ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.

T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

We wish to know if we may conclude, at the 95% confidence level, that smokers, in general,
have greater lung damage than do non-smokers.
(1) Data
Smokers: = 17.5 = 16 = 4.4752
Non-Smokers: = 12.4 = 9 = 4.8492
= .05
:
: >
Calculation of Pooled Variance:

If the assumptions are met and is true, the test statistic is distributed as Student's t
distribution with 23 degrees of freedom.
Decision rule
With = .05 and df = 23, the critical value of t is 1.7139. We reject if t > 1.7139.

Statistical decision: Reject because 2.6563 > 1.7139.

Conclusion : On the basis of the data, we conclude that > .
Actual values
t = 2.6558
p = .014

REFERENCE: Daniel, W. W. 1999. Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health

sciences. New York: John Wiley and
Sons. ;https://www.kean.edu/~fosborne/bstat/07b2means.html

2. A software company markets a new computer game with two experimental packaging
designs. Design 1 is sent to 11 stores; their average sales the first month is 52 units with sample
standard deviation 12 units. Design 2 is sent to 6 stores; their average sales the first month is 46
units with sample standard deviation 10 units. Construct a point estimate and a 95% confidence
interval for the difference in average monthly sales between the two package designs.
The point estimate of μ1 − μ2 is In words, we estimate that the average monthly sales for
Design 1 is 6 units more per month than the average monthly sales for Design 2.

H0 : μ1 − μ2
Ha : μ1 − μ2 = ≠ 0 0
α = 0.01

To apply the formula for the confidence interval, we must find tα∕2 . The 95% confidence level
means that α = 1 − 0.95 = 0.05 so that tα∕2 = t0.025 .

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ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.
T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES
in the row with the heading df = 11 + 6 − 2 = 15 we read that t0.025 = 2.131. From the formula
for the pooled sample variance we compute:
sp = (n1−1)s21 + (n2−1)s2 2
n1 + n2−2
= (10) (12)2 + (5) (10) 2
15
= 129.333
= (52-46) – 0
129.3√( 1/11+1/6)\
= 6 .
60.535416854
= 0.099115531

df = 15 we read off t0.005 = 2.947. The rejection region is (−∞, −2.947] ∪ [2.947, ∞)

3. A county environmental agency suspects that the fish in a particular polluted lake have
elevated mercury level. To confirm that suspicion, five striped bass in that lake were caught and
their tissues were tested for mercury. For the purpose of comparison, four striped bass in an
unpolluted lake were also caught and tested. The fish tissue mercury levels in mg/kg are given
below

Sample 1(from Sample 2( from

polluted lake) unpolluted lake)
0.580 0.382
0.711 0.276
0.571 0.570
0.666 0.366
0.598

Hₒ: The Mercury level in the lake is elevated.

Hₐ: Mercury level in the lake is not elevated.

Let: α 0.05
Df: 5+4-2 = 7
Critical Value : 1.895
Critical Region: tc < 1.895

Decision Rule: if tc < 1.895 reject Ho: otherwise, fail to reject.

T = ( 0.6252- 0.3985) – 0
0.17516 √1/5 + ¼

T= 0.2267
0.14635990812

T = 1.929347

S2p = ( 5-1 )0.01476476 2+ ( 4-1 ) 0.639068322

5+4–2

= ( 4 )0.014764762 + ( 3 ) 0.639068322
7

= 0.17516
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ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.
T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

Decision: since tc >1.895, we failed to Reject Ho at the 5% level of Significance

4. . A genetic engineering company claims that it has developed a genetically modified tomato
plant that yields on average more tomatoes than other varieties. A farmer wants to test the
claim on a small scale before committing to a full-scale planting. Ten genetically modified
tomato plants are grown from seeds along with ten other tomato plants. At the season’s end,
the resulting yields in pound are recorded as below.

GENERICALLY REGULAR
MODIFIED
20 21
23 21
27 22
25 18
25 20
27 18
23 25
24 23
22 20
Ho: Mean yield of the genetically modified variety is greater than that for the standard
variety.
Ha: Other varieties of tomato, yields more than the Genetically Modified tomato.
α: 0.1
df: 9+9-2 = 16
Critical Values: 1.337
Critical Region: tc < 1.337, reject Ho

T= ( 24-22 ) – 0
27.49325 √ 1/9 + 1/9

T= 2 .
12.96044234124

T= 0.15431592066

S2p = ( 9-1 ) 4.672 + ( 9-1 ) 5.762

9+9-2

= (8)4.672 + ( 8 ) 5.762
16

= 27.49325

Decision: tc,< 1.337, Reject Ho

,

5. Twenty participants were given a list of 20 words to process. The 20 participants were
randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions. Half were instructed to count the
number of vowels in each word (shallow processing). Half were instructed to judge whether the
object described by each word would be useful if one were stranded on a desert island (deep
processing). After a brief distractor task, all subjects were given a surprise free recall task. The
number of words correctly recalled was recorded for each subject. Here are the data:

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 ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.
T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES
Shallow Processing: 13 12 11 9 11 13 14 14 14 15

Deep Processing: 12 15 14 14 13 12 15 14 16 17

Ho: instructions given to the participants significantly affect their level of recall
Ha: instructions given to the participants has no significant effect their level of recall

α 0.025
df : 10 + 10 – 2 = 18
Critical Value: 2.101
Critical Region :
Treatment Group: Shallow Deep

Mean: 12.600 14.200

Variance: 3.378 2.622

n: 10 10

T = (12.60 – 14.20)
9.1429 √ 1/10 + 1/10

= - 0.3913100618

S2p = ( 10-1 ) 3.378 2+ ( 10-1 ) 2.6222

10 + 10 - 2

= (9)3.3782 + ( 9 ) 2.6222
18

= 102.698 + 61.874
18

= 9.1429

Decision: tc < 2.101 ; We Reject Ho

Conclusion: Since the obtained t (-2.07) is not greater in absolute value than the
critical t (2.101), we would conclude that there is nota significant difference in recall between
the two treatment groups.
Reference: Bissonnette, V. (2019) T Test for Independent Samples Solution. Retrieved From:
https://sites.berry.edu/vbissonnette/t-test-for-independent-samples-solution/

6. A psychologist was interested in exploring whether or not male and female college students
have different driving behaviors. There were a number of ways that she could quantify driving
behaviors. She opted to focus on the fastest speed ever driven by an individual. Therefore, the
particular statistical question she framed was as follows:

She conducted a survey of a random n = 34 male college students and a random m = 29 female
college students. Here is a descriptive summary of the results of her survey:
Males ( X) Female ( Y)
n= 34 m = 29
Mean 105.5 90.9
sx 20.1 sy 12.2
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ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.
T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES
α = 0.025

H0:μM−μF=0
HA:μM−μF≠0

df : 34 + 29 – 2 = 61
Critical Value: 1.9996

t= (105.5−90.9)−0
16.9√ 134+129

= 3.42
sp=√ 33(20.12)+28(12.22)
61 =16.9
Decision: |t|≥tα/2,n+m−2=t0.025,61=1.9996

Conclusion: There is sufficient evidence at the α = 0.025 level to conclude that the average
fastest speed driven by the population of male college students differs from the average fastest
speed driven by the population of female college students.

Reference: PennState Eberly College of Science (2018)When Population Variances are Equal.
Retrieved From: https://newonlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat414/node/274/.

7. A university administrator wishes to know if there is a difference in average starting salary for
graduates with master’s degrees in engineering and those with master’s degrees in business.
Fifteen recent graduates with master’s degree in engineering and 11 with master’s degrees in
business are surveyed and the results are summarized below. Test, at the 10% level of
significance

Ho: The average starting salaries are different.

Ha: The average starting salaries are the same.

n mean s
Engineering 15 68535 1627
Business 11 63250 2033

df: 15 + 11 – 2 = 24
Critical Value: 1.323
Critical Region: tc < Reject Ho

T = (68535 – 63250)
3266279. √ 1/15 + 1/10

= 0.003963394883

S2p = ( 15-1 ) 16272 + ( 11-1 ) 20332

15 + 11- 2 = 24

= (14) 16272 + ( 10 ) 20332

24

= 3266279
Decision: Tc < 1.323; reject Ho

Conclusion: There is the data provided sufficient evidence to conclude that the average starting
salaries are different.

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ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.
T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

8. A gardener sets up a flower stand in a busy business district and sells bouquets of assorted
fresh flowers on weekdays. To find a more profitable pricing, she sells bouquets for 15 dollars
each for ten days, then for 10 dollars each for five days. Her average daily profit for the two
different prices are given below. sufficient evidence to conclude the gardener’s average daily
profit will be higher if the bouquets are sold at $10 each

Significance level of 10%

Ho: There is sufficient evidence to conclude the gardener’s average daily profit will be higher if
the bouquets are sold at $10 each

N mean s
$15 10 171 26
$10 5 198 29

df : 10+5 -2 = 13
Critical Region: 1.35
Critical Regong: tc < 1.35, Reject Ho

T = (171 – 198)
726.78 √ 1/10 + 1/5

= -0.000068

S2p = ( 10-1 ) 262 + ( 5-1 ) 292

10+5 -2

= (9) 262+ ( 4 ) 292

13

= 726.78

Decision: tc < 1.35, Reject Ho

-0.000068 < 1.35, Reject Ho

Conclusion: The gardener’s average daily profit will not be higher if bouquets are sold at $10
each.

9. Say we wanted to test if a new brand of textbook is a better resource as measured by

provincial exam scores. (alpha = .05) We’ll get two classrooms of the same grade and similar skill
level. We’ll then flip a coin, if heads: Class A gets the current textbook, Class B get the new one.
Otherwise, Class A gets the new one. At the end of the semester, these are the summary stats:

n mean s
Old Text 21 64.3 7.1
Class
New Text 23 68.8 7.4
Class

Ho: new brand of textbook is a better resource

Ha: Old brand of textbook is a better resource

df : 21 + 23 – 2 = 42
Critical Value: 1.682
Critical Region: tc < 1.682; Reject Ho
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ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.
T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES

T = (64.3 – 68.8)
52.6886 √ 1/21 + 1/23

= - 0.282972

S2p = ( 21-1 ) 7.12 + ( 23-1 ) 7.42

21 + 23 - 2

= ( 20 ) 7.12 + ( 22) 7.42

42

= 52.6886

Decision: tc < 1.682; Reject Ho

- 0.282972 < 1.1682 ; Reject Ho

Conclusion: An Old brand of textbook is a better resource

10. When one drug is being tested to replace another, it’s important to check that the new drug
has the same effects on the body as the old drug.
. Expenza*, a name-brand drug is being used to lower blood pressure. We’ve been hired to test
if
Thriftubin*, a cheaper generic drug, has the same effect on blood pressure.
*Made up drug names

N Mean s
Name Brand 79 130 12.6
Generic 16 123.5 13.5

Ho: The new drug has the same effects on the body as the old drug
Ha: The new drug has different effects on the body as the old drug.

Level of Significance: 0.05

df : 179 + 16 – 2 = 93
Critical Value: 1.661
Critical Region: tc < 1.661; Reject Ho

T = (130 – 123.5)
162.55 √ 1/79 + 1/16

= - 0.1459

S2p = ( 79-1 ) 12.62 + ( 16-1 ) 13.52

79 + 16 - 2

= ( 78 ) 12.62 + ( 15 ) 13.52
93

= 162.55

Decision: tc < 1.661; Reject Ho

0.1459 < 1.661; Reject Ho

Conclusion:
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ESTACIO DAPHNIE MAE G.
T TEST (T WO MEANS ) ASSUMING EQUAL VARIANCES
The new drug has different effects on the body as the old drug.
REFLECTION:

REFERENCE for numbers 3-7 : Beginning Statistics (v. 1.0) (2012)

- .s book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0
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asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher,
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request, their name has been removed in some passages. More information is
available on this project's attribution page
(http://2012books.lardbucket.org/attribution.html?utm_source=header). pp 470-
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