Wind Power Plant

GROUP I

YASSAR ATHA ALFONS (201911269)

DAFFA DARMATIYO (201911256)
HAIDAR RAAFID (201911266)

PROGRAM STUDI S1 TEKNIK ELEKTRO

SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNIK PLN
JAKARTA
2019
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the paper

As the issue of the fossil fuel pollution of the lower atmospheric layers to carbon dioxide
becomes more important there is an increasing interest in alternative,renewable,clean, and
less expensive energy resources. Energy is available in two different forms, non renewable
(coal,fuel,natural gas) and renewable (solar,wind,hydro and wave) sources. As it is well
known fossil fuels have limited potential and at current rates of exploitation they are
expected to deplete within the next centuries. This is one of the reasons why
clean,,sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative energy resources are
currently sought. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lowr layers of the atmosphere
gives way to climate change,floods, intensive rainfalls, and droughts. In order to reduce
these dangerous effects, it is responsibility of each country to improve the quality of the
energy resources and if possible, to replace fossil fuels (coal and oil) with renewable
alternatives like wind,solar and other energy sources. In this paper we will talk about
renewable energy especially wind power to make electricity.
1.2 Problem Formulation
1) What is wind?
2) What is wind turbine ?
3) How the wind energy converted into electrical energy

1.3 Purpose of the paper

1) To know the history of wind.
2) To know what is wind power plant.
3) To know how wind turbine converted wind energy into the electrical energy.

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 CHAPTER II
WIND POWE PLANT

2.1 Wind History

People used wind energy to propel boats along the Nile River as early as 5,000 BC.
By 200 BC, simple wind-powered water pumps were used in China, and windmills with
woven-reed blades were grinding grain in Persia and the Middle East. New ways to use
wind energy eventually spread around the world. By the 11th century, people in the Middle
East were using windpumps and windmills extensively for food production. Merchants
and the Crusaders brought wind technology to Europe. The Dutch developed large
windpumps to drain lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta. Immigrants from Europe
eventually took wind energy technology to the Western Hemisphere. American colonists
used windmills to grind grain, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills. Homesteaders
and ranchers installed thousands of windpumps as they settled the western United States.
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, small wind-electric generators (turbines) were also
widely used. When power lines were built to transmit electricity to rural areas in the 1930s,
wind pump and small turbine use began to decline. However, some ranches still use
windpumps to supply water for livestock. Small wind turbines are becoming common
again, mainly to supply electricity in remote and rural areas.
2.2 What Is Wind
The gases that make up our atmosphere do interesting things as the temperatures
change. When gases warm up, the atoms and molecules move faster, spread out, and
rise. The sun warms up the air, but it does so unevenly. Because the sun hits different
parts of the Earth at different angles, and because Earth has oceans, mountains, and
other features, some places are warmer than others. Since gases behave differently at
different temperatures, that means it also get gases with high pressure and gases
with low pressure. In areas of high pressure, the gases in the air are more crowded. In
low pressure zones, the gases are a little more spread out. Gases move from high-
pressure areas to low-pressure areas. And the bigger the difference between the
pressures, the faster the air will move from the high to the low pressure. That rush of air
is what we called wind.
2.3 sources of wind energy

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 The wind caused by heating the sun rays that is not evenly over the earth
surface.Hotter air will spread abroad to be light and moves up to the top, meanwhile colder
air would be heavier and move occupy the area.A pressure difference the atmosphere at an
area that is caused by differences of temperature will generate an. styleThe difference in
pressure expressed in the term the gradient of pressure is the pace of the pressures of
gap.The style of a gradient represent the force who worked in the direction of the pressure
of higher ketekanan lower.The direction of the style of the gradient of pressure in the
atmosphere perpendicular to the surface isobars.Several characteristics of the wind:
1. The sea breeze wind
Region of Indonesia were the areas where a group of islands is as the width of the
sea is bigger than from the island. The sea breeze is because of ways absorption
capacity differently heated between the island and the sea .the different
characteristic of sea and the island increase has caused the wind on the coast of be
blowing continuously .
2. The orografi wind
Orografi wind is a wind that influenced by a pressure difference between the high
surface wind and the inferior surface wind (Mountain wind and valley wind ) .In
the morning until the afternoon , the slope or back the first sun drenched compared
to the valley .As a result , the faster the heat and have low air pressure , while the
temperature in the area is still relatively cold that have high air pressure .So air
mass moving from the valleys slope to the mountain slope .The mass of air moving
is called the valley wind. At night, the temperature in the mountain area got so low
and caused the deposition of solid air mass of the mountain to the valley that
relatively warmer .This motion of air called a mountain wind.

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 Table of wind speed
The class 3 wind is a minimum and class 8 wind is the maximum limit wind energy
that can be used to produce electric energy.
2.4 Wind Turbine

Figure of wind turbine

Wind turbines is a windmills used to excite electric power .it is converted wind power to
electric power. The picture above is part of wind turbine ;
1. Blades:
Most wind turbines have 2 or 3 fan blades that blow causing the turbine to spin.
2. Rotors:
Fan blades with their axles are called Rotors Tower: Towers can be made of steel
pipes,concrete or iron frames. Because the wind increases with the increase in height,
the higher the tower the more wind power it gets.
3. Pitch:
The fan blade can be adjusted at an angle according to the desired rotor
speed. Depending on the wind conditions that are too low or too strong.
4. Brake:
A disc brake that can be moved mechanically with the help of electric or hydraulic
power to stop the rotor or during an emergency.
5. Low-speed shaft:
Turbine shaft that rotates approximately 30-60 rpm.

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 6. Gear box:
The gears increase rotation from 30-60 rpm to around 1000-1800 rpm. This is the
standard rotation rate required to turn an electric generator.
7 . Generator:
An electric generator, usually now called an alternating current alternator.
8 Controller:
This controller starts the turbine at a wind speed of approximately 12-25 km / hr, and
then turns it off at a speed of 90 km / hr. Turbines do not operate above 90 km /
hour. This is because the wind is too strong can damage it.
9 Anemometer:
Measures wind speed and sends wind data to the controller.
10 Wind vane:
Measuring the direction of the wind, associated with the direction of the direction
that turns the direction of the turbine adjusted to the direction of the wind.
11 Nacelle (Machine House):
This engine house is located on the tower. Inside it contains a gearbox, a high / low
rotation shaft, a generator, a controller, and a braking device.
12 High-speed shaft:
Serves to drive the generator.
13. Yaw drive:
The directional drive rotates the turbine in the wind direction to design the turbine
facing the wind. To design a turbine that gets a gust of wind from the back does not
need this tool.
14 Yaw motor (Direct Drive Motor):
An electric motor that drives Yaw drives.
15 Tower (Tower).

2.5 Types of Wind Turbines

Wind turbines utilize kinetic energy from the wind and convert it into electrical
energy. There are two main types of wind turbines:
 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
1) Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) have a main rotor shaft and an electric generator
at the top of the tower. Small turbines are directed by a simple wind vane (weather vane),
while large turbines generally use a wind sensor that is coupled to a servo motor. Most have
a gear box that changes the slow turning of the mill to spin faster. Because a tower produces
turbulence behind it, turbines are usually directed against the wind direction of the tower.
Turbine blades are rigid so they are not pushed towards the tower by high-speed winds.
Horizontal axis wind turbines can be seen in Figure 2.2 below.

Figure Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine

a. advantages of HAWT
The base of the tall tower allows access to stronger winds in places that have wind
shear , the difference between the speed and direction of the wind between two points
which are relatively close in the earth's atmosphere. At a number of wind shift
locations, every ten meters or so, wind speeds increase by 20%.
b. Disadventages HAWT
 Tall towers and blades whose length can reach 90 meters are difficult to transport.
It is estimated that transportation costs can reach 20% of all wind turbine
equipment costs.
 High HAWTs are difficult to install, requiring very high and expensive cranes
and skilled operators .
 Large tower construction is needed to support heavy blades, gearboxes and
generators.
 High HAWT can affect airport radar .
 Its high size impedes the range of views and interferes with the appearance of the
landscape .
 HAWT requires an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the windmill.

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2) Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Vertical axis wind turbines have blades that extend from top to bottom. The most
common type of wind turbine is the Darrieus wind turbine, named after the French
engineer Georges Darrieus whose design was patented in 1931. This type of vertical
wind turbine usually stands as high as 100 meters with a width of 50 feet. Vertical
axis wind turbines can be seen in Figure below.

Figure Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

a. Advantages of VAWT
 Does not require a large tower structure.
 Because the rotor blades are vertical, no yaw mechanism is needed.
 A VAWT can be placed closer to the ground, making maintenance of moving
parts easier.
 VAWT has a higher airfoil angle (the blade shape of a propeller), providing high
aerodynamics while reducing drag at low and high pressures.
 The straight bladed VAWT design with square or rectangular cross sections has
a larger blown region for a certain diameter than the circular blown TASH
region.
 VAWT has a lower initial wind speed than TASH. Usually TASV starts
generating electricity at 10km / h (6 mph)
 VAWT usually has a tip speed ratio (the ratio between the rotation speed of the
tip of a blade with the actual rate of wind) which is lower so that it is less likely
to be damaged when the wind blows very hard.
 VAWT can be established in locations where higher structures are prohibited
from being built.

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  VAWTs placed near the ground can take advantage of a variety of locations that
channel wind and increase wind speed (such as mountains or hills with flat
peaks and hilltops),
 The VAWT does not have to change its position if the wind direction changes.
 Windmills on TASV are easily seen and avoided by birds.
b. Disadventages of VAWT
 Most VAWT produce only 50% of the VAWT's efficiency because of the extra
drag it has when the wheel spins.
 VAWT does not take advantage of winds that run faster at higher elevations.
 Most VAWTs have low starting torque, and require energy to start spinning.
 A VAWT that uses wires to support it puts pressure on the base bearing because
all the weight of the rotor is charged to the bearing. A cable attached to the top
of the pad increases the thrust down when the wind blows.
2.6 Working Principle of Wind Power Plant
A windmill converts wind energy into rotational energy by means of its blades. The
basic principle of every windmill is to convert kinetic energy of wind into mechanical
energy which is used to rotate the turbine of electrical generator to produce electricity.
They are sometimes used to pump water or to extract groundwater. The most commonly
seen windmills are Horizontal axis windmills which have their main rotor shaft and
electrical generator at the top of a tower arranged in a row, horizontally. Basic parts
include blades, rotor, a gear box (which amplifies the energy output of the rotor), and a
generator which generates electricity. Sometimes, a tail-vane is also attached to direct the
turbine to gather maximum wind energy. When the main rotor shaft is set traverse, not
necessarily vertical, to the wind, it is a Vertical axis windmill. The main components of
these windmills are located at the base of the turbine. The main advantage of this
arrangement is that the generator and gearbox are located close to the ground, facilitating
service and repair. These windmills do not necessarily be pointed into the wind, which
removes the need for orientation mechanisms.
2.7 Adventages and Disadventages using Wind Power Plant
1) Advantages of Wind Energy
 Clean & Environment friendly Fuel source: It doesn’t pollute air like power plant
relying on combustion of fossil fuel. It does not produce atmospheric emissions that
cause acid rain or green house gases (carbon dioxide (CO2) or methane (CH4)).

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 Noise and visual pollution are both environmental factors, but they don’t have a
negative effect on the earth, water table or the quality of the air we breathe.
 Renewable & Sustainable:– Winds are caused by heating of atmosphere by the sun,
earth surface irregularities and the rotation of the earth. For as long as the sun shines
the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed and It will never run out,
unlike the Earth’s fossil fuel reserves.
 Cost Effective:– Wind energy is completely free. There’s no market for the demand
and supply of wind energy’s, It can be used by anyone and is one of the lowest price
renewable technologies available today, depending upon the wind resource and the
particular project’s financing.
 Industrial and Domestic Installation:– Wind turbines can be built on existing farms
or ranches where most of the best wind sites are found. Wind turbines uses only a
fraction of the land which causes no trouble in work for the farmers and rancher,
providing landowners with additional income paid by the owners of the wind power
plants. Many landowners opt to install smaller, less powerful wind turbines in order
to provide part of a domestic electricity supply.
 Job Creation:– Jobs have been created for the manufacture of wind turbines, the
installation and maintenance of wind turbines and also in wind energy consulting.
2) Disadvantages of Wind Energy
 Fluctuation of Wind and Good wind sites: Wind energy has a drawback that it is
not a constant energy source. Although wind energy is sustainable and will never
run out, the wind isn’t always blowing. This can cause serious problems for wind
turbine developers who will often spend significant time and money investigating
whether or not a particular site is suitable for the generation of wind power. For a
wind turbine to be efficient, the location where it is built needs to have an adequate
supply of wind energy.
 Noise and aesthetic pollution:– Wind turbines generate noise and visual pollution.
A single wind turbine can be heard from hundreds of meters away. Although steps
are often taken to site wind turbines away from dwellings. Many people like the
look of wind turbines, others do not and see them as a blot on the landscape.

 Not a profitable use of land:– Alternative uses for the land might be more highly
valued than electricity generation.

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 Threat to wildlife:– Birds have been killed by flying into spinning turbine blades.
However it is believed that wind turbines pose less of a threat to wildlife than other
man made structures such as cell phone masts and radio towers. Most of the
problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological development
or by properly siting wind plants.

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion
The history of the use of wind energy has long been known and utilized by humans.
Since ancient times, people have been utilizing wind energy. More than 5,000 years ago,
ancient Egyptians used wind to sail ships on the Nile. Later, people built windmills to
grind wheat and other grains. Increasing needs, especially in the field of electrical energy,
resulted in non-renewable resources continuing to run low due to increased exploitation.
This creates an interest in new alternative energy sources, paving the way for re-entry of
windmills to produce electricity ... the use of wind power plants is of a renewable nature.
But besides the advantages, this plant also has shortcomings, including making visual
effects worse, causing noise, some ecological problems, and beauty.
3.2 suggestion
The use of renewable energy sources is very important considering the human need
for energy, especially electricity is increasing and on the other hand non-renewable
energy sources are starting to run out due to exploitation that has continued to increase
in recent decades.

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 REFERENCES

https://scijinks.gov/wind/

https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/wind/history-of-wind-power.php

http://rezarizkiii.blogspot.com/2015/01/bab-i-pendahuluan-1.html

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