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fhg;Ghpik
Mizah;>
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiw
nry;ypay;
(Cytology/Cell
Biology)
Microscopy at a Glance
Year Discoverer Country
1558 Contrad Gesner Switzerland
1590 Hans Janssen and Zacharias Netherland
Jansseen
1610 Galileo Galilei Italy
1758 Athanasius Kircher ......
1661 Marcello Mapighi Italy
1665 Robert Hooke England
1674 Antoni van Leeuwenhock Netherland
1877 E Abbe ............
1900 Zigmondy ...........
1932 M.knoll and E. Ruska Germany
1935 F. Zernicke .........
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Name coiner –
nry; cWg;Gfs; Discoverer - fz;lwpe;jth;
ngahpl;lth;
nry; uhgh;l;`Pf; - Robert Hook 1665
nry; Ez; cWg;Gfs; Md;ld;yhd; yP]d;Vhf; 1668
cl;fUkzp ghd;lhdh - Fontana 1781
epA+f;spNahy];
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nrhunrhug;ghd vz;Nlhgpshrtiy
(ROUGH ER):
o ,jpy; iuNghNrhk; xl;b
(irl;Nlhgpshrj;ij Nehf;fp C
face ) fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
totog;ghd vz;Nlhgpshrtiy
(SMOOTH ER) :
o ,tw;wpy; hpNghNrhk;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
o nfhOg;Gfs; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak;
nry;ypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
gzpfs; :
nry;Yf;F xU rl;lfk; Nghd;W
tYT+l;l gad;gLfpd;wJ. (jl;L tbt jl;ilahdit)
nry;Yf;Fs; flj;jy;; gzpia Nfhy;if nt]pf;fps;- rpwpa Ez;
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. Fkpo;fis nfhz;lJ.
,ij fz;lwpe;jth; Blobel, Nfhy;if thf;FNthy;fs; -nghpa
1999y; Nehgy; ghpirg; ngw;whh;. Ez; Fkpo;fis nfhz;lJ.
RER - Guj cw;gj;jp jskhf gzpfs;
mikfpd;wJ. iyNrhNrhk;fis
SER - ];Buhl;L `hh;Nkhd; cUthf;Fjy;
cw;gj;jp nra;J> rh;f;fiug; nry; Rth; kw;Wk; nry;rt;T
nghUs;fis rpijf;fpd;wJ. cUthf;Fjy;. tpe;J nry;fspd;
nfhOg;G cw;gj;jpf;Fg; mf;NuhNrhk; cUthf;Fjy;
gad;gLfpd;wJ. Ruj;jy; gzpia
Nfhy;if cWg;G Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
fz;lwpe;jth; : fhkpy;Ny tsUk; Cirl;Lfspy; fU
Nfhy;if(1898) kQ;rs; czit cUthf;Fjy;.
,jd; Gjpangah; : bf;bNahNrhk;. nul;bNdh (tpopj;jpiu)
ngahpl;lth; : Perroncito nry;fspy; epwkpfis
(1910) cUthf;Fjy;
,it 60 rjtPjk; Gujk; kw;Wk; iyNrhNrhk;
40 rjtPjk; nfhOg;G Nfhs tbt ig Nghd;w
nghUs;fshy; MdJ. mikg;G
1.3 µ mlh;j;jp nfhz;lJ. ngahpl;lth; - fphp];bad; b LNt
,it 3 rt;T mikg;Gfis (1955)
nfhz;lJ. Fwpg;gpl;l tbtk; ,y;yhjit.
Nfhy;if rp];lh;Nd 0.2 Kjy; 0.8 ikf;uhd; msT
Rug;G ig 60 - 70 A nfhz;lJ. nfhz;lit.
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ngahpl;lth; : Boveri
gzpfs;:
tpyq;F nry;ypy; cl;fU mUfpy;
Gujk; jahhpj;jypy; gq;F
Foy; kw;Wk; Fr;rp tbtj;jpy;
vLg;gjhy; - Guj njhopw;rhiy
xU N[hb fhzg;gLk;.
vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
250 A tpl;lk; nfhz;lJ.
nrd;l;hpNahy;fs; (m) nrd;;l;NuhNrhk;
fz;lwpe;jth;fs; : Benden 1887
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F.Nrhk;
NfhpNahilg; nghJngah; caphpay; ngah; nkhj;j
FNuhNkhNrhk; ,izia vz;zpf;if
l;NuhNrhgpyh
mtw;wpd; rpwg;G gz;Gfis go <
nkyndhfpsh];lh; 8
nfhz;L Fwpg;gJ MFk;. Nfhop
Nfy]; nlhnk];bf] 78
vyp
Xt;nthU FNuhNkNrhKk; xNu k];K]; Fy]; 40
Fuq;F
nfhhpyh nfhhpyh 48
khjphpahd ,U mikg;Gfisf; kdpjd;
N`hNkh Nrg;gpd;]; 46
ntq;fhak;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it mhprp
Mypak; Nrgh 16
FNuhNkbLfs; vdg;gLk;. Xiurh riltk; 24
kf;fhNrhsk;
rpah ikg;]; 20
mikg;gpy; xNu khjphpahf fhgp
fhgpah muhgpfh 44
cUis
,Ug;gjhy;> ,it rNfhjhp fpoq;F
nrNyhdk; 48
bA+gNuhrk;
FNuhNkbLfs; vdg;gLk;.
KOikahd mikg;igf;
epA+fpspNahy];fs; ,uz;lhk;
nfhz;l FNuhNkhNrhkpy;
epiy RUf;fq;fspypUe;J
FWfpa gFjpfs; cs;sd. mit
cUthfpd;wd. ,it
RUf;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
epA+fpspNahy];fs;
RUf;fq;fs; ,U tifgLk;.
cUthf;fpfs; vdg;gLk;.
(Kjd;ik RUf;fk; kw;Wk;
FNuhNkhNrhkpd; Kjd;ikahd
,uz;lhk; epiy RUf;fk; )
gFjpapypUe;J
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FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rpfs;
Xh; caphpdj;jpd; ,Uka
FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; vz;zpf;if
my;yJ mikg;gpy; Gyg;glf;$ba
,ay;Gf;F khwhd khw;wk;
2. tpsf;FJ}hpif FNuhNkhNrhk; FNuhNkhNrhk; gpwl;rp vdg;gLk;.
(Lamp Brush Chromosomes) ehd;F tifg;gLk;
fz;lwpe;jth; : gpskpq; 1882
mrplhGNyhpah My;fhtpy; 1. ePf;fk;
fz;lwpe;jhh;. xU FNuhNkhNrhkpypUe;J xU
Fd;wy; gFg;gpd; GNuhNg];rpd; Fwpg;gpl;l gFjp ,of;fg;gLjy;
bg;NshBd; epiyapy; ePf;fk; MFk;. ,J EdpapNyh
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. my;yJ ,ilapNyh Vw;glyhk;.
FNuhNkhNrhk; kpfTk; RUq;fp FNuhNkhNrhKila Edp
jbg;Gw;W FNuhNkhNrhk; mr;rhf ,of;fg;gl;lhy; mJ Edp ePf;fk;
khWfpwJ. vdg;gLk;.
mjpf msT RNA v.fh : LNuhNrhgpy;yh kw;Wk;
cUthf;fg;gLtjhy; DNA kf;fhNrhsk;.
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FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifapy;
gpwl;rpfs;
Xt;nthU
caphpdj;jpd;
rpw;wpdq;fspy;
cly; nry;fspy;
Fwpg;gpl;l
vz;zpf;ifapy;
FNuhNkhNrhk;fs;
cs;sd.
,Uka FNuhNkh Nrhk;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; khw;wk; Vw;gby;>
n`l;bNuhirf]; ,lk;
mJ FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;if
ngah;jypy; ,U ,iz FNuhk
gpwl;rp my;yJ gpsha;b
Nrhk;fspy; xd;W ,ay;ghfTk;
vdg;gLk;.
kw;nwhd;w ghkhw;wk; nra;J
,Utifahd gpsha;bfs;
nfhs;sg;gl;l gFjpAld;
Njhd;W fpd;wd. mit
fhzg;gLk;.
A+gpsha;b kw;Wk; md;A+gpsha;b
vd;gdthFk;.
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A = T N[hbAk; C G N[hbAk;
T A G A C G C G T C T A rkvz;zpf;ifapy; ,Uf;f
Njitapy;iy
A T C T G C G C A G A T
tpl;lk; 20 A
thl;rd; & fphpf; - B - DNA khjphp : mLj;jLj;j ,U RUs;
,uz;L ghyp epA+f;spNahilL ,ilntsp - 34A
rq;fpyp nfhz;lJ. ,U RUs; ,ilNa [Pd;
,uz;L rq;fpypfSk; xd;W vz;zpf;if - 10
nfhd;W Neh; vjpuhdJ. ,U [Pd; ,ilJ}uk; 3.4 A
,ul;il ,iofshy; Md Xh; thl;rd; & fphpf; DNA khjphpia
mikg;G> ,ul;il jpUF RUs; Kjd; Kjypy; Ecoli
mikg;G cUthf;fpwJ. ghf;Bhpaj;jpy; ep&gpj;jth;:
,it gh];Ngh - il - v];lh; kPry;]r; d;
,izg;Gfshy; ,izf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. DNA ,ul;bg;ghjy;
xU ,ioapy; 3’–5’’,izg;ghfTk; DNA ngUf;fj;jpd; NghJ
kw;nwhU ,ioapy; 5’–3’’ cUthFk; mjpRUf;f
,izg;ghfTk; ,izf;fg; RUs;fis tpLtpg;gJ (m)
gl;Ls;sJ. gphpg;gJ : NlhNgh INrhkNu];
,uz;L ,iofSf;F ,ilNa DNA ,uz;L ,iofisAk;
i`l;u[d; gpizg;Gfs; fhzg; gphpf;Fk; nehjp : n`ypf;Nf];
gLfpd;wJ. (Helicase)
,it iel;u[d; fhuq;fSf;F ghjp DNA (m) ngw;Nwhh; DNA
,ilNa cs;sJ. ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
mbidd; ijakpd; cld; Gjpa ,iofs; DNA ghypkNu];
,izAk; (,ul;il i`l;u[d; (I,II,III) %yk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
gpizg;G)
irl;Nlhrpd; Fthidd; cld; ,e;j DNA ghypkNuh]; nray;gl
,izAk; (%d;W i`l;u[d;
Template DNA NjitgLk;
gpizg;G)
(2 ,iofs;)
,ij tpthpj;jth; : Chargaff
(A = T), (C G )
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iel;u[d; fhuk; :
gpa+hpd; mbddd; A
Fthddd; G
gphpkpbd; irl;Nlhrpd; C
ijakpd; U
mbddd; msT A+uhrpy; msT
rkk; ,y;iy.
Fthddd; msT irl;Nlhrpd;
msT rkk; ,y;iy.
RNA tpd; tiffs; :
,jd; %yk; Gjpa DNA ,io
1. kuG RNA (m) ituy; RNA
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
o DNA fhzg;glhj epiyapy;
Ntiyfs; : RNA kugpay; flj;jy;
Ntiyfis nra;Ak;.
nry;ypd; vy;yh nraiyAk;
fl;LgLj;JfpwJ. o v.L : hpNah itu];> TMV,
gz;Gfis jiyKiwf;F QB ghf;BhpNah Ng[;
flj;JfpwJ. 2. kuG my;yhj RNA
DNA xU mRNA it o hpNghNrhky; RNA - r RNA
cUthf;fpwJ. mJ Gujk; o khw;Wk; RNA - t RNA
cUthfpd;wJ. o J}Jth; RNA - m RNA
,e;j epiykhw;wj;ij r-RNA (iuNghNrhk; RNA /
fz;lwpe;jth; : gpulhpf; fphpg;gpj; Ribosomal RNA) :
RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) nkhj;j RNA mstpy; 80
RNA tbtk; DNAit xj;Jf; rjtPjk; cs;sJ.
fhzg;gl;lhYk; xU rpy ,it hpNghNrhkpy; xl;b
fhuzq;fshy; khWgLfpd;wJ. fhzg;gLk;
75 Kjy; rpy Mapuk; nfhz;l kpfTk; epiyahdit.
epA+f;spNahilLfshy; MdJ. GNuhNfhpNahl; 3 tif - 16S,
mit : 23S, 5S
B Mf;]p hpNgh]; A+NfhpNahl; 4 tif - 18S,
rh;f;fiuf;F gjpy; hpNgh]; 28S, 5.8S, 5S
rh;f;fiu fhzg;gLk;. Guj cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ m RNA
ijkDf;F gjpyhf it cg;G ,izg;Gfs; %yk; t
A+Nuhrpy; fhzg;gLk;. RNA Tld; xl;b nfhs;s
xNu xU ghyp nra;fpwJ.
epA+f;spNahilL rq;fpyp
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64 Nfhld;fs; nkhj;jk; 20
mkpNdh mkpyk; FwpaPL
nra;Ak;.
bhpg;nyl; Nfhlhd; : xt;nthU
NfhlhDk; 3 epA+f;spNahilL
nfhz;lJ.
Guj nra;jpapd; Kjy; Nfhlhd; /
Muk;g Nfhlhd; / Starting
Codon : AUG
KbT Nfhlhd; / mh;j;j kw;w
Nfhlhd; / Non sense Codon
: UAA, UAG, UGA .
,it ve;j mkpNdh mkpy
cw;gj;jpapYk; <LgLtjpy;iy.
nry; gphpjy;
nry; gFg;G xU rpf;fyhd epfo;r;rp v.L : ghf;Bhpah > mkPgh
,jpy; nry; nghUs;fs; Nra; FNuhNkhl;bd; tiyg;gpd;dy;
nry;fSf;F rkkhf gfph;eJ
; vt;tpj khw;wKk; ,Uf;fhJ.
mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. ikl;lhrp];
3 tifgLk; jhtu> tpyq;F cly; nry;fspy;
o Vikl;lhrp]; - Neub elf;fpwJ. tsh;r;rpf;F
nry;gphpjy; fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.
o ikl;lhrp]; - kiwKf Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jth; :
nry;gphpjy; W. ‡g;ngsk;kpq;; 1882
o kpahrp]; - Fd;wy; gphpT NkYk; tpthpj;jth; :
fhhpNahifdrp]; - cl;fU gphpT ];l;uh];gh;fh; 1882
irl;Nlhifdrp]; - ikl;lahrp]; gphpT 2 epiy
irl;Nlhgpshr gphpT nfhz;lJ.
Vikl;lhrp]; 1) ,ilepiy / xa;Tepiy / Interface
xU nry; caphpfspy; kl;Lk; ,U mLj;jLj;j nry;gFg;gpw;F
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; epiy
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Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :
1. ,dg;ngUf;f nry;fs; cUthf;fk;
2. FWf;Nf fyj;jy; %yk; [Pd;fspd;
kWNrh;f;if elf;fpd;wJ.
3. kugpay; NtWghLfSf;F
fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
4. Gjpa ghpzkj;jpw;F
toptFf;fpd;wJ.
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