A Micro Project report on

AUTOMATIC FAN CONTROLLER

Submitted to the CMR Institute of Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
the
Basic Electrical
and Electronics
Engineering Lab
of
I-B.Tech. I-Semester
in
Freshman Engineering Department
Submitted by
K.Ajay (19R01A0130)
K.Tharun (19R01A0131)
K.Shiva Kumar (19R01A0132)
V.Manish (19R01A0136)

Under the Guidance Of

Mr.P Rajashekhar
(Assistant Professor, Freshman Engineering Dept)

CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(UGC AUTONOMUS)
(Approved by AICTE,Affiliated to JNTU,Kukatpally,Hyderabad)
Kandlakoya,Medchal Road,Hyderabad

2019-2020
 CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(UGC AUTONOMUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Kukatpally, Hyderabad)
Kandlakoya, Medchal Road, Hyderabad.

Department of Freshman Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that a Micro Project entitled with: “Automatic Fan Controller” is
being
Submitted By

K.Ajay (19R01A0130)
K.Tharun (19R01A0131)
K.Shiva Kumar (19R01A0132)
V.Manish (19R01A0136)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for completion of the Basic Electrical and
Electronics Engineering lab of I-B.Tech I- Semester is a record of a bonafide work carried
out under guidance and supervision.

Signature of Faculty Signature of HOD

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to Dr. M. Janga Reddy, Director, Dr. B.

Satyanarayana, Principal and Mr. P.Pavan Kumar, Head of Department, Dept of
Freshman Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology for their inspiration and valuable
guidance during entire duration.

We are extremely thankful to our Mr. P Rajashekhar, Assistant Professor,

Freshman Engineering department, CMR Institute of Technology for his/her constant
guidance, encouragement and moral support throughout the project.

We express our thanks to all staff members and friends for all the help and
coordination extended in bringing out this micro project successfully in time.

Finally, we are very much thankful to our parents and relatives who guided directly
or indirectly for successful completion of the project.

K.Ajay (19R01A0130)
K.Tharun (19R01A0131)
K.Shiva Kumar (19R01A0132)
V.Manish (19R01A0136)
 CONTENTS

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.

1. Introduction
2. Requirements
3. Procedure
4. Implementation
5. Results
6. Conclusion
7. References
 AUTOMATIC FAN CONTROLLER

BEEE MICRO-PROJECT

INTRODUCTION

This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate centigrade temperature and an
L293D as an integrated circuit. Output voltage of this sensor is linearly proportional to the
Celsius (Centigrade) temperature .This sensor use the fact that, as temperature increases, the
voltage across a diode increases at a known rate.

Output data of sensor is applied to a current amplifier circuit and feed to a low power DC
motor. We have made current amplifier by using a general purpose NPN transistor. I have
used BC547 as shown in the circuit diagram. If you are using other NPN transistor, then
make sure about pin configuration. Transistor will start conducting when base voltage
reaches to 0.40 V (40 Degree). You will see fan start to rotate and at 0.60V (60 degree) it
will be at full speed. At this voltage transistor is fully conducted means resistance is low.

REQUIREMENTS:-
The components required for this project are as follows –

1) LM35 temperature sensor

2) L293D integrated circuit
3) BC547 NPN transistor
4) 10ohms RESISTOR
5) Connecting Wires
6) 9volts BATTERY
7) A DC motor with a fan blade
8) A breadboard
 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR:-
The LM35 sensor is a precision integrated-circuit circuit sensor whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracies of ¼*C at room temperature.
The output voltage range of this sensor is from -55˚ to +150˚.
LM35 has three pinouts which are:
 PIN 1: Vcc, it used as input at this pin we apply +5 V input voltage.
 PIN 2: At this pin, we get output voltage.
 PIN 3: This pin is used for ground.
For better understanding you can view this image
 L293D INTEGRATED CIRCUIT :-
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on
either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors
simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single
L293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC). The L293d can drive small
and quiet big motors as well.
CONCEPT-
It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the voltage to be
flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its direction for being able to
rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction, Hence, H-bridge IC are ideal for
driving a DC motor.

In a single L293D chip there are two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc
motor independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling
DC motors. Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller.
 BC547 TRANSISTOR:-
It is basically an NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT). The word transistor is a
combination of two words, transfer and resistor. So, the basic purpose of transistor is
transfer of resistance. A transistor is normally used for amplification of current.
The smaller amount of current at the base is used to control the larger amount of currents at
collector and emitter as well. Its basic applications are switching and amplification. The
transistor, BC 547 is shown in the figure below.

 BC 547 has three pins in total similar to the other bipolar junction transistors.

 All of these three pins i.e. collector, base and emitter along with symbol are shown in the
table given below.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:-
When the input voltage is applied at its terminal, some amount of current starts to flow from
base to the emitter and controls the current at collector. The voltage between the base and
the emitter (VBE), is negative at the emitter and positive at the base terminal for its NPN
construction. The polarity of voltages applied for each junction is shown in the figure below.
 RESISTOR:-
The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric
current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The
resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of one
ampere passes through a resistor with a one volt drop across its terminals. The current is
proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is represented by Ohm’s law:
R=V/I
 CONNECTING WIRES:-
Connecting wires provide a medium to an electrical current so that they can travel from one
point on a circuit to another. In the case of computers, wires are embedded into circuit
boards to carry pulses of electricity. Most wires in computers and electronic components are
made of copper or aluminum, because copper is cheap and electrically conductive.

In a basic circuit, the wire comes from one terminal of a power source ,then connects to a
switch that determines whether the circuit is open or closed. The connected wires of a
device are used to draw power and electricity, and perform specified tasks. Before a current
can travel through the wire, the circuit has to be closed; in other words, there cannot be any
breaks in the path. Electricity cannot easily travel through air, and if it does there is a risk of
stray current leaking into the surroundings and causing damage or failing to power the
appliance.
 PROCEDURE and IMPLEMENTATION:-
The components which are ready to help us get our favorable outputs are mainly LM35
temperature sensor,L293D IC ,BC547 transistor and a 10 ohm resistor .

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The LM35 right end which is the emitter point is connected to the base of the breadboard.
The middle point which is the base of LM35 is connected to the base point of the BC547
NPN transistor, and the collector end of the LM35 is connected to the first end of the 10
ohm resistor. The Collector end of BC547 transistor is connected to the first end of the
resistor, the base is already been connected to the base point of the LM35 sensor and the
right end which is the emitter end is connected to the base of the breadboard. The L293D is
placed right at the center in the breadboard. The 5th port of the IC is connected to the second
end of the 10 ohm resistor whose first ends are connected with the collectors of LM35
sensor and BC547 transistor. The DC motor fan is now connected with its two ends of the
terminal to the 6th and 7th ports of the L293D IC respectively. Finally to get the output we
need to supply certain amount of voltage through the breadboard. A 9volt battery is used as
a voltage supplying device and its anode which is the positively charged side of the battery
is connected to the 7th port of the L293D IC and its cathode which is the negatively charged
side of the battery is connected to the 6th port of the IC. Now, the connections are complete
and the output is given.
Upon switching on the battery, the dc motor fan starts to rotate, as the temperature around
and through the LM35 is a room temperature which is generally above 25*C , the fan rotates
at a greater speed , in order to test the speed control , one can place there hand on LM35 ,our
body being a heat absorber starts to absorb the heat across the LM35 ,this reduces the heat
and therefore decreases the speed of the fan simultaneously. This proves that for an LM35
as the temperature increases the fan speed increases and vice versa.
 RESULT:-
Here is the image of the resulting output.

CONCLUSION:-

The speed of the fan is controlled based upon the temperature through the LM35 sensor ,the
speed of the fan is directly proportional to the temperature across the LM35 sensor.

REFERENCES:-
The above information is collected from –
1) BIBLIOGRAPHY-referred from BEEE text book.
2) WEBLIOGRAPHY- referred from the net, websites etc.