Bio 30 2nd Long Test What is the Barr body?
_______________________________________
Phenotype is not only dependent on the genotype
but also on the position of the genes on the
chromosome
_______________________________
The proportion of the genotype that will be showing
the expected phenotype _____________________
All (100%) will show the traits ___________
Not all will show the trait _______________
The degree in which a particular phenotype effect is
exhibited by an individual ____________________
When one gene has multiple phenotypic effects
(ex. Sickle cell anemia) ______________________
The environmental mimic of gene action;
environmental factor induces a particular
phenotype that resembles a genetically determined
phenotype (ex. Hair curling) __________________
External environmental factors responsible for
difference in Penetrance and Expressivity
_________________________________________
Internal environmental factors responsible for
difference in Penetrance and Expressivity
_________________________________________
Lecture 4
Linkage in sweet peas was discovered by
_________________________________________
in _____
This is the linear arrangement of non-allelic genes
on the same chromosome. When the genes do not
assort independently _______________________
When two or more non-allelic genes are closely
located in linear order on the same chromosome
_________________________________________
When two or more non-allelic genes on the same
chromosome are far apart from each other
_________________________________________
This occurs when a gene, which produces a certain
phenotype often unrelated to sex, is located on sex
chromosomes ____________________________
Sex Determination
The three types of genetic determination
___________________________________
Example of environmental sex
determination
_________________________________
A type of chromosomal sex determination
________________________
What is Lyonization?
________________________________________
Lecture 5
He developed the quantitative genetics in ______,
including the hypothetical entity and chemical
compound as viewpoints about genetics.
________________________________________
What is the chemical composition of the
chromosome? ____________________________
Characteristics of Genetic Material (H.J. Muller)
1. Can __________ itself with extra fidelity
2. ________ molecular structure
3. _________ is duplicated faithfully
4. Can carry all necessary ______ information
5. Can transmit information form __________
to generation
6. Stored information must be _______ and
__________ into action
DNA as the Genetic Material
1. Relative constancy of DNA in all
___________________
2. Haploid cell has ______ the amount of
DNA in diploid cell
3. Doubling of DNA content at _____ phase
4. Cells with extra sets of chromosomes has a
___________ increase in DNA content
5. __________ of UV absorption with
mutation rates
6. Transformation and ___________ in
bacteria
7. Production of new viral particles in _______
cells
8. RNA content of TMV caused infection and
not the ________ coat
This is the DNA synthesis ___________
One strand of the parent double helix is conserved
(uses a template strand) in each new DNA
molecule ___________________
They are made up of repeating units of nucleotides
______________
A nucleotide consists of a ________ group, a
pentose ______, and a __________ base
The sugar component of DNA is _______________
and for RNA is ______________
____________ are characterize by the presence of
a double ring structure that has _____ and _____
____________ are composed of a single ring In man hemophilia, the “bleeder’s disease”, in
structure that has ____, ____, and _____ which the time required for blood to clot is
Nucleoside = ____________ + ____________ prolonged, depends on sex-linked recessive allele.
Nucleotide = ___________ + ____________ A woman whose father is hemophilic, but who is
State that DNA from any cell of all organisms not herself a “bleeder” marries a normal man. What
should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine is the chance of hemophilia to appear in their
bases and, that the amount of guanine = cytosine children?
and the amount of adenine = thymine
_____________________________
What is the bond between a nitrogen base and a
sugar?
_________________________________________ Analysis of four double-stranded DNA samples
What is the bond between a sugar and phosphate? yielded the following information:
_________________________________________ Sample 1 – 35 % cytosine Sample 3 – 15% thymine
Where does initiation in replication starts? Sample 2 – 28% guanine Sample 4 – 12% adenine
_________________________________________ a) What would be the percentages of the other
What are the enzymes needed in initiation of bases in each sample?
replication?
_________________________________________
What are the two strands in elongation?
_________________________________________
Why is the coefficient of coincidence a basis for
strength linkage?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________ b) Could any of these samples come from the
The trihybrid AaBbCc is testcrossed to the triple same organism?
recessive aabbcc and the following phenotypes are
obtained in the progeny: 64 abc, 11 aBc, 18 aBC,
14 AbC, 17 Abc, 3 ABc, 71 ABC, 2 abC.
a) Which of these loci are linked? Phage T2 is estimated to consist of about 200,000
deoxy ribonucleotide pairs. Give the length in
micrometers of its DNA complement.

b) What is the correct genotype of each

parent?

Assume 102 nucleotide pairs of DNA to be

c) Determine the map distance between responsible for transcription of particular mRNA
genes? molecule. What is the length of that mRNA in (a)
angstrom? (b) in micrometers?
Genetic expression in general can be regulated at
various stages. Identify specific process that can
control gene expression at the (a) transcription
level, (b) post transcription level, and (c) translation
level.
______ The role of a metabolite that controls a
repressible operon is to
a. bind to the promoter region and decrease the
affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter.
b. bind to the operator region and block the
attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter.
c. increase the production of inactive repressor
proteins.
d. bind to the repressor protein and inactivate it.
e. bind to the repressor protein and activate it.
a. operon b. inducer c. promoter
d. repressor e. corepressor
____This protein is produced by a regulatory gene:
____ A mutation in this section of DNA could
influence the binding of RNA polymerase to the
DNA:
____ A lack of this nonprotein molecule would
result in the inability of the cell to "turn off" genes:
____ When this is taken up by the cell, it binds to
the repressor so that the repressor no longer binds
to the operator.
a. enhancer b. promoter c. activator
d. repressor e. terminator
____ This binds to a site in the DNA far from the
promoter to stimulate transcription:
____ This can inhibit transcription by blocking the
binding of positively acting transcription factors to
the DNA:
____ This is the site in the DNA located near the
end of the final exon, encoding an RNA sequence
that determines the 3' end of the transcript:
a. restriction enzymes b. gene cloning
c. DNA ligase d. gel electrophoresis
e. reverse transcriptase
____ Which of the following produces multiple
identical copies of a gene for basic research or for
large-scale production of a gene product?
____ Which of the following seals the sticky ends of
restriction fragments to make recombinant DNA?
____ Which of the following is used to make
complementary DNA (cDNA) from RNA?
____ Which of the following cuts DNA molecules at
specific locations?
____ Which of the following separates molecules
by movement due to size and electrical charge?
____ A mutation in a codon leads to the
substitution of one amino acid with another. What is
the
name for this type of mutation?
a. nonsense mutation b. missense mutation
c. frameshift mutation d. promoter mutation
e. operator mutation
The following genotypes are found in a population:
AA Aa aa
70 50 20
What are the allele frequencies of A and a?
a. A = 0.86, a = 0.14 b. A = 0.68, a = 0.32
c. A = 0.63, a = 0.36 d. A = 0.32, a = 0.68
e. A = 0.36, a = 0.63
What is the function of histones in DNA packaging?
_________________________________________
Define an operon. Giving an example, explain an
Inducible operon.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Enzyme which can break and seal the DNA strand
_________________________________________
____ The central dogma of molecular biology
states that information flows in one direction from
a. nuclei to RNA to cytoplasm
b. ribosomes to proteins to DNA
c. genes to nuclei to ribosomes
d. DNA to RNA to proteins.
____ The main function of tRNA is to
a. carry a message that, when translated, forms
proteins
b. form a portion of ribosomes, a cell's protein
factories
c. string together complementary RNA and DNA
strands
d. bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the
ribosomes
____ During translation, the type of amino acid that
is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the
a. codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the
rRNA.
b. anticodon on the mRNA and the anticodon on
the tRNA.
c. anticodon on the rRNA and the codon on the
mRNA.
d. codon on the mRNA and the anticodon on the
tRNA.
What happens to lac repressors in E. coli when
lactose is present?
_________________________________________
What happens to lac repressors in E. coli when
lactose is present?
_________________________________________
How does miRNA function to help block gene
expression?
_________________________________________
What stimulates the dissociation of the small and
large subunits of ribosomes?
________________________
It assumes a cloverleaf configuration and has an
anticodon arm that contains three nucleotides
(anticodon) that are complementary to the codon of
the mRNA? ___________________
In the termination of translation,
__________________ would recognize UAA and
UAG while _______________ would recognize
UAA and UGA.
In translation, amino acids are attached to their
respective tRNAs via the action of the enzyme
_____________________ at the expense of ATP.
In the genetic regulation:
__________ The effector molecules induce weakly
transcribed operons to be active
__________ The effector molecules repress the
transcription of an operon
1) In the lactose operon, the molecule that causes
the repressor to fall off the promoter is which of the
following?
a) a corepressor b) an attenuator
c) an inducer d) a regulatory protein
2) In the histidine operon, if the codons coding for
histidine were removed, which of the following
would you predict would happen?
a) the attenuator would form, stopping further
transcription
b) the attenuator would not form, stopping further
transcription
c) the attenuator would form, permitting
transcription to continue
d) the attenuator would not form, permitting
transcription to continue
3) Escherichi coli use antisense regulation to switch
the expression of outer membrane proteins.
Antisense _____________.
a) is a DNA molecule complimentary to the mRNA
b) is a jumping gene
c) is a RNA molecule that degrades the mRNA
d) is an RNA molecule that will bind to the mRNA
4) In the tryptophan operon, tryptophan serves as
________________.
a) a corepressor b) an inducer
c) a catalyst d) a regulatory protein
5) Regulatory proteins bind to ________________.
a) the promoter region of DNA
b) the -10 and -35 region of DNA
c) to RNA polymerase
d) to the operator region of DNA
6) Which of the following is an example of positive
gene regulation?
a) the tryptophan operon
b) the lactose operon using the repressor
c) the lactose operon using CRP-cAMP
d) the histidine operon
7) A transposon ____________.
a) is referred to as a jumping gene
b) is DNA that can remove itself from the
chromosome and insert itself elsewhere
c) is used to regulate surface proteins in b. if the product is present, the enzymes that
Salmonella synthesize this product will not be made
d) all of the above
4. Which of the following is an example of an
8) A cell does not want to waste energy inducible operon?
synthesizing the amino acid arginine if arginine is a. trptophan operon
present in its diet. Therefore, when arginine is b. lac operon
present, it activates a repressor protein to prevent
transcription of genes that code for enzyme to 5. Which molecule binds to the promoter site?
make arginine. This is an example of what type of a. RNA polymerase b. Allolactose
regulation? c. Activator protein d. Repressor protein
a) positive b) negative-repressible
c) negative-inducible d) attenuation 6. Which molecule binds to the operator site?
a. activator protein b. cyclic AMP
9) A regulatory protein that attracts RNA c. repressor protein d. RNA polymerase
polymerase to its promoter is an example of what
type of regulation? 7. Which molecule binds to the DNA and physically
a) positive b) negative-repressible blocks transcription of an operon?
c) negative-inducible d) attenuation a. repressor protein b. activator protein
c. cyclic AMP d. lactose
10) The toxic shock syndrome toxin is produced by e. tryptophan
some Salmonella species when there is not
sufficient iron present. When iron is present, it 8. How does a cell benefit from regulatory control
prevents transcription of the TSS-toxin gene. Iron over expression of its genes?
therefore serves as __________. a. saves energy
a) a corepressor b. saves raw materials
b) an inducer c. can respond to changes in the environment
c) a positive fashion d. all of the above
d) a regulatory protein
9. The lac operon will be on when
1. Which REGULATORY PROTEIN is stimulated a. CAP binds to the activator binding site and the
with high levels of cAMP (low glucose)? repressor binds to the operator site
a. repressor protein b. CAP does not bind to the activator binding site
b. allolactose and the repressor binds to the operator site
c. catabolite activator protein (CAP) c. CAP binds to the activator binding site and the
d. beta-galactosidase repressor does not bind to the operator site
d. CAP does not bind to the activator binding site
2. Which of the following molecules acts as the and the repressor does not bind to the operator site
corepressor in the Trp operon and participates in a
negative feedback loop that is capable of
temporarily shutting down expression of the 5
genes comprising the operon?
a. allolactose b. tryptophan
c. RNA polymerase d. Operon

3. Which of the following statements describes an

inducible operon?
a. an enzyme is made only when its substrate is
present