RA

1. criteria for RA:

2. X-ray finding:
1) 软组织肿胀
1) soft tissue swelling
2) 骨质疏松症
2) osteoporosis
3) 关节间隙变窄
3) joint space narrowing
4) 骨侵蚀
4) bony erosions
5) 半脱位
5) Subluxation

3. Surgery:
1).滑膜切除术
1) Synovectomy
2).肌腱修复
2) Tendon repair
3).截骨术
3) Osteotomy
4).关节固定术
4) Arthrodesis
5).关节置换术
 5) Arthroplasty

https://rheumatoidarthritis.net/surgery/

4. surgical management:

1) Persistent pain (from, for example, joint damage or other soft tissue cause).

2) Worsening joint function.

1）持续疼痛（例如，由于关节损伤或其他软组织引起的）。
3) Progressive deformity.
2）加强关节功能。
4) Persistent localised synovitis.
3）渐进畸形。
5) Deformity becomes irreversible:
4）持续性局部滑膜炎。
6) Imminent or actual tendon rupture 6）肌腱即将断裂或实际断裂
5）变形变得不可逆转：
7) Nerve entrapment (for example, carpal tunnel syndrome). 7）神经夹带（例如腕管综合症）。

8) Any stress fracture. 8）任何应力断裂。

HIV
1. Transmission:

1).Sexual contact - HIV is spread most commonly by sexual contact with an infected partner. The
virus enters the body through the lining of the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth during
sexual activity.

2).Blood contamination - HIV may also be spread through contact with infected blood. However,
due to the screening of blood for evidence of HIV infection, the risk of acquiring HIV from blood
transfusions is extremely low.

3).Needles - HIV is frequently spread by sharing needles, syringes, or drug use equipment with
someone who is infected with the virus. Transmission from patient to healthcare worker, or
vice-versa through accidental sticks with contaminated needles or other medical instruments, is
rare.

4).Mother-infant - HIV also can be spread to babies born to, or breastfed by, mothers infected
with the virus.
1).性接触 -HIV 通常是通过与感染对象的性接触传播的。在性活动期间，该病毒通过阴道，外阴，阴茎，直肠或口腔的内层进入人体。

2).血液污染 -HIV 也可能通过接触被感染的血液而传播。但是，由于对血液进行筛查以寻找 HIV 感染的证据，因此从输血中获取 HIV 的风险极低。

3).针头-与感染病毒的人共用针头，注射器或吸毒设备，经常传播 HIV。从患者到医护人员的传播，或者反之亦然，是通过带有污染的针头或其他医

疗器械的意外棍子传播的。

4).母婴 -HIV 也可以传播给感染了该病毒的母亲所生或由其哺乳的婴儿。

https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sexual-and-reproductive-health/hiv-aids/causes.html

2. Risk factors:

Behaviours and conditions that put individuals at greater risk of contracting HIV include:

1) having unprotected anal or vaginal sex;

2) having another sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia,
gonorrhoea and bacterial vaginosis;

3) sharing contaminated needles, syringes and other injecting equipment and drug solutions
when injecting drugs;

4) receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions and tissue transplantation, and medical
procedures that involve unsterile cutting or piercing; and

5) experiencing accidental needle stick injuries, including among health workers

1).无保护的肛交或阴道性交；

2).患有另一种性传播感染（STI），例如梅毒，疱疹，衣原体，淋病和细菌性阴道病；

3).注射药物时共用被污染的针头，注射器和其他注射设备以及药物溶液；

4).接受不安全的注射，输血和组织移植以及涉及不育切割或刺穿的医疗程序；和

5).经历意外的针刺伤害，包括医护人员

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids

1. Unsafe Sex 1.不安全的性行为

2. Shared Needles 2.共用针

3. Alcohol and Recreational Drugs 3.酒精和消遣性毒品

4.A Sexually Transmitted Disease 4.性传播疾病

5.From Mother to Child 5.从母亲到孩子

6.献血

7.你的基因
6.Donated Blood

7.Your Genes

3. Diagnostic test:

 Serological methods for detection of antibody:  血清学方法检测抗体：

1).Rapid tests 1).快速测试
2).ELISA 2).ELISA 法
3).western blot 3).免疫印迹
 Antigen detection methods  抗原检测方法
4).P24 antigen capture test 4).P24 抗原捕获测试
5).PCR or viral load 5).PCR 或病毒载量

4. Key ways to give prevention:

A.节制
Abstinence
B.与您的伴侣互信
Be mutually faithful with you partner
C.一贯正确使用安全套
Consistent and correct use of condoms
D.不要吸毒
Don’t use drugs
E.早期发现和教育
Early detection and education

Breast Cancer

1. Risk Factors:
2.Clinical manifestation:

1) Thickening or lump in the breast that feels different from the surrounding area

2) Inverting of the nipple (as a change from previous appearance)

3) Nipple discharge or redness (especially any bloody discharge)

4) Breast or nipple pain

1) 与周围区域感觉不同的乳房增厚或肿块
5) Swelling of part of the breast
2) 乳头内陷（与以前的外观有所不同）
6) Redness
3) 乳头溢液或发红（尤其是流血的溢液）
7) Changes in the skin of the breast
4) 乳房或乳头疼痛
8) Skin dimpling (peau d’orange)
5) 乳房的一部分肿胀
9) Lymph node changes
6) 发红

7) 乳房皮肤的变化

8) 皮肤凹陷（橘红色）

9) 淋巴结改变
3.Measurements to detect breast cancer:

1) Breast examination

2) Mammogram 1）乳房检查
3) Ultrasound 2）乳房 X 线照片
4) MRI 3）超声波
5) Biopsy 4）核磁共振

5）活检
4.surgery:

 Lumpectomy

 Lymph node surgeries:Sentinel lymph node biopsy :Axillary lymph node dissection

 Mastectomy:modified radical mastectomy;radical mastectomy;simple mastectomy

 肿块切除术

 淋巴结手术:前哨淋巴结活检;腋窝淋巴结清扫术

 乳房切除术:改良根治术;乳腺根治术;单纯乳房切除术