5th Conference on Knowledge-Based Engineering and Innovation, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Microgrid Optimal Planning in Two Functional

Modes Grid Connected and the Intentional Islanding

Ehsan Baneshi Seyed Majid Hojber kalali

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Marvdasht, Technical and vocational Bahar Institute of higher Education 2th kowsar
University(TVU) mashhad,Iran
Marvdasht, Iran kalalimajid@yahoo.com
e. baneshi121265@gmail.com Tel Number:+989354079156
Tel Number: +989352380344

Abbas Barzandeh Dehkordi

Department of Electrical Engineering,
Islamic Azad University of Najfabad
Isfahan,Iran
abbasbarzande@yahoo.com
Tel Number: +989381401193

Abstract— Since one of the most important is the island's islet
grid, planning for intentional or unintentional island operations
should also be done. To do this, the uncertainty of the renewable
resources of the production system can be considered in
production planning to ensure greater network load and cost
reduction along with network constraints and optimal load
distribution. So, if these are not met, microgrids with a lot of
critical loads may not be able to respond to all customer demand.
Therefore, an analytical algorithm is used to solve the problem of
production planning in the grid, including renewable non-
renewable distributed generation (DG) resources, with the
participation of hour demand response (DR) times in the
intentional island state and the state of connection to the
upstream nationwide network with regard to the assumptions of
uncertainty Utilization is provided in accordance with the
conditions of the shared energy market and subsidiary services.
Therefore, an analytical algorithm is used to solve the problem of
production planning in the grid, including distributed and
renewable non-renewable resources, with the participation of
hour demand response times in the intentional island state and
the state of connection to the upstream nationwide network with
regard to the assumptions of uncertainty Utilization is provided
in accordance with the conditions of the shared energy market
and subsidiary services. Of course, with the assumption that all
of the scattered energy resources, including diesel generators,
renewable resources and energy storage, are owned by the main
controller of the micro grid. In addition, in the electricity market
structure discussed in this paper, the grid storage in the grid
operation mode through the upstream grid and in the island's
deliberate performance mode through diesel sources of
synchronous generator are provided on the network. The
uncertainties of exploiting the micro-grid forced departure wind
turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) distributed generation units.
Finally, the technical and economic results obtained from the
implementation of case studies show that the proposed analytical
model can accurately program optimal microgrid under different
conditions of energy market and reservation.
Keywords— Planning; Microgrid; Uncertainty; Renewable
Resources; Distributed Generation
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric power generation companies tend to use distributed
generation energy sources close to the cargo location for
technical, economic, and environmental reasons. A large
number of sources classified as distributed generation include
diesel generators, battery houses, photovoltaic cells, fuel cells,
wind turbines and micro turbines. Micro-Grids is a new
concept in power system that has recently attracted a lot of
attention and much research has been done in relation to the
exploitation and control of the capacity of the sources of these
networks. In [1, 2], a metric method has been used in terms of
electricity costs, emissions and service quality, each of which
has been considered with a suitable weight factor. This method
is used for both operating modes, microgrid connected to the
network and disconnected from the network has been studied.
In [3], an intelligent energy management system is utilized for
optimal micro-grid operation, which includes heat and power
generation for 24 hours a day, while simultaneously
minimizing emissions and total cost of operation. Some
researchers have considered optimal offer models on the
market for the priced thermal units, with or without regard to

978-1-7281-0872-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 857

bilateral contracts [4]. The pricing strategy of traditional
manufacturing companies has been investigated by using non-
smoothing and non-smoothing models [5]. A complex integer
programming model has been investigated to optimize the
production planning of a unit with a simple pricing strategy.
Approximate step price curves with boundary price linear
functions are investigated. The price includes information on
how much and when and where and how much at what price, at
what price and when purchased or sold [6]. In [7], a fairly
complete review of the pricing strategy in the electricity
market. Micro grid have a centralized or distributed control
system at the distribution voltage level.
These systems have the ability to operate in both network-
connected and network-independent mode. In order to achieve
micro grid capabilities such as increasing reliability, improving
power quality, reducing energy supply costs and reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, Providing an energy management
system is important considering the optimal performance of
each of the available resources in the grid and the global
network, with the goal of better managing the demand of the
load under different circumstances. In order to achieve the
capabilities of the grid, such as increasing reliability,
improving power quality, reducing energy supply costs and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing an energy
management system taking into account the optimal
performance of each of the available resources in the micro
grid and the global network is important in order to better
manage load demand under different circumstances. But these
systems fail to meet demand when demand exceeds the
maximum available capacity.
Under such conditions, the use of backup systems such as
diesel generators, energy storage systems, or demand-side
management are options that contribute significantly to the
reduction of supply and demand mismatch [8]. Depending on
the small capacity of the small-scale power grid, the frequency
is subject to extreme deviations, which results in heavy offsets
and increases the risk of damage to the system. In fact, system
security is significantly more important in micro-grids, because
the concept of micro grid is to obtain sustainable, clean and
affordable energy for consumers. Therefore, frequency is a
major control factor in the grid management system. As a
result, proper control of the grid frequency will not only
guarantee security, but also help to save the entire power
system from undesirable power events [9, 10].
In this paper, the following assumptions are considered to
solve the production planning problem in the microgrid: All
distributed energy sources, including gas turbines, diesel
generators and storage, are the main controllers of the grid. The
electricity market framework is in a way that the main
controller of the grid can participate in the planning for the
electricity market of the day ahead. The microgrid can connect
or detach the upstream grid. Subscriber electricity sales tariffs
are fixed throughout the planning period, and contracts with
responsive charges are based on the subscription cost of
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subscribers, and are provided in the structure of the network
spinning stock market in intentional islands through the
synchronous diesel generator resources available on the
network. In the second part of the paper, we discuss the Smart
microgrid, and then in the third section, the proposed model for
the planning of the grid for island performance and the state of
the connection to the global network is presented. In the fourth
section, the proposed model is tested on a sample microgrid
and the planning results for intentional island state function and
upstream network connection mode are analyzed. In the fifth
part, the paper is also discussed.
II. MICROGRID SMART
Micro-grid systems can be exploited more efficiently than
centralized power generation and transmission systems. The
decrease in the power network density, which is achieved by
the appropriate coordination between load and production, is
unlike the high-capacity conventional power plants, the
capacity of the microgrid in micro-grid systems is in the scale
of consumption loads, so the balance between supply and
demand of electricity is more economical Can be established.
The existence of diverse sources of production that can
complement each other, as well as controllable loads, improves
the power quality, reliability and flexibility of the
microprocessor system. The supply of loads is due to the
presence of microgrid systems. Microbes feed two types of
unbreakable and disconnected loads. The non-detachable load
is to be provided without interruption, according to certain
scheduling. The microgrid must provide priority to unbundling
charges at a disadvantage, and provide this kind of charge
regardless of cost. While the load-bearing loads are more
flexible, the microgrid management system can cut down or
reduce demand for this type of load at the time it's needed.
Obviously, the cost of energy purchased by the joint, as well as
the cut-off cost of electricity that is paid at a time when the
electricity is broken by the micro-grid, is far less than unbroken
loads in the cut-off charges.
Controlling a micro-grid system has a lot to do with
balancing and coordinating power and energy and storing
energy. In order to exploit a micro-grid system in a coordinated
manner, process and decision-making processing is important
for balancing supply and demand. There are several levels and
methods of control for the microgrid, ranging from totally
decentralized control to basically centralized control, which is
proportional to the division of responsibilities and
responsibilities of the central controller of the microgrid
system, micro-controller and load controllers. In a completely
decentralized manner, the main responsibility is given to Micro
controllers that compete to maximize their production in order
to meet demand and possibly maximize sales to the upstream
network, taking into account existing market prices. Micro
controller uses local information to control the voltage and
frequency of the microgrid system in a transient condition. The
microcontroller must be adapted for each type of microwave
source (photovoltaic, fuel cell, microturbines). Microcontroller
resources when connected to the grid are generating energy by
managing the central controller of the micro-grid system, they
also have the necessary autonomy for local optimization of
active and reactive power generation, and in island conditions
they can also provide energy follow the relevant consumer at a
high speed. Load controllers are also installed alongside
controllable loads to apply strategies implemented by the
central controller of the microgrid system, such as demand-side
management or load-termination strategy on controlled loads.
Depending on the mode of operation, these controllers have a
certain level of intelligence for taking local decisions [11, 12].
Due to the fact that microgrid have the ability to sell high-
power network, in order to connect to the medium voltage
network and also to gain more profit from the use of the
microgrid, the proposed hierarchical control method is used as
the microstructure control structure. Except for the third and fourth semesters in the above
objective function, which is similar to the network connection
mode in the microgrid, the third term includes the revenue
III. FORMULATION OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FOR from the use of synchronous diesel generators in the microgrid,
MICROGRID OPTIMUM PLANNING as well as the fourth semester of the revenue from the sale of
spinning reserve from these units to the microgrid as the
A. Objective function Backing of the micro-grid reliability in the mode of operation
The objective function of the microgrid planning in the of the microgrid as a intentional islanding.
presence of responsive response times DR and synchronous
diesel generators are defined in (1) and (2) with regard to the B. The constraints of the operation of the microgrid
network's uncertainties, including the random failure of In the target function, when connecting the grid to the
photovoltaic (PV) sources.
upstream nationwide network, is the income or the
If connect to the nationwide network: cost of selling or purchasing every Kwh of electricity to the
upstream grid ($/ Kwh) depends on the time and type of
exchange of power and energy prices at that time , in fact, this
parameter is variable with time.

If it is possible to buy and sell in a network with the

upstream nationwide network connection, this semester can
take positive and negative values. In this paper, the cost of lost
load as an indicator of the reliability assessment of microgrid
with (4) is considered in the objective function.

The first two semesters for the target function are revenue
generated by rising consumer load demand and energy sales to
the upstream network. The second two semesters include the
expected cost of unpaid subscriber energy and the cost spent on
purchasing and maintaining a positive and negative spinning
reserve from the upstream nationwide network.
In case of microgrid Intentional Island Performance:
In the above relation, the index is defined as
the average loss due to the disconnection of each Kwh load,
which, depending on the type load of removable or non-
removable load, is the average loss due to the outage of each
kwh, Consumption load is different.
Then the lost energy of the subscribers can be obtained
based on all the lack of production capacity due to the failure
of the photovoltaic units and the sources of wind turbine that
leads to interruption of the load, according to (5). In addition, it

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should be noted that the sources of synchronous diesel
generator in the network are assumed to be quite reliable.
Uncertainty of operation on the production side of wind
turbines and photovoltaic sources is the total output of each
renewable resource used to calculate the amount of energy lost
by subscribers and the corresponding cost, based on the
average value of the lost load of the subscribers connected to
the microgrid.

Indicator is the amount of

disconnected load for each of the shortage of production to the
spinning reserve from the microgrid internal consumption and
is the probability of the outflow of the
photovoltaic source from the renewable generation system.
Index The amount of disconnected
load consumers for each of the situations of shortage of
production to the spinning reserve of internal consumption of
the microgrid, then the compulsory exit of each wind turbine,
and is the probability of the wind turbine
output leaving the renewable generation system. The extent of
the load limit can be defined according to the previous
agreement with consumers between a minimum and maximum
range according to (6).

Considering the expected load demand for the next day at

each hour and the hourly response after the failure and exits of
the renewable source of photovoltaic and wind turbine, the
amount of load dropped from the grid subscribers is
determined in accordance with (7). Fig. 1. Proposed Analytic Algorithm for optimal microgrid planning

A. Microgrid planning in mode of operation connected to the

IV. SIMULATION STUDIES
The optimal microgrid planning with presumed conditions
for contributing responsive hourly loads and the presence of a
diesel generator in addition to the renewable sources of wind
turbines, are detailed in Fig. 1. Firstly, using radiation data and
wind speed, the production of renewable resources is predicted
with high precision. Then, the coefficients of the cost function
of the synchronous diesel generators connected to the
microgrid and the demand of the subscriber's load are
considered, and the price-power offers are submitted for the
hourly response level of loads connected to the microgrid will
be delivered to the operator every hour of the scheduling of the
next day. In addition, according to the statistics, the wind
turbine and photovoltaic unit failure rate is calculated to
calculate system reliability indices.
global network (first case)
The input data of the system includes wind speed data and
solar radiation during the advance of the day and the hourly
load demand curve and hourly load response suggestions,
technical specifications of the equipment including the
hydrogen tank, fuel cell, inverter, battery and the electrolizer,
and so on. Wind data and solar radiation are accurately
sampled per hour. For three wind turbines WT1, WT2 and
WT3 assigned in a wind farm wind speed curves in meters per
second, and for PV1, PV2 and PV3 assigned in a solar farm the
radiation in watts per square meter is shown in Figs. 2 and 3,
respectively. The probability of the unavailability of each unit
of wind on the basis of the annual statistical data in each hour
and night is 0.00577, 0.00456, and 0.00342, respectively.
Three wind turbines in microgrid are fitted with the following
technical data. The rated capacity of the WT1 wind turbine unit
is 125 KW, WT2 is 100, and WT3 is 100 KW. The nominal
speed of each turbine is 35 m / s, the downstream speed of each
turbine is 20 and 75 m / s, as well as the output power at a high

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cutoff of 75 KW, and, moreover, the efficiency of each
converter is 95% , 85% and 90%.
Fig. 2. Wind units production curve based on wind speed during the half-day
Fig. 3. Estimation of solar radiation intensity on photovoltaics sources during
the half-day
The upstream energy price for the courses from 1 to 7 is $
10 and for $ 8 to $ 12, it is $ 14. By simulating for the study of
the base state, the numerical value of the profit from the
presence of the microgrid in the market for the next half-day
market is estimated at $ 21869,014. The battery in the test grid
is optimally planned for charging time periods of 2, 5, 6 and 7,
and the power received by the distributed generation sources
for charging is equal to 50, 19.3, 5.8 and 17.9 KW,
respectively. While the battery is scheduled for time periods 1,
4, 8, 9, and 10 for discharging, the power delivery to the
inverter is scheduled to be 20, 20.05, 23.89, 14.44, and 5.74
KW respectively for the consumption of subscribers to the
microgrid busbar inject. Regarding the optimal behavior of
responsive hourly loads, based on the energy cost per hour, the
energy sales through the microgrid to the upstream nationwide
network are optimally according to Table 1.
TABLE I. SALES OF ENERGY SOLD TO THE UPSTREAM NATIONWIDE
NETWORK DURING THE HALF-DAY
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As can be seen from the simulation results, during periods
3, 11, and 12, with increasing radiation intensity and wind
speed, increasing the production of renewable resources, some
energy is sold to the grid through microgrid. In addition, in
order to maintain the reliability of microgrid subscriber
demand and ensure the power sold to the grid, the amount of
spinning stock at a price equivalent to a percentage of the
energy price is purchased optimally, as shown in Table 2.
TABLE II. PURCHASE OF MICROGRID SPINNING RESERVE FROM THE
UPSTREAM NATIONWIDE NETWORK TO DEAL WITH OPERATING UNCERTAINTIES
DURING THE HALF-DAY.
It is easy to deduce from the simulation results that with
increasing the level of load and output after forced departure of
each renewable resource, optimally, despite the purchase of
spinning reserve, the amount of load loss increased, in
proportion to the unprotected energy costs expected by
subscribers also increases. By modeling the first-order forced
exits of each of the three photovoltaic PV1, PV2 and PV3
sources, it is expected that when the capacity of the microgrid's
renewable resources is reduced from the load demand level of
the subscriber to the spinning reserve purchased from the
nationwide network, falling load occurs. Considering that first-
order forced-outs of wind turbine units and solar fields are
considered here as exploitation uncertainties. So, after
simulating these exits and examining the performance of the
microgrid and calculating the discharged load in each of the
states, the optimal amount of expected energy costs is not
provided by the subscribers corresponding to the spinning
reserve purchased from the upstream network during the night
and the following day, as shown in Fig. 4 Obtained.
Considering various parameters such as the load demand level
in each period, the energy sold to the upstream nationwide
network, the intensity of sunlight during the day, and the wind
speed curve for solar power sources and the microgrid wind.
The load response time of the post-implementation and
simulation the proposed model is optimally determined in
accordance with Fig. 5.
Fig. 4. The expected unprotected energy costs of Microgrid subscribers
during the half-day (first case)
Fig. 5. Responsive hourly load microgrid in KW during the half-day due to
operating uncertainties (first case)
The amount of DR positive actually indicates a decrease in
the consumption level at that hour from the expected value,
while the DR value indicates a rise in the load demand level
than the expected value, as seen from the simulation results. A
half-day for periods of 1 to 12 would logically be with DR
positive, that is, reducing demand for subscribers. Responsive
load segments according to the price suggestions are shown in
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Hourly load segments Responsive microgrid in KW during the half-
day due to exploitation uncertainties (first case)
B. Microgrid planning in mode of intentional island
performance (second item)
This time, microgrid planning has been tested for intense
island performance mode, and diesel generator participation
has been upgraded to secondary services and energy
generation, replacing the microgrid connection to the global
network. The DG1 and DG2 capacities are respectively 150
and 250 KW, respectively. By performing simulations for
studying the base state, the numerical value of the profit from
the presence of the microgrid in the market for the next half-
day market is estimated at $ 500,226. Under the operating
conditions of the islands of intentional grid, this time the
battery is planned to be optimally optimized for the time period
12 for the charge, and the power received by the distributed
generation sources for charging is 29.16 KW. While the battery
is not scheduled for any period of time for discharge as a result
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of power delivery to the inverter. Moreover, optimally, through
distributed sources of resources under these conditions, in the
12th year, the energy of 52.39 KW will be delivered to the
electrolyzer, and only during the 12th year, the fuel cell will
receive 49.77 KW of fuel from the hydrogen tank. In the
course of 1, 27.5 KW of energy from the hydrogen tank are
injected into the fuel cell. Regarding the optimal behavior of
responsive hourly loads, based on the energy cost per hour, the
energy generation through the diesel generators for the
microgrid will be optimal according to Table 3.
TABLE III. ENERGY SALES OF SYNCHRONOUS DIESEL GENERATOR TO
MICROGRID DURING THE HALF-DAY
As can be seen from the simulation results, during the
period from 1 to 11, due to the low cost of generating diesel
generators, they both have contributed equally to the supply of
micro-grids. However, due to the high supply of spinning
reserve, these resources do not have any spinning reserve to
cover the uncertainty of exploitation of the micro-grid. With
the modeling of first-order compulsory exits, each of the three
PV1, PV2 and PV3 photovoltaic sources is expected the falling
load occurs, when the capacity of the microgrid's renewable
resource generation is reduced from the load demand level of
the subscriber to the microgrid. Considering that first-order
forced-outs of wind turbine units and solar panels are
considered here as exploitation uncertainties. So, after
simulating these exits and examining the performance of the
microgrid and calculating the disrupted load in each of the
situations, the optimal amount of expected energy costs is not
provided by subscribers as shown in Fig. 7. Considering
various parameters such as demand level Grid production
system with intentional islanding performance, amount of load
response hourly after implementation and simulation of the
proposed model is optimally as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 7. The expected unprotected energy costs of microgrid subscribers
during the half-day (second case)

Fig. 8. Responsive hourly load microgrid in KW during the half-day due to
operating uncertainties (second case)
Regarding the functional state of the island's intentional
grid, this time the responder takes negative values and
collectively increases the total load of the grid over the course
of the week. Hourly responsive load cell segments in the mode
of island performance of the grid are based on the suggestions
for increasing cost-based consumption as shown in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Hourly load segments Responsive microgrid in KW during the half-
day due to exploitation uncertainties (second case)
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, determining the optimal capacity of energy
resources was studied considering the load model as a virtual
power plant in an independent micro-grid interacting with the
electricity market. The proposed micro-grid of solar panels and
wind turbines has been used as power generators, and from
batteries and hydrogen tanks as energy storage. It can be
deduced from simulation results that with increasing load
levels and production rates after forced departure each of the
renewable sources of production, optimally, despite the
purchase of spin-offs, increases the amount of load lost, in line
with the expected unprotected energy costs of subscribers. The
proposed micro-grid system in this paper, as the results show,
is a good and efficient model because it is able to meet
consumer demand. Also, due to the presence of batteries in the
proposed micro-grid structure, batteries can be used as energy
storage and charge trackers, which increases reliability in
supplying demand. Also, due to the presence of batteries in the
proposed micro-grid structure, batteries can be used as energy
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storage and load trackers, which increases reliability in
supplying demand. The technical and economic results
obtained from the implementation of case studies show that the
proposed analytical model is able to accurately optimal
planning micro-grid under different conditions of the energy
market and reserve.
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