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dy 1
(ii) y
dx dy
dx
d3 y
3 d2y
(iii) e dx x y0
dx 2
dy dy
(iv) sin 1 x y sin( x y)
dx dx
dy dy
(v) ln = ax + by = eax + by
dx dx
Note that the general solution of a differential equation of nth order contains ‘n’ & only
‘n’ independent arbitrary constants. The arbitrary constants in the solution of a differential
equation are said to be independent, when it is impossible to deduce from the solution
an equivalent relation containing fewer arbitrary constants. Thus the two arbitrary
constants A, B in the equation y = A ex + B are not independent since the equation can
be written as y = A eB. ex = Cex. Similarly the solution y = A sin x + B cos (x + C)
appears to contain three arbitrary constants, but they are really equivalent to two only .
Similarly y = (C1 + C2) cos ( x + C3) – C4 e x C5 has only 3 independent arbitrary
constants hence will be of order 3.
dy
f (ax by z)
dx
(iii) y sinx = y ln y ; y x e [ Ans: y = e cosecx – cotx ] (iv) (dy/dx) = exy + x2. ey.
2
dy
[Solution: lny . y cos ecx dx ln (lny) = ln (cosecx – cotx) + C ]
(iv) Find the foci of the conic passing through the point (1, 0) and satisfying the diffrential
equation (1+ y2) dx – xydy =0. Find also the equation of a circle touching the conic at
2 ,1 and passing through one of its foci.
[ Ans: x 2 2 ( y 1) 2 2 x y 1 where = –1/2 or 3
eccentricity = 2 ; conic: x2–y2 = 1 (Rectangular Hyperbola) ]
dy
(v) Find a particular solution of the differential equation (1 + ex)y = ex. Satisfying the
dx
2
1 ex
initial condition y (0) = 1. [Ans. y = 1 ln ]
2
(vi) Find the curve passing through the point (0, –2) such that the slope of the tangent at
any of its points is equal to the ordinate of that point augumented by a factor of 3.
(vii) Find the nature of the curve not passing through the origin for which the length of the
normal (tangent) at the point P is equal the radius vector of the point P. [Ans: straight
line or rectangular hyperbola]
(viii) Find the curve for which the segment of the tangent contained
between the co-ordinate axes is bisected by the point . Curve
passes through (2, 3).
In the figure, find the curve if passes through (2, 0) and l(PA) = 2.
[ Ans: xy = 6]
(viii) Show that the curve passing through (1, 2) for which the
segment of the tangent between P and T is bisected at its
point of intersection with the y-axis is a parabola.
[ Ans: y2 = cx y2 = 4x ]
Further show that if, P, Q, R are three points on this parabola such that three normals at
them are concurrent on the line y = d then the sides of the PQR touch another parabola
x2 = 2dy.
(ix) Find the curve for which area bounded by the curve, the co-ordinate axes and a variable
ordinate is equal to the length of the corresponding arc. Given that the curve passes
e x e x
through (0, 1). (T/S- misc.) [ Ans: y = & y =1 ]
2
x P x 2
dy
y dx dl =
2
(dx ) (dy ) 2
= 1 dx
dx
0 A 0
[Hint: Use : m = m0 e– k t ]
dy
TYPE2 : = f (ax + by + c) , b 0 . (If b = 0 this is directly variable separable)
dx
To solve this , substitute t = ax + by + c . Then the equation reduces to separable
type in the variable t and x which can be solved.
Examples :
dy 1 dy
(i) (x + y)2 = a2 (start with x + y = t) (ii) sin dx x y (start with x + y = t)
dx
dy
(iii) 1 x y x y 1 (put x + y + 1 = t2 )
dx
(iv) Find the curve passing through the origin in the form y = f(x) and satisfying the diffrential
dy
equation = cos (10x + 8y) (start with 10x + 8y = t) [Ans. 4y = tan–1(3 tan3x)
dx
– 5x]
dy 2 x 3y 1
(v) (start with 2x + 3y = t )
dx 4x 6 y 5
dy a1x b1y c1
TYPE 3 where b1 + a2 = 0
dx a 2 x b 2 y c 2
Examples: (Simply cross multiply & note the perfect diffrential of xy , Integrate term by term)
dy 4 x 3y
(i)
dx 3x 2 y
[ Sol. 3xdy – 2ydy = 4xdx – 3ydx
or 3(xdy + ydx) – 2y dy – 4xdx = 0
or 3 d(xy) – 2ydy – 4xdx = 0 ; Integration gives 3xy – y2 – 2x2 = c ]
dy x 2y 5
(ii)
dx 2 x 3y 1
Examples :
xdx ydy 1 x 2 y2
(i) (x = r sec) (T/S)
xdy ydx x 2 y2
dy
xy 2 2
(ii) dx 1 x y (x = r cos) (T/S)
dy
x y x 2 y2
dx
(iii) xdx + ydy = x ( xdy – ydx )
y
[Sol. x = r cos ; y = r sin ; tan =
x
x dx + y dy + r dr ; xdy – ydy = r2 d
rdr = r cos r2 d
dr
r 2 cos d
1 1 y
sin C
or x 2 y2 x 2 y2
=C
r
2. HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS :
f (x , y)
A differential equation of the form dy = , where f (x , y) & (x , y) are
dx (x , y )
homogeneous functions of x & y , and of the same degree , is called HOMOGENEOUS.
dy x
This equation may also be reduced to the form = g & is solved by putting y =
dx y
v 2 2v 1 2v( v 1) (1 v 2 )
[ Hint: start with y = vx to get (1 v)(1 v 2 ) dv = 2
dv = dx
(1 v)(1 v ) x
dy y
(ii) x y tan 1 =x given y x 1 0
dx x
dy y 1 y dy y 1 y
[Sol. x dx x . tan x x or tan =1
dx x x
dy dv dv
put y = vx vx or vx v tan 1 v 1
dx dx dx
dv dx
x tan 1 v 1 or tan
1
v dv
dx x
v
v tan–1v – 1 v2 dv = lnx + C
1
v. tan–1v – ln(1+v2) = lnx + C
2
where x = 1 ; y =0 v = 0 C = 0
y y y2 y2
tan 1 ln 1 2 lnx = ln x 1 2 = ln x 2 y 2
x x x x
y y
tan 1
x y 2 2
e x x ]
Sometimes a Homogeneous Diffrential equation is given in the form of a quadratic
dy
equation in ( i.e. degree 2, consider the example)
dx
2 2 2 2
dy 2 x 4 x 4 y dy x x y
[Sol. = which is homogeneous
dx 2y dx y
dy dv
put y = vx vx
dx dx
v x
dv x x 1 v2 1 1 v 2
= =
dx vx v
x
dv 1 1 v2 1 1 v2 v2
= v =
dx v v
Taking +ve sign
v dv dx v dv dx
2 2
v 1 (1 v ) x or v 2 1 1 v 2 1 x
v
or dv dt
1 v 2 1 t 1 v2
dt dx
t x
ln tx = C
y2
ln 1 2 1 x C or ln x 2 y 2 x C
x
put x = 0 ; y = 5
ln 5 0 C C = ln 5
x 2 y2 5 x
x2 + y2 = 5 + x2 + 2 5 x
y2 = 5 + 2 5 x y 5 2 5 x
|||ly with –ve sign , y = 5 – 2 5 x
2 ]
(v) Find the equation of the curve intersecting with the x-axis at the point x = 1 and
possesses the property that the length of the subnormal at any point of the curve is
equal to the A.M. of the co-ordinates of this point. [ Ans: (y–x)2 (x+2y) = 1]
dy xy dy x y
[Sol. S.N. = y ]
dx 2 dx 2y
(vi)238/02 Find the curve such that the ordinate of any of its points is the proportional mean
between the abscissa and the sum of the abscissa and subnormal at the point.
x4 c
[ Ans: y 2 2 or y2 + 2x2 lnx = cx2]
2x
dy y x2 2
[Hint: y2 = x (x + | my | ) y2 – x2 = x |my| =± ]
dx xy
(vii) Find the curve such that the angle, formed with the x-axis by the tangent to the curve at
any of its points, is twice the angle formed by the polar radius of the point of tangency
with the x-axis. Interpret the curve. [ Ans : x2 + y2 – 2cy = 0]
dy y
[Sol. Given tan2 = where tan =
dx x
2 tan dy
2
1 tan dx
y
dy 2 1 v2 1 v 2 2v 2
x 2 xy dv v(1 v 2 ) dv
or = v(1 v 2 )
dx y2 x 2 y2
1 2
x
Note that the curve is a circle with centre on y-axis and touching the x-axis at the origin.
(viii) Find the curve such. that the ratio of the subnormal at any point to the sum of its
abscissa and ordinates is equal to the ratio of the ordinate of this point to its abscissa.
If the curve passes through (1, 0) find all possible equations in the form y = f (x).
1
[Sol. Normal : Y–y= ( X – x)
m
| my | y
xy x
dy xy
dx x
(ix) Find the curve for which the sum of the normal and subnormal is proportional to the
abscissa, the proportionality constant being k.
[Sol. Refer to the figure of
m 2 y 2 y 2 (my) kx
| y | 1 m 2 kx – | my |
squaring y2 (1+m2) = k2x2 + m2 y2 – 2kx my
2kx | my | = k2 x2 – y2
dy k 2x 2 y 2
]
dx 2kxy
1
1 2
x
1 1
x 2 1 x ln x 1
I.F. x ( x 2 1) dx = e x = e x = x
e x
x 2 1 x ln x x 2 1 x2 1
y . y ln x dx + c ]
x x2 1
. dx x
x
dy
(iii) x lnx + y = 2 lnx [Ans. y ln x = ln2 x + c ]
dx
dy
[Sol. x lnx y 2ln x
dx
1
dy 1 2 x ln x dx
y I.F. e e ln ( ln x ) ln x
dx x lnx x
dy 1 2
lnx y .lnx
dx x x
d
y.lnx 2 lnx
dx x
lnx
y lnx = 2 dx c ]
x
dy
(iv) (x2 – 1) sinx + [ 2x sinx + (x2– 1) cosx ] y – (x2 – 1) cosx = 0.
dx
[Ans. y (x2 – 1)sin x = (x2 – 3)sin x + 2x cos x + c ]
(v) Find the curve such that the initial ordinate of any tangent is less than the abscissa of
the point of tangency by two units. [ Ans: y = cx – x ln |x| – 2 ]
(vi) Find the curve such that the area of the rectangle constructed on the abscissa of any
a2
point and the initial ordinate of the tangent at this point is 4. (or a2) [ Ans: y = cx + ]
2x
dy 1 dx dx
(vii) = x cos y sin 2 y or dy
= x cos y + sin 2y or dy
– (cos y) x = sin 2y
dx
dx d
I.F. = e
cos ydy
e sin y e
sin y
e sin y cos y dx e sin y sin 2 y (x e sin y ) e sin y sin 2 y
dy dy
x e sin y e sin y 2 sin y cos y dy
dy y dx
(viii) = 2 y ln y y x (linear in dy /variable separable
dx
dx 2 y lny y x
or
dy y
dx 1
or x ( 2 lny 1)
dy y
xy = y2 ln y + c Ans. ]
(ix) Let the function ln (f (x)) is defined where f (x) exists for x 2 and k is fixed (+)ve real
d
number, prove that if x f ( x ) – k f (x) then f (x) A x – 1 + k where A is
dx
independent of x.
dy
[Sol. x f ' (x) + f (x) – k f (x) Note : x + (K + 1)y 0
dx
dy K 1
x f ' (x) + (k + 1) f (x) 0 + y 0
dx x
K 1 K 1
xk + 1 f ' (x) + (k + 1) xk f (x) 0 IF = e Pdx e x
dx = e(K + 1) ln x = eln x = xK + 1
d [ x k1 ·f ( x ) ] dy
0 xK+ 1 + xK (K + 1)y 0
dx dx
Let F (x) = xk + 1 · f (x)
F (x) is decreasing x 2
F (x) F (2) for all x 2
F (x) A
xk + 1 · f (x) A
f (x) A x –1 + k ]
(x)63/02 Given a function ‘g’ which has a derivative g (x) for every real ‘x’ and which satisfy
g (0) = 2 and g(x + y) = ey . g(x) + ex . g(y) for all x & y.
Find g(x) and determine the range of the function. Also compute the area bounded by
2
f (x) and the x axis. [Ans: g(x) = 2x ex, e , ; 2 sq. units ]
[Sol. Put x = 0 ; y = 0 g (0) = 0
dy dy
Let g (x) = y then = y + 2 ex e x y e x = 2
dx dx
d x 0
(y ex) = 2 y e x = 2 x + c ; If c = 0
dx y 0
Hence y = 2 x ex = g (x)
dy
Now = 2 [ ex + x ex ] = 0 x = 1
dx
minima at x = 1
2
range is ,
e
x
y(u )
(xi) The function y (x) satisfies the equation y (x) + 2x 1 u 2 du = 3x2 + 2x + 1. Show that
0
x
y(u )
the substitution z (x) = 1 u 2 du converts the equation into a first order linear differential
0
equation for z(x) solve for z (x) . Hence solve the original equation for y (x).
x
y(u )
[Sol. y (x) + 2x 1 u 2 du = 3x2 + 2x + 1 ....(1)
0
x
y(u )
Let z (x) = 1 u 2 du
0
y( x )
z ' (x) = y (x) = (1 + x2) z ' (x) ....(2)
1 x2
substituting y (x) in equation (1)
(1 + x2) z ' (x) + 2x · z(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 1
dz
Let z ' (x) =
dx
dz 2x 3x 2 2 x 1
+ z (x) = which is linear DE
dx 1 x2 1 x2
2x
1 x 2 dx ln (1 x 2
)
I.F. = e = e = 1 + x2
(1 x 2 ) 2 2x
y (x) = [ from eqn (4) ]
(1 x 2 )
MIXTURE PROBLEMS :
A chemical in a liquid solution (or dispersed in a gas) runs into a container holding the
liquid (or the gas) with, possibly, a specified amount of the chemical dissolved as well.
The mixture is kept uniform by stirring and flows out of the container at a known rate.
In this process it is often important to know the concentration of the chemical in the
container at any given time. The differential equation describing the process is based
on the formula.
Rate of change rate at which rate at which
chemical
of amount = – chemical ....(1)
in container arrives departs
If y (t) is the amount of chemical in the container at time t and V (t) is the total volume
of liquid in the container at time t, then the departure rate of the chemical at time t is
y( t )
Departure rate = V( t ) ·(out flow rate)
concentration in
= container at time t ·(out flow rate)
Accordingly, Equation (1) becomes
dy y( t )
= (chemical's arrival rate) – V( t ) ·(out flow rate) ....(2)
dt
If, say, y is measured in grams, V in liters, and t in minutes, then unit in equation (2) are
grams grams grams litre
= – ·
minute minute litre minute
EXAMPLES :
(i) A tank initially contains 100 litres of brine in which 50 gms of salt dissolved. A brine
containing 2 gm/litre of salt runs into the tank at the rate of 5 litre/min. The mixture is
kept stirring and flows out of the tank at the rate of 4 litres/min then
t
– ln (50 – y) = +c
100
t
or ln (50 – y) = – +c
100
t = 0 ; y = 20 ; c = ln 30
50 y t
Hence ln =
30 100
t
50 y
= e 100
30
t
y = 50 – 30· e 100 Ans. ]
Examples :
dy 1 dy x 1 dy x
(i) = xy + x3y2 [Solution. 2 = x3 or 2 – y = x3
dx y dx y y dx
1 1 dy dz dz
put – y =z y 2 dx
= + z·x = x3 which is linear..
dx dx
(ii) Find the curve such that the y-intercept cut off by the tangent on any arbitrary point is
(a) proportional to the square of the ordinate of the point of tangency.
(b) proportional to the cube of the ordinate of the point of tangency.
a b a b
[ Ans: (a) x y 1 ; (b) x 2 y 2 1 ]
9. CHANGE OF VARIABLE BY A SUITABLE SUBSTITUTION :
dy dy dz
(i) y sinx = cos x (sin x – y2) put y2 = z 2y =
dx dx dx
dz
sin x = 2 cos x (sin x – z)
dx
dz dz
= 2 cos x – 2 cot x z or + 2 cot x z = 2 cos x which is linear.
dx dx
dy
(ii) x + y lny = xyex [Ans. x ln y = ex (x 1) + c ] [T/S, DE, Ex-IV Q.3]
dx
[Hint: put ln y = t ]
dy
(iii) = exy (ex ey) [Ans. ey = c . exp (ex) + ex 1 ] [T/S, DE, Ex-IV Q.9]
dx
[Hint: multiply by ey & put ey = t ]
ILLUSTRATION :
In an equation of the form : y f (xy) dx + xg (xy) dy = 0 the variables can be separated
by the substitution xy = v. Consider the example
(x3 y3 + x2y2 + xy + 1 ) y dx + (x3y3 – x2y2 – xy + 1) x dy = 0
v
[Sol. xy = v y =
x
dy dv
x y = ....(1)
dx dx
dy
now equation become y.(v3 + v2 + v + 1) + (v3 – v2 – v + 1) x. =0
dx
dv
y.(v3 + v2 + v + 1) + (v3 – v2 – v + 1) dx y = 0
dv 3
y. [ (v3 + v2 + v + 1) – (v3 – v2 – v + 1) ] + (v – v2 – v + 1) = 0
dx
v dv 3
(2v2 + 2v) + (v – v2 – v + 1) = 0
x dx
2v 2 ( v 1) dv 3 dx v3 v 2 v 1
( v v 2 v 1) = 0 2 dv
x dx x v 2 ( v 1)
dx (v 2 1) ( v 1) dx v 2 2v 1
2 dv or 2 dv ]
x v 2 ( v 1) x v2
(iv) Series of substitution
(x cos y – y sin y) dy + (x sin y + y cos y) dx = 0
[Sol. Let x siny + y cosy = t
dy dy dy dt
diff. w.r.t. x x cosy + siny + cosy – y siny =
dx dx dx dx
x 2
zx z 2 2 x2 x
[sol: I (x) = e dz zx z z
0 4 2
2
x z x
x 42 x
I (x) = e e 2 dz put z– = t, dz = dt
0
2
x
2
2
t2
ex 4
e dt
= x
2
x
2
2
t 2
I (x) = 2.e x 4
e dt ....(1) (f (t) is an even function )
0
dy
(ii)250/02 A family C of integral curves of the linear differential equation + p(x)y = q(x) is
dx
given, where p(x) and q(x) are functions of x. Show that the tangents at corresponding
points to the curves C determined by the linear equation intersect at one point.
(Corresponding points of curves C are those points which lie on the same straight line
parallel to the ordinate axis.)
[Sol. consider the tangent to some curve C 1 at point M1(x1, y1)
The equation of tangent will be
dy
y – y1 = dx ( x1 , y1 ) (x – x1) ............(1)
dy
Substituting in equation (1)
dx
y – y1 = [q(x1) – p(x1)y1] (x – x1)
y – q(x1)[x – x1] = y1 [1 – p(x1) (x – x1)] ...(2)
Similarly equation of tangent of C 2 at M2 (x1, y2) will be
y – q(x1) (x – x1) = y2 [1 – p(x1) (x – x1)] ...(3)
(2) & (3) represent the tangent to these curves C 1 & C 2 , solving (2) and (3)
y – y1 = (q – py1) (x – x1) ....(4)
y – q (x – x1) = y1 [ 1 – p(x – x1) ] ....(5)
y – q (x – x1) = y2 [ 1 – p(x – x1) ] ....(6)
n n
eq (5) – eq (6) gives
y1 – p y1 (x – x1) = y2 – p y2 (x – x1)
y1 – y2 = p (x – x1) [ y1 – y2 ]
hence p (x – x1) = 1 (as y1 y2 )
1 q(x 1 )
x = x1 + p(x ) & y = p(x ) , independent of y1 & y2
1 1
ADDITIONAL DEMONSTRATION :
y x
(i) Misleading appearance of a D. E. containing terms like & y , however may not be
x
homogeneous and this can not be solved by substituting y = v x.
1 x y y 1 y x x 1
e.g. sin 2 cos 1 dx + cos 2 sin 2 dy = 0
y y x x x x y y y
y x 1
[Ans: sin x cos y x y 0 ]
x y
[Sol. Isolating sin & cos
y x
dx x dy dy y dx y dy
sin x + cos dx 2 = 0
y 2
y y x 2
x x y
ydx xdy x xdy ydx y dy
. sin . cos + dx + =0
y2 y x2 x y2
x x y y dy
sin . d + cos . d + dx + 2 = 0
y y x x y
x y 1 1 x y
cos sin + x – = C or cos x sin
y x y y y x
However note that the D.E.
dy dx
dx dy y2 x 2
or 2
0]
x y 1 1
y x
d ( xy)
cos2 xy sin x dx sin y dy 0
tan (x y) = cos x + cos y + C]
12. TRAJECTORIES :
Suppose we are given the family of plane curves. [Page-78 ,
KRASNOV]
(x, y, a) = 0
depending on a single parameter a.
A curve making at each of its points a fixed angle with the curve of the family
passing through that point is called an isogonal trajectory of that family ; if in
particular =/2, then it is called an orthogonal trajectory.
A. Orthogonal trajectories : We set up the differential equation of the given family
of curves. Let it be of the form
F (x, y, y') = 0
The differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories is of the form
1
F x, y, y = 0
The general integral of this equation
1 (x, y, C) = 0
gives the family of orthogonal trajectories.
1. x2 + y2 = a2 [Ans. cy = cx ]
2. x2 + y2 – 2ay = 0 [Ans. x2 + y2 = cx ]
3. y2 = 4a (x + a)
[Sol. 2 y y1 = 4a ....(1)
yy1
y2 = 2 y y1 x 2
y2 = 2x y y1 + y2 · y12
2
dy dy
y2 + 2xy dx – y2 = 0
dx
2
dx dx
y – 2x dy – y = 0
dy
dx 2x 4x 2 4 y 2 x x 2 y2
dy
= =
2y y
dx dv
Let x = v y dy
= v + y
dx
dv
v + y dy = v ± 1 v 2
y=0
dv dy
1 v 2 =± y
ln (v + 1 v 2 ) = ± ln (c y)
x x 2 y2
= cy
y
2
x+ x 2 y 2 = cy Ans. x+ x 2 y 2 = c Ans. ]
EXAMPLES :
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following families :
1 2
(i) x2 – y = a2 [Ans. xy3 = c]
3
(ii) y = a ex , where is a constant and a is a parameter. [Ans. y2 + 2x = c]
(iii) cos y = ae–x [Ans. sin y = c e–x ]
(iv) y2 = 4 (x – a) [Ans. y = c e–x/2 ]
ydx xdy x x d y yd x
(iii) 2
d (iv) d (ln xy)
y y xy
d x dy x d y y dx y
(v) = d (ln (x + y)) (vi) d ln
xy xy x
y d x x dy x xdy ydx y
(vii) d ln (viii) 2 2
d tan 1
xy y x y x
ydx xdy x x d x y dy
(ix) 2 2
d tan 1 (x) 2 2
d ln x 2 y 2
x y y x y
1 x dy y dx e x y e x dx e x dy
(xi) d (xii) d
xy x2 y 2 y y2
e y x e y dy e y dx
(xiii) d
x x2