MALUYO, MARYLOU J.

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
WORKING wiTH
Proportionality and Ratio 5

CHAPTER OUTLINE
 Meaning of Proportionality5.1
 Proportionality and Visual Representation5.2
 Interpretation of Gradient5.3
 Proportionality and Algebraic Representation5.4
 Proportional Relationships in Science5.5
 Ratios5.6
 Proportional Reasoning and Ratios5.7
 Percentages5.8
 Scale Drawings and Images5.9 MARYLOU J. MALUYO | Presenter
WORKING wiTH
Proportionality and Ratio 5

KEYWORDS
proportional, directly proportional,
line graph, origin, gradient, slope, horizontal axis,
vertical axis, x-axis, y-axis, x-coordinate, y-coordinate,
rate, constant, constant of proportionality, reciprocal,
inverse, inversely proportional, ratio, percentage, scale,
scale drawing, scale factor, linear dimension

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
DEFINED5.1 Proportionality and Ratio
5

Two quantities are proportional

when they have the same relative size
which means that they are related by a constant multiplier.

A rope's length and weight are in proportion.

When 20 m of rope weighs 1 kg, then:
• 40 m of that rope weighs 2 kg
• 200 m of that rope weighs 10 kg

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
DEFINED5.1 Proportionality and Ratio
5

The lengths of these two shapes are proportional:

every matching side on the larger shape
is twice as large as on the smaller shape.

Proportion says that two ratios (or fractions) are equal.

So 1-out-of-3 is equal to 2-out-of-6.
The ratios are the same, so they are in proportion.

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
DEFINED5.1 Proportionality and Ratio
5

International paper sizes (like A3, A4, A5, etc.)

all have the same proportions.

So any artwork or document can be resized to

fit on any sheet. Very neat.

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
DEFINED5.1 Proportionality and Ratio
5

Directly Proportional as one amount increases,

another amount increases at the same rate.
How much you earn is directly proportional to how many hours you work.
Work more hours, get more pay.

Inversely Proportional
when one value decreases at the same rate that the other increases.
Speed and travel time are inversely proportional because the faster we go
the shorter the time.

The symbol for proportionality (∝) resembles a stretched-out,

lowercase Greek letter alpha.
MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY AND WORKING wiTH
VISUAL REPRESENTATION5.2 Proportionality and Ratio
5

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY AND WORKING wiTH
VISUAL REPRESENTATION5.2 Proportionality and Ratio
5

The graph shows the relationship between the

weight of an object on the Moon and its
weight on Earth. 1Explain why this relationship
is proportional. 2Make a table out of the graph.
3Find the constant of proportionality. 4Write

an equation for the relationship.

1The graph of the given relationship is a

straight line that goes through the origin. This
graph states, therefore, that y is directly
proportional to x.

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY AND WORKING wiTH
VISUAL REPRESENTATION5.2 Proportionality and Ratio
5

2Make a table relating the object’s weight on

Earth to its weight on Moon.

Earth Moon
weight weight
(lb) (lb)
6 1
12 2
18 3
30 5

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY AND WORKING wiTH
ALGEBRAIC REPRESENTATION5.4 Proportionality and Ratio
5

3 Find the constant of proportionality (k).

𝑦 ∝ 𝑘𝑥 or 𝑘 = 𝑦𝑥 Earth Moon
weight weight
1
𝑘 =
6 (lb) (lb)
1
=
1 6 1
12 2
6 6

2 1
= 18 3
12 6
30 5
3 1
18
= 6

5 1
=
30 6 MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY AND WORKING wiTH
ALGEBRAIC REPRESENTATION5.4 Proportionality and Ratio
5

4 Write an equation for the relationship.

Let 𝑥 represent weight on Earth.

Let 𝑦 represent weight on the Moon.
The equation is 𝒚 = 𝒌𝒙.

𝟏
Replace 𝒌 with in the equation.
𝟔

𝟏 𝒙
𝒚 = 𝒙 or 𝒚 =
𝟔 𝟔

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY AND WORKING wiTH
VISUAL REPRESENTATION5.2 Proportionality and Ratio
5

The entrance fee for Mountain World theme

park is $20. Visitors purchase additional $2
tickets for rides, games, and food. The equation
y=2x+20 gives the total cost, y, to visit the park,
including purchasing x tickets. Explain why the
relationship is not proportional using a graph.

1The graph of the given relationship is a straight

line but does not pass through the origin. Thus,
the relationship between number of tickets and
total cost is not proportional.

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
GROUP ACTIVITY WORKING wiTH
Proportionality and Ratio5

Directions:
 The class will be divided into two groups. Rubrics
 Each group will work collaboratively, but every Accuracy 50%
member will answer the worksheet individually. Delivery 30%
 After ten minutes, the group reporter will
present their output with the whole class.
Teamwork 10%
 Manila papers and permanent markers will be Neatness 10%
provided to both groups for their visual aids. Total 100%

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
GROUP 1 GROUP 2

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
INTERPRETATION WORKING wiTH
OF GRADIENT5.3 Proportionality and Ratio
5

The steepness of the line is called gradient (the

term slope is also used, but gradient is the
preferred term).

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
RELATIONSHIPS IN SCIENCE5.5 Proportionality and Ratio
5

Some proportional relationships in Science arise from

the definition of quantities and others are derived
from experimental observations.

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

This is not in the form that y = kx but it can be

rearranged.

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 = 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 × 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

For objects made of the same material (constant

density), the mass is proportional to the volume.

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
RELATIONSHIPS IN SCIENCE5.5 Proportionality and Ratio
5

HOOKE’S LAW

By experiment, it was found that the force exerted by a

spring is proportional to the extension (within the
elastic limit of the spring).

𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒆𝒙𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝒔𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 × 𝒆𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

The constant of proportionality is called the spring

constant and it is a characteristic of a particular spring
– the larger the spring constant, the stiffer the spring

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
RELATIONSHIPS IN SCIENCE5.5 Proportionality and Ratio
5

Examples of constants in proportional relationships

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
RELATIONSHIPS IN SCIENCE5.5 Proportionality and Ratio
5

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

Density
A lump of gold has a volume of 10 cm3 and a mass of
193 g. Another lump of gold has a mass of 96.5 g.
What is the volume of the second lump of gold?

Ohm’s Law
If a resistor of 2 Ω has a current through it and that
creates a Voltage of 20 V across the resistor, how many
volts would go across the resistor if we replaced it with
an 5-Ω resistor and kept the same current?

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.
PROPORTIONALITY WORKING wiTH
RELATIONSHIPS IN SCIENCE5.5 Proportionality and Ratio 5

A small marble statue has a mass of 2.5 kg and a volume of 1000 cm3. A large marble statue with
the same density has a mass of 10 kg. What is the volume of the large statue?

MALUYO, MARYLOU J.