2.2 Reservoir Deliverability PDF

2.
2 Reservoir Deliverability
Instructional Objectives
Calculate the IPR for oil wells

Calculate the IPR for gas wells
IPR: Inflow Performance Relationship
2 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Reservoir Inflow Performance
• The relationship between flow and pressure drop in the

reservoir is complex and depends on parameters like
rock properties, fluid properties, fluid saturation in the
rock, fluid compressibility, formation damage, flow
regime, turbulence and reservoir production
mechanism.
• The reservoir pressure decline with time.
• All equations to model the flow are based on Darcy’s

law.

Reservoir Inflow Performance
 Darcy’s Law (Linear and Radial flow)

 Productivity Index (PI)
 Straight-line IPR
 Vogel’s IPR
 Fetkovich
 Horizontal wells (Joshi, Empirical Correlations)
 Jones (gas wells)

IDEAL FLOW ASSUMPTIONS
 Ideal well
 Purely radial flow
 Laminar flow
 Infinite reservoir
 Uniform thickness
 Stabilized flow
 Single phase (Above bubble point)
 Homogeneous & isotropic reservoir
 Perforations penetrate throughout reservoir
 Reservoir shape (Circular)
 Wellbore clean / uncased (No skin)

Different Flow Regimes
Transient Pseudo Steady-state Steady-state

Flow Flow Flow
Pressure
tpss
Time

Flow Models for Stabilized Well Inflow

Flow Models for Stabilized Well Inflow

Radial Flow
rw
re
Well h
Dreinage
Area
Aereal View Lateral View

Reservoir – Well Flow Regimes
Transient Flow
The infinite acting radial flow period

 No outer boundary well
 Reservoir appear infinite acting

 Pressure decline with time, changes
 Solution in field units (w/zero Skin)
kh( pi  pwf )
q
 k 
162.6 Bo o  log t  log  3.23  0.87 S 
  o ct rw
2

 Production rate decline rapidly with time
Pseudo-Steady State
Pseudo-steady State flow
 No flow across outer boundary
 Reservoir is finite Wellbore
 Pressure decline with time is constant

 p
 const , for rw  r  re
t Reservoir
 Solution in field units (w/zero skin) re
rw
0.00708 k o h (p e - p wf )
q= h
re 1
μo Bo ln +s pwf pe
rw 2

Steady State
Steady State flow
 flow in = flow out (at outer boundary)
 reservoir is finite
Wellbore
 constant pressure at all points in the
drainage volume
 p
 0, for rw  r  re Reservoir
t
re
 solution in field units (w/zero skin)
rw
0.00708 k o h (pe - p wf )
q= h
re pwf pe
μ o Bo ln ( )+S
rw
Reservoir Pressure Profile
Craft & Hawkins (1959) showed that the average reservoir pressure is located approximately 61% of the radio
of drain for steady state flow. In the case of pseudo steady state flow, average reservoir pressure occurs
around half the distance of the outer radius of drain:
(Circular Drainage Area)
q
pe Pr Pe
h
pwf
0.472re re
r
Darcy’s Law for Radial Flow
PSEUDO STEADY STATE FLOW, EXPRESSED IN TERMS
OF AVERAGE RESERVOIR PRESSURE
(Circular Drainage Area, no flow in the Outer Boundary, Average Reservoir

Pressure declines at a constant rate)
7.08 * 10 ko h  p  pwf 
3
q
  re  
o Bo  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
_
where p average reservoir pressure at a certain time

Non Ideal Flow
Effects at boundaries
Position of well
Non homogeneous reservoir
Perforation positions
High velocities (turbulent flow)
Fluid type / high GOR
Transient behavior
Relative permeability effects - oil/water/gas near the wellbore
Depletion of reservoir
Flow restrictions (skin)

Application of Darcy’s Law Equation for
Noncircular Drainage Area
BLR
PILAR NORTE
FALLA
ICOTEA C-1
N
B-9
C-1
I
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-4
C-5
C-6
C-7

Darcy’s Law Equation for Noncircular
Drainage Area(1)
(PSEUDO STEADY STATE FLOW)
0.00708 k h ( p - p wf )
qo = o
μo Bo (Ln X - 0.75 + s )
X is obtained from next slide for different shapes

and well positions in a drainage area.
(1) After Odeh,A.S.

Factor (X) for different shapes and positions in a
drainage area
SYSTEM X SYSTEM X
re/rw 0.966A1/2
1 rw
0.571A1/2 2
1.440A1/2
rw 1 rw
0.565A1/2 2
rw 2.206A1/2
1 rw
0.604A1/2 2
rw 1.925A1/2
1 rw
0.678A1/2
1/3 rw 4
1 6.590A1/2
0.668A1/2 1 rw
1
2 rw 4
1 1.368A1/2 9.360A1/2
4 rw 1 rw
1 2.066A1/2 4
5 rw
0.610A1/2
0.884A1/2
60o rw
rw
1.485A1/2
rw
Factor (X) for different shapes and positions in a
drainage area
SYSTEM X
1.724A1/2
rw
1.794A1/2
1
rw
2
4.072A1/2
1
rw
2
9.523A1/2
1
rw
2
10.135A1/2
rw

Productivity Index
A common indicator of liquid reservoir behavior is PI or

productivity index
 Referred to as “J” in SPE nomenclature
J
q
STB / D / psi
P  Pwf

Productivity Index Concept
Darcy’s Law Single-phase Flow
Unsaturated Reservoirs (Pr Pb)
<
STB / D / psi
BOTTOM HOLE FLOWING PRESSURE, Pwf
q
J
Pwf = P - Q/J p  pwf
Slope = - 1/J
Intercepts: P and AOF
0 P – Pwf: DRAW-DOWN
0
FLOW RATE, Q AOF
AOF= absolute open flow potential
Productivity Index in Terms of Darcy’s Law
7.08 * 10 ko h  p  pwf 
3
qo 
  re  
o Bo  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
qo
J
P  Pwf
3
7.08 *10 ko h
J
  re  
o Bo  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
Calculating Flowrate
Using PI, we can calculate flowrate, q, quickly and easily from
q  J ( p  pwf )

Exercise #5
Given reservoir parameters:

k = 30 md
h = 40 ft
o = 0.5 cp
Bo = 1.2 RB/STB
hole size = 8 ½ inches
s =0
sol

Exercise #5
Calculate:
• J for re = 1,000 ft
• q for a drawdown (p  pwf) of 750 psi
• q for a drawdown of 1,000 psi
• With p = 3,000 psia, calculate q for a complete
drawdown (absolute open flow potential).
sol
Exercise #6
Application of Productivity Index calculations
A well that is producing from a reservoir having an average pressure of 2085 psig produced at a
rate of 282 STB/D when bottomhole flowing pressure was 1765 psig.
Calculate:
1. The productivity index J.

2. The producing rate if Pwf is decreased to 1485 psig.
3. The bottomhole flowing pressure necessary to increase the producing rate up to 400 STB/D.
4. The inflow rate if Pwf is reduced to zero (AOF: Absolute Open Flow Potential).
Pr=2085
(1) J=Q/(Pr-Pwf)
1765 (2) Q=Jx(Pr-Pwf)
(3) Pwf = Pr- Q/J

Pwf
0
282
0
Q AOF sol
Multiphase Flow
Bubble point pressure (pb)
 Pressure at which first bubble of gas is released from
reservoir oils
RESERVOIR BUBBLE CONDITION AT A GIVEN STANDARD
CONDITION PRESSURE POINT IN THE PS(*) CONDITIONS
Pr, Tr Pb, T P, T 14.7 psi, 60oF
GAS GAS
LIQUID LIQUID
Vg P,T
Vg
PISTON SC
PISTON LIQUID
Vo P,T
PISTON LIQUID Vo
SC
PISTON
1 2 3 4
(*)Note: PS means production system

Inflow Performance Relationship (Pwf < Pb)
When reservoir pressure drops below the bubble point pressure,
between the drainage radius and the wellbore, it generally occurs:
1. Gas saturation increases (decrease in Kro)
2. Oil viscosity increases
3. Oil formation volume factor decreases
4. Formation damage around the wellbore (changes in the
skin factor, S)
5. Turbulence increase

Inflow Performance Relationship (Pwf < Pb)
Bottomhole Well Flowing Pressure
pR Straight Line IPR

One-phase flow
pb
Curved IPR
Two-phase flow
Flow Rate

Multiphase Flow
Saturated Reservoirs (Pr < Pb)
Vogel’s Behavior
 IPR Curve - Vogel plotted the data using the following
dimensionless variables
pwf q
and
p qmax

Vogel Curve
4500
Bottomhole Well Flowing Pressure (psi)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

Flow Rate (BOPD)
Vogel Curve
1
0.8
0.6
pwf/pr
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
q/qmax
Multiphase Flow
Mathematical model for Vogel’s curve
 q  
2
 pwf   pwf 
   1  0.2    0.8   
 qmax    p   p  

Finding Vogel qmax
Mathematical relationship between Vogel (qmax) and Darcy (AOF)
1
AOF J  p
0.8
qmax  
0.6
1.8 1.8
pwf/pr
0.4
0.2
0
AOF
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
q/qmax
Exercise #7
Reservoir parameters:
p = 2,350 psia
k = 140 md
h = 35 ft
o = 0.8 cp
Calculate J
Bo = 1.25 rbbl/STB
re = 2,000 ft Calculate qmax
rw = 0.411 ft Construct IPR curve
pb = 3,000 psia
s = 2

EXERCISE #8
APPLICATION OF VOGEL METHOD
SATURATED RESERVOIR, ZERO SKIN
(Pr<Pb)
A well is producing from a reservoir having an average reservoir pressure
of 2085 psig. A stabilized production test gave 282 STB/D when the flowing
bottomhole pressure is 1765 psig. The bubble point pressure is 2100 psig.
Using Vogel´s method calculate:
1. qomax
2. The producing rate if Pwf is reduced to 1485 psi.
3. The flowing bottomhole pressure to increase the producing rate to 400 BN/D.
4. Construct the IPR.
1) From the test calculate qomax using

qo Pwf Pwf 2
the VOGEL eq.
= 1 – 0.2 ( ) - 0.8 ( ) 2) Calculate qo for several pwf’s using
qomax Pr Pr the VOGELeq.
Pwf 3) Solving eq. for Pwf/Pr, one can calculate
= (1.266 – 1.25 qo/qomax)0.5 – 0.125 Pwf for any rate
Pr
solution
Multiphase Flow
Undersaturated Reservoirs (Pr > Pb)
Combination Darcy/Vogel
pb
Pressure
pwf
J Pb
qb
1.8 qmax
O
q
O Rate
Multiphase Flow
P
Pb
How to find qmax:

qb qmax
for q  qb , Darcy's law applies : q  J  p  pwf 


  pwf  pwf 
2

for q  qb then : q  qb  qmax  qb  1  0.2 p  0.8  p  
  b  b  
J pb
qmax  qb 
1.8
VOGEL METHOD
PROCEDURE
(NO TEST DATA AVAILABLE)
7.08 *10 3 k h
1) J
 r  
o Bo  ln  e   0.75  s 
  rw  
2) q b  J * Pr  Pb 
 J * Pb 
3) q max  q b   
 1.8 
4) Construct IPR:
for q  qb , Darcy's law applies : q  J  p  pwf 


  p  wf  
p
2
for q  qb then : q  qb  qmax  qb  1  0.2 p  0.8  p  

wf
  b  b  

VOGEL METHOD
TEST DATA (Q, Pwf) AVAILABLE
Pwf (test) >Pb
q prueba
test
1) J
pr  pwfprueba
test
2) q b  J * Pr  Pb 
 J * Pb 
3) qmax  q b   
 1.8 
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
4) q  q b  qmax  q b * 1  0.2 *    0.8 *   
  Pb   Pb  
5) Construct IPR
Pwf qo

VOGEL METHOD
TEST DATA (Q, Pwf) AVAILABLE
Pwf (test) < Pb
test
q prueba
1) J 
     
2

p b p p
pr  pb    * 1 0.2 *  wf
  0.8 *  wf
 
 18
.    pb   pb  
2) q b  J * Pr  Pb 
 J * Pb 
3) qmax  q b   
 1.8 
  Pwf   Pwf  
2
4) q  q b  qmax  q b * 1  0.2 *    0.8 *   
  Pb   Pb   
5) Construct IPR Pwf qo

INFLOW PERFORMANCE IN HORIZONTAL WELLS

APPLICATION OF HORIZONTAL WELLS
• EXPLOITATION OF THIN GAS AND OIL SANDS
• REDUCE WATER OR GAS CONING
• INTERCEPT NATURAL FRACTURES
• IMPROVE HEAVY OIL RECOVERY (EG. SAGD)
• Kv>>>Kh
• INCREASE SWEEP EFFICIENCY IN SECONDARY OIL

RECOVERY PROJECTS
• CONECT DISCONTINUOUS ZONES
• DRILL GEOLOGICALLY OPTIMIZED WELLS

METHODS TO DETERMINE IPR IN HORIZONTAL WELLS
Mathematical Models
• Borisov
• Giger-Reiss-Jourdan
• Joshi
• Renard-Dupuy
• Babu
• Numerical Simulations
Empirical Correlations
• Bendakhlia y Aziz
• Fetkovich
• Cheng
Drainage Area of a Horizontal Well
METHOD 1 (JOSHI)
A) Longitudinal View
a
kv
Assumption: The drainage h
area is represented by two kh
half circles in each end of L
the horizontal section
which radius is b
(equivalent to the drainage
radius of a vertical well, rev B) Plant View
) plus a rectangle with
dimensions Lx2b.
b L
2b

a
METHOD 1 (JOSHI)
A: Drainage area, Acres

L: Length of Horizontal section, feet
b: equivalent to the drainage radius of a
vertical well, rev
Plant View
b L
2b
A1 = π b2/2 A2 = L (2b) A3 = π b2/2

METHOD 2 (JOSHI)
A: Drainage Area, Acres

L: Length of Horizontal section, feet
b: Half minor axe of an ellipse, feet
A: Half major axe of an ellipse, feet
b = rev = drainage radius of a vertical well, feet
Plant View
b
a b

Drainage Area Comparison between both Methods
Both methods give different results for

the drainage area, therefore, Joshi
suggests to take an average of both
values.
(1) (2)
b
b L
2b a
L

EQUVALENT DRAINAGE RADIUS FOR A HORIZONTAL WELL
A: Drainage Area, Acres

reh: Horizontal drainage radius, feet

IPR in Horizontal wells
JOSHI
DRAINAGE PATTERN OF A
HORIZONTAL WELL AFTER JOSHI

JOSHI
Assumptions: Steady Flow and Isotropic Reservoir ( ( )
Where
and

JOSHI
To take into account the reservoir Anisotropy
where
and

Exercise #9
A horizontal well with 2000 feet of horizontal

section drains an estimated area of 120 Acres
The reservoir has the following data:
A) Calculate the oil production using Joshi’s

method (isotropic)
B) Calculate the oil production using Joshi’s

method for kh=100mD and kv=10 mD
(anisotropic)
sol
Performance Improvement Factor (PIF)
PI hor Lhor kv
PIF  
PI vert Lvert kh
where:
PI Productivity Index
Lhor Net pay zone of horizontal section
Lvert Net pay zone of vertical section
Kv Vertical Permeability
Kh Horizontal Permeability

Gas Reservoirs
Pseudosteady State
• The behavior of gas flowing in laminar flow through a
porous medium (Darcy’s Law)
q

7.03 *10  4 k h p 2  pwf
2

  re  
 g T z  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  

Calculation of IPR Curve
4000
3000
pwfs, psia
2000
1000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
q, Mscf/day
Using the Real Gas Pseudopressure (pp (p))
q
 
7.03 x 10 4 kh p p  p   p p  pwf 
  re  
T  ln    0.75  s 
  rw  
and
p
p p  p  2 
p
dp
po
z

Exercise #10
Given the following data and using the pressure squared

relationship:
g = 0.02 cp
k = 100 md
re = 1,500 ft T = 610R
rw = 0.33 ft z = 0.9
h = 20 ft
p = 4,000 psig
s = 0 g = 0.65
Plot the IPR
sol
IPR in Gas Horizontal Wells
Jones’ Gas IPR
• Problem -
– Darcy’s law valid for laminar flow only
– High permeability gas wells produce in turbulent flow
near the wellbore
p p
2 2
wf  aq  bq 2
_2 2
(p – p wf )/q = a + bq
In this equation, aq2 is the turbulent flow term, while bq is the laminar flow term. The more perforations
present, the less turbulence will occur around the wellbore. It is then obvious that “a” must be somehow
related to 1/hp, with hp being the perforated height.

Definitions of “a” and “b”
   re  
 1.424 x10  g z T  ln 
3
  0.75  s 
   rw  
a  kg h



 3.16 x10 12
 g T z
b 
 h p2 rw



Where  = Velocity Coefficient that can be calculated by:
1.88  1010
  1.47 0.53 For unconsolidated Sand
k 
2.33  1010
 For consolidated Sand
k 1.201
Transient IPR Curves
Assumptions
• Darcy’s and Jones’ laws assume that the average
pressure p is constant
• Drainage radius, re, is constant
These assumptions are true in steady state only, i.e. when
all of the outer boundaries of the reservoir are reached.

Transient flow Pseudo-steady flow Steady state flow
tpss
time

Transient Flow Equation

• for oil wells
k h  p  pwf 
qo 
  kt  

162.6o Bo  log    3.23  0.87 s 
2 
  
  o c t rw  
• for gas wells (low pressure only)
qg 

k h p 2  pwf
2

  k t  

1638 g T z log    3.23  0.87 s 
   c r2  
  g t w  
Transient Flow
tpss > t3 > t2 > t1

pwf
t1
t2
t3
tstab

During the transient period, the time required to reach a given

radius of investigation ri is calculated as follows:
948 ct ri 2
t
k
And the time to reach pseudo-steady state tpss, can be
calculated with the following equation:
948   ct re
2
tpss 
k
Exercise #11
Oil Well Stabilization Time
Find tpss with the following data

•  = 0.1
• o = 0.5 cp
• ct = 2 X 10-5 psi-1
• re = 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
sol

Exercise #12
Gas Well Stabilization Time
Find tpss with the following data

•  = 0.1
• g = 0.02 cp
• ct = 2 X 10-4 psi-1
• re = 1,500 ft
For the following values of k:
0.1 md, 1.0 md, 10 md, and 100 md
sol

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2.

Calculate the IPR for oil wells

IPR: Inflow Performance Relationship

2 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

• The relationship between flow and pressure drop in the

• The reservoir pressure decline with time.

• All equations to model the flow are based on Darcy’s

3 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

 Darcy’s Law (Linear and Radial flow)

4 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

5 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Transient Pseudo Steady-state Steady-state

6 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

7 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

8 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

Aereal View Lateral View

9 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

The infinite acting radial flow period

 Reservoir appear infinite acting

 Pressure decline with time is constant

 Solution in field units (w/zero skin) re

11 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

(Circular Drainage Area, no flow in the Outer Boundary, Average Reservoir

14 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

15 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

16 Copyright ©2012 NExT. All rights reserved

(PSEUDO STEADY STATE FLOW)

X is obtained from next slide for different shapes

(1) After Odeh,A.S.

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A common indicator of liquid reservoir behavior is PI or

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Using PI, we can calculate flowrate, q, quickly and easily from

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Given reservoir parameters:

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1. The productivity index J.

(3) Pwf = Pr- Q/J

Pr, Tr Pb, T P, T 14.7 psi, 60oF

(*)Note: PS means production system

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pR Straight Line IPR

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Mathematical model for Vogel’s curve

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Using Vogel´s method calculate:

1) From the test calculate qomax using

How to find qmax:

for q  qb , Darcy's law applies : q  J  p  pwf 

(NO TEST DATA AVAILABLE)

for q  qb , Darcy's law applies : q  J  p  pwf 

for q  qb then : q  qb  qmax  qb  1  0.2 p  0.8  p  

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5) Construct IPR Pwf qo

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• EXPLOITATION OF THIN GAS AND OIL SANDS