6 DC Generators

EE 3283
Electrical Machines
6. DC Generators
Dr. Umer Amir Khan

Electrical Machines V2019 – Dr Umer Amir Khan
1. Introduction
Mechanical Electrical
Generator
Energy Energy
•Source of mechanical power are called Prime movers.

•Prime movers can be
•Steam turbine
•Diesel Generator
•Electric Motor
Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 2

1.1 Introduction - Types
•Major types of DC Generators

1. Separately Excited Generator
2. Shunt Generator
3. Series Generator
4. Cumulatively Compounded Generator
5. Differentially Compounded Generator

1.2 Equivalent Circuit Model
Direction of current is
reversed as compared
to motor.

1.3 Terminal Characteristics
•Terminal Characteristics of a machine is a plot
of the output quantities of the machines with
each other.
•For DC generators, Output quantities are:
•Terminal Voltage (VT)
•Line Current (IL)
•In most of the cases the speed of prime mover is
constant and it will be considered constant for all
the analysis.

1.4 Voltage Regulation
•Very important factor determining capability of
the generators.
Vnl → Terminal Voltage at no load

Vfl → Terminal Voltage at full load

2. Separately Excited Generator
•Field current is supplied by external DC voltage

source.

•Output quantities are VT and IL
•What will happen when the load being supplied
by the generator increases??
•Speed is constant

•When Load increases

•IL → Increases (IAalso increases)
•As armature current increases, IARA drop increases
•Thus the VT falls.


2.2 Terminal Voltage Control
•Terminal voltage of generator can be controlled

by changing EA.
EA = kw
Changing the flux Changing the speed of

rotation
•Field resistance decrease,

•Field current increases (IF = VT/RF↓)
•Field current increases, the flux increases
EA = kw

•Prime mover speed control is usually very limited.

•Most preferred of Voltage Control is through Field
Resistance Control

•Separately Excited
generator supplying
power to R load.
•Affect of change in
field resistance.

2.3 Example

2.3 Example

3. Shunt DC Generator
•It supplies its own field current.
•Field windings are connected directly across the
terminals of the machines


•No external power supply is required for the field
circuit.
•BUT if the generator supplies its own field current,
how does it gets its initial flux???

3.1 Voltage built up in Shunt Generator
•Voltage buildup depends on presence of residual flux in poles

•When generator starts, an internal voltage will be generated.
•A voltage will appear across terminals and it will cause a field

current to flow
(IF = VT/RF)
•Field current will cause flux to flow and increase EA.
EA = kw
•It will increase terminal voltage
•This will result in increase of field current

VT
IF =
RF
EA = kw

Saturation in the magnetic poles will finally limit

the terminal voltage

3.1 Voltage built up - Problem
•What if a Shunt generator is started and no voltage built

up???
1. Problem of no Residual Flux
•Disconnect the field from the armature
•Connect an external DC source / Battery.
•Current from DC source will leave some residual flux.
•It is called flashing the field.

3.1 Voltage built up - Problem
2. Direction of Rotation or Field Windings connection reversed
•Internally generated voltage will produce flux that will be
opposite to residual flux.
•Instead of adding it will subtract the residual flux.
•The voltage can be never built-up.
•Reverse the direction of winding or rotation

•To understand, start from unloaded and add loads.

•As load increases
•IARA drop increases
•As VT decreases
•Flux is decreased
EA = kw
•This further decreases VT. Voltage drop-off is steeper than
only IARA drop.

Voltage generation of this equipment is worse than voltage regulation

of the same piece of equipment connected separately excited.

3.3 Voltage Control- Shunt Generators
•Terminal voltage of generator can be controlled by

changing EA.
EA = kw
Changing the speed of

Changing the flux
rotation

•Field resistance RF decrease,
EA = kw


Resistance Control

4. Series DC Generator
•Field is connected in series with the armature.
•Due to high current, Field windings will be thick and have
few turns.

4. Series DC Generator

•Only residual flux exists at no load

•As load increases
•EA rises rapidly

EA = kw
•The drop across windings also rises quickly
•So the affect is

•Initially the core is unsaturated and

rise in EA goes more rapidly than the
loss. VT rises.
•As the core gets saturated and EA

becomes constant. Now, the drop
becomes dominant affect


4.2 Application
•It is a bad constant voltage source.

•It can be used for few specialized applications.
•Arc Welding
•Before start of welding, both electrodes are connected.
•A large load current flows and the voltages rises sharply.
•The operator separates the electrodes and a welding arc is
maintained through the air between the electrodes.

4.2 Application

4.2 Application

•Both Series and Shunt Fields.
•Mmf from the two fields are additive and produce a
combined field.


5. CCG – Terminal Characteristics
•If the load on generator is increased.
•Terminal Voltage has a decreasing affect
•Terminal Voltage has an increasing affect
EA = kw

•Two opposite affects exist.

•One is decreasing terminal voltage
•Other is increasing terminal voltage
Which effect
predominates in a given
machine?????

•All depends on number of series turns placed over the
poles of the machine.
•Number of series turns further classifies CCG into three
types
•Under-compounded
•Flat-compounded
•Over-compounded

5.a CCG – Under-Compounded
•With few series turns, resistive voltage effect is dominant

5.b CCG – Flat-Compounded
•With few more turns of series wire on the poles,
•At first flux-strengthening effect wins and terminal voltage rises
with load.
•As load keeps on increasing, resistive drops become stronger and
terminal voltage drops

5.c CCG – Over-Compounded
•With greater number of turns of series wire on the poles,
•The flux strengthening effect predominates for a longer time
before resistive drop takes over.
•Full-load terminal voltage is higher than no-load terminal voltage.

5.2 CCG – Multiple Characteristics
•It is possible to realize all these characteristics in a single generator.
•Diverter Resistor is used.
•Series windings has larger number of turns

•For large value of R

•Most current flows through series winding and the CCG is over-
compounded.
•CCG is over-compounded.
Large

•For Small Value of R
•Most current flows through R and less current flows through the
series winding and CCG is under-compounded.
•CCG is under-compounded.
Small

Same mechanism can be used in CC motors to
have large initial torque and then good speed
characteristics.

5.3 Voltage Control- CC Generators
•Terminal voltage of generator can be controlled by

changing EA.
EA = kw
Changing the speed of

Changing the flux
rotation
•Field resistance RF decrease,

EA = kw


Resistance Control

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EE 3283

Dr. Umer Amir Khan

•Source of mechanical power are called Prime movers.

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 2

•Major types of DC Generators

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 3

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 4

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 5

Vnl → Terminal Voltage at no load

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 6

•Field current is supplied by external DC voltage

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•When Load increases

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Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 10

•Terminal voltage of generator can be controlled

Changing the flux Changing the speed of

•Field resistance decrease,

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 12

•Prime mover speed control is usually very limited.

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Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 14

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 15

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 16

Electrical Machines – Dr Umer Amir Khan 17

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•Voltage buildup depends on presence of residual flux in poles

•A voltage will appear across terminals and it will cause a field

•This will result in increase of field current

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Saturation in the magnetic poles will finally limit

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•What if a Shunt generator is started and no voltage built

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•To understand, start from unloaded and add loads.

•IARA drop increases

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Voltage generation of this equipment is worse than voltage regulation

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•Terminal voltage of generator can be controlled by

Changing the speed of

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•Prime mover speed control is usually very limited.

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•Only residual flux exists at no load

•EA rises rapidly

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•Initially the core is unsaturated and

•As the core gets saturated and EA

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•It is a bad constant voltage source.

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