AR8621/ BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION-V

Class notes

Compiled by: Ar.Mythili Madhusudhan

Professor,

SOA,MCE
• UNIT I GLASS 15
• Glass as a building material. Brief history of its use through examples.
Manufacture, properties and uses of glass.
• Types of glass - float glass, cast glass, glass blocks, foamed glass,
decorative glass, solar control, toughened glass, wired glass, laminated
glass, fire-resistant glass, glass blocks, structural glass.
• Glass and energy efficiency in buildings. Application of glass in building
industry.
• Introduction to curtain wall glazing. Current innovations.
• Understanding of product literature/ shop drawings. Site visits with
documentation in the form of
• sketches/ photos.
 Light in weight – 11times lighter than normal brick wall – if 1000sqm of brick wall is
replaced by glass then the weight on structure would be reduce by 500tons

Glass can be used in

• Façades
• Skylights
• Light Shelves
• Floors
• Windows
• Doors
• Staircases
• Canopies
• Sloped Glazing
• Table Tops
• Writing Boards
• Interior Cladding

…in every space of a building

RAW MATERIALS
Sand (SiO2):

Limestone (CaCO3):

Dolomite (CaCO3 MgCO3):

Sodash (NaCO3):

Sodic Sulfate (Na2SO4):

Coke

Float glass technology

• In the float process a continuous ribbon of molten glass moves out of a furnace at
1000˚C and floats along the surface of a bath of molten tin

• This gives the glass a natural polish and perfectly flat parallel surfaces producing top
quality glass

• This process has not superseded plate glass throughout the world and almost
eliminated Sheet Glass

• Glass production is done in the float bath where it floats over molten tin – Thereby
called as float glass

– Control over uniformity in thickness

– Low distortion

•
 Float glass: Material properties:

• Density : 2.51 g/cm3

• Refractive Index: 1.5

• Young Modulus/ Modulus of Elasticity: 70 GPa

• Tensile Strength: 40 N/mm2

• Compressive Strength: 1000 N/mm2

• Co Efficient of Linear Expansion: 9 x 10-6 m/mK

• Float Glass – Glazing Type

• Clear Glass

• Tinted Glass – Green, Blue, Bonze, Dark Grey

• Solar Control Glass

• Float glass is manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and
allowing it to cool slowly. The resulting flat, parallel surfaces minimize distortion and
eliminate the need for grinding and polishing. Float glass is the successor to plate
glass and accounts for the majority of flat-glass production.

• Cast glass: Glass casting is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing
molten glass into a mould where it solidifies. The technique has been used since
 the Egyptian period. Modern cast glass is formed by a variety of processes such as
kiln casting, or casting into sand, graphite or metal moulds.

• Glass in Architecture

• Evolved to a contemporary visage

• The glass façade has become the voguish approach to an ultra modern habitat

• Glass provides exquisite exterior views complementing the interiors of the building

• The use of glass does not stop here… Glass can be used in

• Façades

• Skylights

• Light Shelves

• Floors

• Windows

• Staircases

• Interior Cladding

• …in every space of a building

• Glass if used prudently can produce unparalleled results in

• Energy Conservation

• Aesthetics

• Acoustic Insulation

• Day-lighting

• Energy Generation

• Fire Safety

• Glass a suitable product for Building Facade Optimized the utilization of land
cover with reduction in site disturbance

• Vertical growth : High rise building

• Availability of site landscaping

• Provides Multitude of Benefits

• “Wall” enclosure
 • Restricted vision or view

• Closed environment

• Sense of Claustrophobia

• “Glass” Façade

• Unrestricted relaxed view, unhindered by building shape

• Aids in improvement of productivity levels of the occupants by 10-15%

• Light Building Material

• Brick Wall

• Density 2000Kg/m3

• Thickness 220mm

• Weight/Square meter 440 Kg/m2

• Glass

• Density 2.51 g/cm3

• Thickness 12mm

• (considering double glazed unit 6mm outer glass – 12mm air gap – 6mm inner glass)

• Weight/Square meter 30kg/m2

• Considering a typical high rise building – 50 stories high with 40,000m2 glass area

• Estimated weight reduction 16,400 Tons

• Lighter building material

• Considering a typical building -15 floors

• Increasing the window wall ratio for 30% to 45%

• Decrease the overall weight of the building envelope by 670 Tons

• Decrease in the material usage for foundation requirement by 640 Tons

• Net Reduction in weight 1300 Tons

Ease in installation

• Quicker fabrication & installation of glass façade

• One day’s installation

 – Glass façade can cover 150 m2 in comparison with brick wall 70 m2

• Fabrication types

– Semi-Unitized system

– Unitized System

– Frameless Façade

• Dry Construction – Cleaner Project Site utility

• Energy Efficiency

• Daylight Integration

• Glass for safety / security

• Fire safety protection

Glass and Energy Conservation
 Types of glass

• Glass blocks

• Foam glass

• Tempered glass

• Wired glass

• Fire-resistant glass

• Laminated glass

• Windows and Curtain walls

• Decorative glazing

• Structural glazing

• Solar control

Properties of glass

• Engineering Properties of Glass

• Transparency

• Strength

• Workability

• Transmittance

• U value

• Recycle property

• 1. Transparency of Glass

• Transparency is the main property of glass which allows the vision of outside world
through it. The transparency of glass can be from both sides or from one side only. In
one side transparency, glass behaves like mirror from the other side.

• 2. Strength of Glass

• Strength of glass depends on modulus of rupture value of glass. In general glass is a

brittle material but by adding admixtures and laminates we can make it as more
strong.
• 3. Workability of Glass

• A glass can be molded into any shape or it can be blown during melting. So,
workability of glass is superior property of glass.

• 4. Transmittance

• The visible fraction of light that passing through glass is the property of visible
transmittance.

• 5. U value of Glass

• U value represents the amount of heat transferred through glass. If a glass is said to be
insulated unit then it should have lower u value.

• 6. Recycle Property of Glass

• Any glass can be 100% recyclable. It can also be used as raw material in construction
industry.

Uses of glass

• Glass is used in the following non-exhaustive list of products:

• Packaging (jars for food, bottles for drinks, flacon for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals)

• Tableware (drinking glasses, plate, cups, bowls)

• Housing and buildings (windows, facades, conservatory, insulation, reinforcement

structures)

• Interior design and furnitures (mirrors, partitions, balustrades, tables, shelves,

lighting)

• Appliances and Electronics (oven doors, cook top, TV, computer screens, smart-
phones)

• Automotive and transport (windscreens, backlights, light weight but reinforced

structural components of cars, aircrafts, ships, etc.)

• Medical technology, biotechnology, life science engineering, optical glass

• Radiation protection from X-Rays (radiology) and gamma-rays (nuclear)

• Fibre optic cables (phones, TV, computer: to carry information)

• Renewable energy (solar-energy glass, windturbines)

• All of this is made possible by the countless properties of the glass substance.

• GLASS BLOCKS
• Glass blocks can provide light and serve as a decorative addition to an architectural
structure, but hollow glass blocks are non load-bearing unless stated otherwise.
Hollow glass wall blocks are manufactured as two separate halves and, whilst the
glass is still molten, the two pieces are pressed together and annealed. The resulting
glass blocks will have a partial vacuum at the hollow center. Due to the hollow center,
wall glass blocks do not have the load-bearing capacity of masonry bricks and
therefore are utilized in curtain walls.

FOAM GLASS

Foam glass is a porous glass foam material. Its advantages as a building

material include its light weight, high strength, and thermal and acoustic
insulating properties. It is made by heating a mixture of crushed or granulated
glass and a blowing agent (chemical foaming agent) such as carbon or limestone.
Near the melting point of the glass, the blowing agent releases a gas, producing a
foaming effect in the glass. After cooling the mixture hardens into a rigid material
with gas-filled closed-cell pores comprising a large portion of its volume.

Because this material is moisture-proof, fireproof, and anti-corrosive, and the

glass material has the advantages of long-term use performance, it is in harsh
environments such as in heat insulation, deep cooling, underground, open-air,
flammable, damp, and chemical attack. It is favored by users. It is widely used in
wall insulation, petroleum, chemical industry, machine room noise reduction,
highway sound absorption barrier, electric power, military products, etc. and is
called green environmental protection insulation material by users.
 TEMPERED GLASS

• Manufacturing

• Tempered safety glass which has been laminated often does not fall out of its frame
when it breaks – usually due to the anti-splinter film applied on the glass, as seen in
this grocery store meat case.

• Tempered glass can be made from annealed glass via a thermal tempering process.
The glass is placed onto a roller table, taking it through a furnace that heats it well
above its transition temperature of 564 °C (1,047 °F) to around 620 °C (1,148 °F).
The glass is then rapidly cooled with forced air drafts while the inner portion remains
free to flow for a short time.

• An alternative chemical toughening process involves forcing a surface layer of glass

at least 0.1 mm thick into compression by ion exchange of the sodium ions in the
glass surface with potassium ions (which are 30% larger), by immersion of the glass
into a bath of molten potassium nitrate. Chemical toughening results in increased
toughness compared with thermal tempering and can be applied to glass objects of
complex shapes.

• Tempered glass is annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening point and
then rapidly cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the
glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered glass has three to five times the
resistance of annealed glass to impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after
fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively harmless pebble-sized particles.

WIRED GLASS

• Wired glass is flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire mesh
embedded within it to prevent shattering in the event of breakage or excessive heat.
Wired glass is considered a safety glazing material and may be used to glaze fire
doors and windows.

–
Summary of Advantages Visual Security -

• Helps in detection of fire in early stage itself

• Helps in ensuring complete evacuation

 – Unmatched aesthetics

• Transparent and glazed fire doors and partitions to match aesthetics

• Gives a sense of space and allows light to come in

– Breakage resistance –

• Inherent to tempered glass: during transport, jobsite handling &

temporary storage, installation, ongoing use after occupation

– Fire Testing and Certification –

• 2 hours of advanced fire protection

• 3rd party certification schemes including: CE marked (TÜV Rheinland

India), Exova Warrington “Certifire”, Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

• Specialized testing team, we make nearly 500 fire test per year

– Local presence –

• Made in India – cost competitive

• Quick deliveries

•
Required for:

– Guarding applications

– Protection against the risk of injury when broken glass

Curtain Wall Systems Comparison of various systems

Main Design Drivers

Structure

Movements

Weather Resistance

Solar Control

Durability, Quality and

Maintenance

Main Features of Each System

Structural and Movement

Strategies

Weather Resistance Approaches

• Stick Curtain Wall

 • Cassette / Semi-unitised

• Unitised Curtain Wall

Curtain Wall and Glazing System

 Stick Curtain Wall

Components brought to site to be assembled

Installation directly onto the structure

Performance totally reliant on site completed works

Quality difficult to control / monitor

Lots of training and supervision required

DECORATIVE GLAZING

The important parameters related to decorative glazing are:

i. Pertaining to health
a. Environment-friendly products
b. Safe and hygienic
c. Sustainable
ii. comfort
a. innovative applications
b. ease of installation
c. maintenance-friendly
iii. aesthetics
a. nature-inspired colors, textures, patterns
b. versatile
c. modular solutions
iv. the various spaces it can be applied in are
a. kitchens,
b. washrooms
c. residences
d. partitions
e. commercial spaces
f. lift lobby
 Unmatched Aesthetic Appeal

Low Volatile Organic Compounds

Healthier Breathing Spaces

Safe and Sound ambience

Modular & Functional Residences

Luxurious & Efficient Lifestyle

Easy to Maintain Spaces

Comfortable and Clean Homes

Enhancing Privacy

Scratch resistant

Low VOC

Environment friendly

Color Consistency

Hygienic Interior Spaces

Easy to clean and Maintain

Humidity Proof

Easy to install

• Its main functions are to

– Separate building exterior & interior

– Safeguard internal environmental

– Withstand thermal expansion

– Withstand contraction

– Withstand building sway and movement

• Bonding facade panels to curtain wall frame

• Structural grade silicone adhesive / sealant

• Bonding facade panels to curtain wall frame

• Structural grade silicone adhesive / sealant

 STRUCTURAL
GLAZING

TWO- SIDED FOUR- SIDED

GLAZING GLAZING
•
Two-sided Glazing Glass is held mechanically on two opposite sides

• Remaining two sides are adhered to the framing system

• Four-sided Glazing

• All four edges of the panel are structurally bonded to the frame

• Most common & cost efficient

• Structural Design/Facade Systems

• STRUCTURAL DESIGN/ FACADE SYSTEM

• FRAMED

• WINDOWS

• CURTAIN WALLS

• FRAMELESS
•

Frameless Systems

 Bolted systems without any frames

 Contemporary designs; Provide unrestricted vision


Framed Systems
  Structural loads taken by frames

 Glass acts as filling material

• Windows

• Glazed openings on solid walls of a building

• Punch, strip & open able types

•
•
 XL

•
•
• SOLAR CONTROL

• A variety of solar control glass solutions are available, depending on the level of solar
control needed. The glass is manufactured by tinting and/or applying a metallic
coating. Online coating offers a greater range of performance and a more neutral
appearance for solar protection glass. Solar Heat Gain Coefficient or ‘g’ value

• The Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), which measures a window’s ability to
transmit solar energy into a room, is measured in value from 0 to 1. The SHGC is
commonly referred to as the g-value, or solar factor. The lower a window’s g-value,
the greater its ability to insulate against solar heat build up.

• Combinations with other double glazing window solutions

• Solar control glass can be incorporated into double glazing window with
combinations of self-cleaning, Low E and decorative glass solutions. Combining solar
control glass with Low E thermal insulation in one double glazing unit, offers
optimum temperature comfort all year round.

• A solar control glass is a glass with a special coating designed to reduce the amount of
heat entering a building. It reflects and absorbs heat as well as filtering light for
reduced glare. Using a solar control glass can reduce the need for air-conditioning and
blinds. There are many types of solar control glass offering different aesthetic options;
tinted, reflective and neutral.
 •

UNIT II PLASTICS 15
 Plastic as a building material. Brief history of their use through examples.
Manufacture. properties,types, uses and application of plastics in building
industry.
 Different types of adhesives and sealants.
 Plastic joints. Specific materials such as polycarbonate sheet and teflon.
 Introduction to plastic basedproducts in building construction such as
such as doors, windows, ventilators, partitions, floors, walls,roofs,
handrails. Current innovations.
 Understanding of product literature/ shop drawings. Site visits with
documentation in the form of sketches/ photos.
1. 1. ADHESIVES SEALANTS
2. 2. DEFINITION ADHESIVES 1. A material used for holding two surfaces together.
It must wet the surfaces, adhere to the surfaces, develop strength after it has been
applied, and remain stable. 2. It is made from inorganic mineral sources, or biological
sources 3. Adhesive bonding provides flexibility in design and in the use of different
materials 4. a mixture in a liquid or semi-liquid state that bonds items together.
3. 3. HISTORY 4000 B.C The first evidence of a substance being used as an adhesive
Archaeologists studying burial sites of prehistoric tribes found foodstuffs buried with
the deceased in broken pottery vessels that had been repaired with sticky resins from
tree sap.
4. 4. HISTORY Archaeologists have also uncovered statues from Babylonian temples
that have ivory eyeballs glued into eye sockets. This tar-like glue has held for almost
6,000 years. The period of time between 1500-1000 B.C. gave further proof that glue
had become a method of assembly. Paintings and murals showed details of wood
gluing operations. A casket removed from the tomb of King Tut shows the use of glue
in its construction.
5. 5. HISTORY The next period of activity is from 1-500 A.D. when the Romans and
Greeks developed the art of veneering and marquetry, which is the bonding of thin
sections or layers of wood.
6. 6. HISTORY The next period of activity is from 1-500 A.D. when the Romans and
Greeks developed the art of veneering and marquetry, which is the bonding of thin
sections or layers of wood. The industrial revolution caused an explosion in technical
breakthroughs that resulted in new materials becoming available for use in
formulating adhesives.
7. 7. TYPES OF ADHESIVES ANIMAL GLUES are made from the protein extracted
from the bones, hide, hoofs, and horns of animals by boiling. The extract is cooked to
form a gelatin material. The gelatin can the be re-liquified with heat, which gives it
quick setting properties. Its major use has been in the wood and furniture industry.
8. 8. TYPES OF ADHESIVES ON BASIS OF CURING METHOD: A. Non reactive
adhesives 1. Drying adhesives 2. Hot Melt Adhesives 3. Pressure sensitive adhesives
B. Reactive adhesives 1. UV light curing adhesives 2. Heat curing adhesives 3.
Moisture curing adhesives
9. 9. Solvent based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (typically polymers) dissolved
in a Solutions. Solutions are acrylic polymers in petroleum based solvents. Solvent
 Based adhesives are divided into: Wet Bonding adhesives are those where substrates
are joined while adhesive is still wet and then allowed to evaporate. Contact
Adhesives in which both substrates are coated with adhesive which is allowed to
evaporate before the bond is made and the bond is formed by bringing the two coated
substrates together.
10. 10. Water based adhesives These are adhesives that use water as a carrier or diluting
medium, and set by allowing the water to evaporate or be absorbed by the substrate.
One of the major advantages of water based (or waterborne) adhesives is the absence
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Water Based adhesives are divided into wet
bonding adhesives and contact adhesives same as defined in solvent based adhesives.
11. 11. Hot Melt Adhesives also known as hot glue is commonly supplied in solid
cylindrical sticks of various diameters, designed to be melted in an electric hot glue
gun. Pressure Sensitive Adhesive (PSA) adhesives that form a bond with the substrate
on application of light pressure. PSA can be of water based, solvent based and hot
melt.
12. 12. CELLULOSE ADHESIVE is made from a natural polymer found in trees and
woody plants. It is the adhesive used on the cellophane wrapper on cigarette packs; it
is the adhesive on decals we put on windows; and, interestingly enough, the adhesive
used on the strippable wallpaper we have in our homes that allows us to remove the
paper easily. ultraviolet curing adhesives solidify or harden when it exposed to one
source of ultraviolet radiation with an predefined intensity and wavelength. This
process of curing requires less time as compared to heat cured adhesives
13. 13. FISH GLUE a similar protein-based glue made from the skins and bones of fish.
An exceptionally clear adhesive can be CASEIN GLUE made from a protein isolated
from milk. The extraction process creates an adhesive that is waterproof. Its first use
was in bonding the seam of cigarette paper.
14. 14. STARCH a carbohydrate extracted from vegetable plants such as corn, rice,
wheat, potatoes, and is probably better known as paste. Major use area is in bonding
paper and paper products such as bookbinding, corrugated boxes, paper bags, and
wallpaper paste
15. 15. CLASSIFICATION OF ADHESIVES CHEMICAL REACTIVE Basically an
adhesive of this type is supplied in a low molecular weight form and after application
a polymerisation reaction is allowed to take place. polymerisation can be achieved by:
moisture & heat THERMOPLASTIC Basically the adhesives in this class are
 thermoplastic in nature which means they are heated to a sufficient temperature where
they will flow and wet the substrates and then set and develop the bulk strength on
cooling.
16. 16. EVAPORATION OR DIFFUSION In adhesives of this class the adhesive
polymers is essentially in its final form however, wetting of the adherend is achieved
by dissolving or dispersing the polymers in a suitable solvent.
17. 17. USES OF ADHESIVES Physically interlocks Materials Physically interlocks and
chemically bonds materials Dissolves plastics, which then re-harden, similar to
welding Binds to water and hydroxyl groups on substrate surface
18. 18. USES OF ADHESIVES Viscosity of adhesive holds materials together Interlocks
and binds to water/hydroxyl
19. 19. PROPERTIES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Adhesion to a variety of substrates
allows bonding of dissimilar materials if necessary High damping capacity of the
adhesive dissipates dynamic stresses of vibration, motion, & impact throughout the
bond & peel stresses at the bond line Flexibility and damping resistance resists
thermal expansion stresses when the coefficients of thermal expansion are different
between adhesive and substrates
20. 20. ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE Resists end-use or post-processing
temperatures to maintain adhesive chemistry and the physical bond Withstands
physical shock at a range of temperatures Maintains adhesive performance despite
exposure to UV light, rain, salt water, and other weathering conditions
21. 21. DEFINITION SEALANTS A sealant is a viscous material that changes state to
become solid, once applied, and is used to prevent the penetration of air, gas, noise,
dust, fire, smoke, or liquid from one location through a barrier into another.
22. 22. sealants are used to close small openings that are difficult to shut with other
materials, such as concrete, and drywall
23. 23. A material that has the necessary adhesive and cohesive properties to form a seal.
24. 24. Sealants, despite not having great strength, convey a number of properties. They
seal top structures to the substrate, and are particularly effective in waterproofing
processes by keeping moisture out (or in) the components in which they are used.
25. 25. They can provide thermal and acoustical insulation, and may serve as fire barriers.
26. 26. HISTORY Sealants were first used in prehistory in the broadest sense as mud,
grass and reeds to seal dwellings from the weather. In the 17th century glazing putty
was first used to seal window glass made with linseed oil and chalk, later other drying
 oils were also used to make oil-based putties which were often referred to as caulks.
In the 1920's polymers such as acrylic polymers, butyl polymers and silicone
polymers were first developed and used in sealants. By the 1960's synthetic-polymer-
based sealants were widely available.
27. 27. TYPES OF SEALANTS
28. 28. TYPES OF SEALANTS Silicone Sealants A flexible and waterproof substance
normally used as a sealant for sealing joins around baths, sinks or other plumbing
fixtures. It can withstand very high temperatures, making it ideal for applications that
suffer high heat exposure
29. 29. Epoxy contains an artificial substance which sets hard when it is heated or when
pressure is applied to it.
30. 30. Elastic Sealant A sealant made of a flexible material in a plastic state during
forming or application. A common elastomeric sealant, polysulfide, is a high-
performance type, made of either polysulfide polymer or rubber.
31. 31. Thermoplastic Sealant Sealants that are soft when they are heated and hard when
cooled.
32. 32. Butyl Sealant Achieve durable, long-lasting seals between all types of masonry,
steel, glass and other common construction materials
33. 33. Bituminous Sealant Ideal for sealing leaks and making repairs, even on wet
surfaces.
34. 34. USES OF SEALANTS 1. Horizontal and vertical metal-to-metal and masonry-to-
masonry expansion and control joints Floor tile expansion joint over concrete control
joint
35. 35. 2. Dissimilar material joints, such as metal-to-masonry or concrete-to-wood
36. 36. 3. Joints between precast concrete facade panels
37. 37. 4. Spandrel glass - An architectural material used to cover construction materials,
disguise things like arches and columns, and present a finished, seamless, and sleek
exterior to buildings.
38. 38. 5. Perimeter of doors and fixed window frames 6. Fixing larger cracks
39. 39. 7. Waterproofing Expansion joints in Building Facades Lap Joints –
Flashing/Coping Door/Window/Curtain wall perimeters Traffic Joints –
Vehicular/Pedestrian Glazing – Structural/Backbedding
 40. 40. 8. Acoustical Interior wall joints Base and top plate Thresholds Exterior wall
joints and window perimeters 9. Firestopping Wall to Wall Joints Floor to Floor
Joints Floor to Wall Joints Head of Wall Joints Wall Penetrations
41. 41. 10. Structural Glazing Back Bedding Adhesive Wet Glazing exterior 11. Security
Pick Proof Pick Resistant Eliminate Contraband Reduce maintenance Institutional
Use
42. 42. The main difference between adhesives and sealants is that sealants typically have
lower strength and higher elongation than adhesives do. Sealants generally contain
inert filler material and are usually formulated with an elastomer to give the required
flexibility and elongation. They usually have a paste consistency to allow filling of
gaps between substrates. Low shrinkage after application is often required. Many
adhesive technologies can be formulated into sealants. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
SEALANTS AND ADHESIVES

What is PC, and What is it Used For?

Polycarbonate (PC) plastics are a naturally transparent amorphous thermoplastic. Although

they are made commercially available in a variety of colors (perhaps translucent and perhaps
not), the raw material allows for the internal transmission of light nearly in the same capacity
as glass. Polycarbonate polymers are used to produce a variety of materials and are
particularly useful when impact resistance and/or transparency are a product requirement
(e.g. in bullet-proof glass). PC is commonly used for plastic lenses in eyewear, in medical
devices, automotive components, protective gear, greenhouses, Digital Disks (CDs, DVDs,
and Blu-ray), and exterior lighting fixtures. Polycarbonate also has very good heat resistance
and can be combined with flame retardant materials without significant material degradation.
Polycarbonate plastics are engineering plastics in that they are typically used for more
capable, robust materials such as in impact resistant “glass-like” surfaces.

The following diagram shows the relative impact strength of Polycarbonate when compared
to the impact strength of other commonly used plastics such as ABS, Polystyrene (PS), or
Nylon.
Another feature of polycarbonate is that it is very pliable. It can typically be formed at room
temperature without cracking or breaking, similar to aluminum sheet metal. Although
deformation may be simpler with the application of heat, even small angle bends are possible
without it. This characteristic makes polycarbonate sheet stock particularly useful in
prototyping applications where sheet metal lacks viability (e.g. when transparency is required
or when a non-conductive material with good electrical insulation properties is required).

What are the Characteristics of Polycarbonate?

Now that we know what it is used for, let’s examine some of the key properties of
Polycarbonate. PC is classified as a “thermoplastic” (as opposed to “thermoset”), and the
name has to do with the way the plastic responds to heat. Thermoplastic materials become
liquid at their melting point (155 degrees Celsius in the case of Polycarbonat). A major useful
attribute about thermoplastics is that they can be heated to their melting point, cooled, and
reheated again without significant degradation. Instead of burning, thermoplastics like
Polycarbonate liquefy, which allows them to be easily injection molded and then
subsequently recycled.

By contrast, thermoset plastics can only be heated once (typically during the injection
molding process). The first heating causes thermoset materials to set (similar to a 2-part
epoxy) resulting in a chemical change that cannot be reversed. If you tried to heat a thermoset
plastic to a high temperature a second time it would simply burn. This characteristic makes
thermoset materials poor candidates for recycling.
There are various industry grades of polycarbonate available. Most are called by the generic
name (polycarbonate) and are typically differentiated by the amount of glass fiber reinforcing
they contain and the variance in melt flow between them. Some polycarbonates have
additives such as “ultraviolet stabilizers” that protect the material from long-term exposure to
the Sun. Injection moldable polycarbonate might include other additives such as mold release
agents that lubricate the material during processing. Finished polycarbonate is typically sold
in cylinders, rods or sheets.

TEFLON

PolyTetraFluoroEthylene is a fluorocarbon-based polymer and is commonly abbreviated

PTFE. The Teflon® brand of PTFE is manufactured only by DuPont. Several other
manufacturers make their own brands of PTFE which can often be used as substitute
materials. This fluoroplastic family offers high chemical resistance, low and high temperature
capability, resistance to weathering, low friction, electrical and thermal insulation, and
"slipperiness". ( see also Teflon® PTFE and Teflon® FEP & PFA Specifications ) PTFE's
mechanical properties are low compared to other plastics, but its properties remain at a useful
level over a wide temperature range of of -100°F to +400°F (-73°C to 204°C). Mechanical
properties are often enhanced by adding fillers (see paragraph below). It has excellent thermal
and electrical insulation properties and a low coefficient of friction. PTFE is very dense and
cannot be melt processed -- it must be compressed and sintered to form useful shapes.

FILLED GRADES

PTFE's mechanical properties can be enhanced by adding fillers such as glass fibers, carbon,
graphite, molybdenum disulphide, and bronze. Generally, filled PTFE's maintain their
excellent chemical and high temperature characteristics, while fillers improve mechanical
strength, stability, and wear resistance. The properties of 25% glass-filled and 25% carbon-
filled PTFE grades are shown below for comparison purposes. There are literally dozens of
different filled PTFE products and grades -- too many to be listed here. Please contact
Boedeker Plastics for more information about other filled PTFE products for your
application.
Plastic Joints:

Use of Plastic products in the building industry:

'Plastic' is a general name given to a wide range of synthetic materials that are based
on polymers. The construction industry uses plastic for a wide range of applications because
of its versatility, strength-to-weight ratio, durability, corrosion resistance, and so on.

Plastic can be manufactured into forms such as; pipes, cables, coverings, panels, films, sheets
and so on; and can be formed or expanded to create low density materials; and be dissolved
in solvents or dispersed as emulsions

Some of the main types of plastic that are used in construction include:

 Acrylic.
 Composites.
 Expanded polystyrene.
 ETFE.
 Polycarbonate.
 Polyethylene.
 Polypropylene.
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
 PTFE.

Some of the main uses of plastic in construction include:

 Cladding panels.
 Cables.
 Pipes and gutters.
 Windows and doors.
 Shuttering
 Wall linings
 Floor covering
 Ceiling panels.
 Roof coverings.
 Sinks, basins, baths and showers.
 Worktops
 Insulation materials.
 Membranes.

The advantages of using plastic in construction are that it is lightweight yet strong which
makes it easier to transport and manoeuvre around sites. It is also resistant to rot
and corrosion and has strong weatherability due to it being capable of achieving tight
seals. Plastic can also be flexible, and is easily extruded, bent, moulded, 3D printed, and so
on. Plastic can also be easily removed and some plastics can be recycled.

The disadvantages of plastic are that it has a high embodied energy content and a low
modulus of elasticity, meaning that it is generally unsuitable for load-bearing applications.
Unless treated, most plastics are also flammable and have a high thermal expansion ratewhich
requires detailing to allow for adequate thermal movement

There are environmental concerns about some plastics because of difficulties recycling them,
there persistence in the environment after disposal, and concerns regarding chemical
additives used to make plastics flexible, resistant to fire, and adhesive
PVC windows are capable of providing excellent heat and sound insulation, as well as
requiring little maintenance. However, they may have a shorter life than a well-
maintained timber window.

Windows are can include a number of different components:

 Light: The area between the outer parts of a window, usually filled with a glass pane.
 Frame: This holds the light in place and supports the window system.
 Lintel: A beam over the top of a window.
 Jamb: The vertical parts forming the sides of the frame.
 Sill (or cill): The bottom piece in a window frame, often projecting beyond the line of
the wall.
 Mullion: A vertical element between two window units or lights.
 Transom: A horizontal element between two window units or lights.
 Head: The uppermost member of the frame.
 Sash: The frame holding the glazing.
 Casement: A window (or sash) attached to its frame by one or more hinges.

Doors are openable barriers at the entrance to buildings, rooms or other spaces such
as cupboards that allow people, vehicles or goods to enter and leave. They most commonly
swing on hinges and include furniture or ironmongery that allows them to open, close, stay
closed and sometimes to lock.

There are a very wide variety of door types:

 Internal / external.
 Fire rated / escape.
 Accessible.
 Integral frame / separate frame or frameless.
 Solid, transparent or translucent, either in part (such as vision panels) or in their entirety.
Transparent doors may include manifestation as required by Part K of the Building
Regulations.
 Manually operated or powered.
 One leaf or two leaf.
 Hinged inwards, outward or both, or revolving, rolling or sliding.
 Acoustic.
 Energy rated.
 Timber (hollow or solid core), aluminium, steel, UPVC, glass, and so on.

Typically, the opening for a door is formed by a penetration through a wall, with a lintel over
the opening to transfer the structural load to the side walls. The door is then secured to
a doorlining or casing which is then concealed behind a door surround or architrave.

In order to allow proper operation and durability, doors may include:

 Locks, bars, release mechanisms and entry systems.

 Hinges.
 Closers (although these may disadvantage people with limited upper body strength).
 Pull handles, push plates and kicker plates.
 Door stops, latches, chains and hooks.
 Vision panels and manifestation.
 Peep holes.
 Letter boxes.
 Numbers and names.
 Draught excluders.
 Intumescent strips and fire protection.

PARTITION WALLS IN TOILETS AND WET AREAS AND HIGH-TRAFFIC AREAS

MFC (Melamine-faced chipboard) and CGL (Compact grade laminate) panels with PVC
sealed edges for protection against moisture- can be fabricated to desired height and width –
available at selected colors.

FLOOR COVERING

Vinyl flooring can be supplied in rolls or tiles and is generally fixed by gluing. It can be
manufactured in a very wide range of colours and profiles (for example studded) and as with
laminate flooring can simulate the appearance of other materials.

The advantages of using vinyl flooring include:

 It is durable.
 It is easy to maintain and keep clean.
 It is capable of getting wet without buckling, making it suitable for use
in bathrooms, kitchens, and so on.
 It is easy to install.
 It can be relatively inexpensive.

ROOF INSULATION

Traditional coverings have been bitumen felt, this normally being called 'built-up roofing' as
it was applied in either two or three separate layers, or asphalt. A more modern material is
single ply membrane, this essentially being a thick polymer sheet.
UNIT III FINISHES 12
 Paints and finishes in buildings. Their different types, composition,
characteristics and uses.
 Types to include enamels, distemper, plastic emulsion, polyurethane,
special paints such as fire retardant,luminous and bituminous paints.
Preparation of surface and application for different paints/ finishes.
 Gypsum and POP finishes. Current innovations.
 Understanding of product literature. Site visits with documentation in the
form of sketches/ photos.
_____ _____
Paint is a liquid surface coating. On drying it forms a thin film (60–150 _) on the painted
surface.
Paints are classified as oil paints, water paints, cement paints, bituminous paints and special
paints such as fire proof paints, luminous paints, chlorinated rubber paints (for protecting
objects against acid fumes), etc.
The functions of the paints are: to protect the coated surface against possible stresses—
mechanical or chemical; deterioration—physical or environmental; decorate the structure by
giving smooth and colourful finish; check penetration of water through R.C.C; check the
formation of bacteria and fungus, which are unhygienic and give ugly look to the walls;
check
the corrosion of the metal structures; check the decay of wood work and to varnish the
surface
to display it to better advantage.

_______________________ _________
The requirements are uniform spread as a thin film, high coverage, good workability and
durability, sufficient elasticity to remain unaffected by expansion or contraction of the
surface
to be painted or by weathering action of atmosphere. The paints should also be: impervious
to air and water, cheap and economical to form a hard surface.

_________________
________
____________ ______
The operations are as follows:
_________________ Paint cannot take care of construction defects. Before applying the paint
it is ensured that the surface is free from dust, dirt, loose matter, grease etc. and is rubbed
with
an emery paper, to provide a mechanical key between surface and paint for satisfactory
adhesion.
________________ The primer (first coat) is applied with brush or spray on the prepared
surface. It should be thinned with water or thinner in the recommended manner and
proportion before application. After drying it is rubbed with emery paper.
Dents and cracks, if any, are filled with putty using a knife applicator. Putty should not be
applied thick. If the required thickness is large, it should be applied in two coats. After the
putty has dried, the whole surface is rubbed down well in order to smoothen the putty and
provide a mechanical key to the finished coats.
Two or three finish coats are applied. Each coat is allowed to dry before the application of
next coat.
__________________ _
The procedure depends on the state of the existing coating. If any of the defects discussed
below is very much pronounced it is completely removed and the surface is painted as a new
surface.
___ ___ Clean the surface, rub with an emery paper so that the chalk is removed. Apply
one
or two finish coats.
___ ___________ ____________________ ____ Scrap off the old paint from
affected areas.
Touch up with primer and apply one or two finish coats on effected areas. Rub the entire
surface and apply the finish coats.
! ___"________ Remove all gloss by rubbing with emery paper and then apply the
finish
coats.
_____ ___#__ Remove the fungus. Apply fungicidal solution liberally and observe for
further growth. If no further growth of fungus is observed apply the desired paint

Manufacturing process of calcined gypsum

Advantage of POP

Disadvanttage of POP
History of Gypsum

Manufacture of Gypsum Board

Uses of Gypsum in building

Decorative plaster
Building plaster

Plaster blocks
Gypsum fiberboards

Gypsum board
Standard size of gypsum board
Gypsum is an indefinitely recyclable raw-material

Properties of Gypsum
Advantage of Gypsum board

Edges of gypsum board