© Australian College of Kuwait 2018
School of Engineering Department Name
Page 17/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

% 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =For example: -

Deviation = 1634.02 – 1615 / 1634.02 x 100 = 1.16%

VIII. DISCUSSION
READ AND DELETE: (5 Marks)

DISCUSSION: -
1.Connect the power source and use DMM in voltmeter mode, and
adjust the output so that the Vs are about 8V. Record read DMM. As
before, it is essential that this effort remains unchanged in the recorded
value of the entire test.

2.Change the DMM connections, thus measuring and recording the low
voltage across each of the four resistors.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 18/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

3.Reconfigure the DMM for measuring the current and reconnect it as an

ammeter, indicating the principle of the referenced ammeter wire. Then,
using the 'break-then-make' principle, reconnect it to measure the
currents through the four resistors. Record all my results.

SOURCES OF ERROR: -

The errors resulting from these calculations are too small and fall within
the resistance of the resistor range.

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

READ AND DELETE: (2 Marks)

CONCLUSION: -

The main discovery I learned from this lab was the right and wrong way
to measure current in the circuit. I first tried to measure the current
across the circuit instead. I realized the mistake immediately, and with
help, I was able to discover the error that had occurred.All my
calculations and measured values were generally pretty accurate as
noted in Tables 1 - 4. For example, the theoretical value in the circuit for
R1 was 4.84V and the measured value was 4.84V, making the error 0%.

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 19/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

Found using equation ((measured value - theoretical value) / theoretical

value) × 100.

X. REFERENCES
READ AND DELETE: (1 Mark)

https://www.scribd.com/doc/311451702/lab-7-series-parallel-
combination-circuits

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 20/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

& CLASS NOTES + KNOWLEDGMENT + HIGH SCHOOL

NOTES + MEMORISING

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 21/22
15FMCE123 Ohm’s Law
Introduction to Electrical Equipment and Components

XI. DATA APPENDIX/ DATA WORKSHEET

READ AND DELETE: (1 Mark)

© Australian College of Kuwait 2018

School of Engineering Department Name
Page 22/22