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Design result

Elastic
deformation
Elastic
deformation
Elastic
deformation
Strength
Strength
Kind of strength
Strength
Yield Strength
Break strength
Strength design
Modulus
Modulus
Modulus desing
Material
properties
Exercise Design of a Suspension Rod

An aluminum rod is to withstand an applied force of 45,000


pounds. To assure a sufficient safety, the maximum
allowable stress on the rod is limited to 25,000 psi. The
rod must be at least 150 in. long but must deform
elastically no more than 0.25 in. when the force is applied.
Design an appropriate rod. The modulus of Young is 64
Gpa.

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Exercise
Elastic
beheaviour
Plastic
beheaviour
Elastic
beheaviour

HOOKE
LAW

F = KX

Poisson Ratio:
Linear ecuation y = mX + b
E = Elastic modulus GPa

E= /ε
Units
Tension test
Tension test
Tension test
Stress Vs Strain
Stress Vs Strain
Yield strength

Strain of 0.002 or 0.2%


Diferent
materials
Different
materials
Failure on
tension

FALLA
ORIGINADA EN
EL ENSAYO DE
TRACCION

Fractura dúctil y
fractura frágil
Centro ---- Dúctil
Extremos --- Frágil
45º
Failure on
tension
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K28WiL21S

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Flexion
Flexion
Flexion test

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVVfFEz5jgM
Flexión

3𝐹𝐿 3
𝐹𝐿
𝜎= 2 𝜠= 3
2𝑤ℎ 4𝑤ℎ 𝛿
Flexión

(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

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Stress-
deflection

a bend test
Figure 6.20

curve for Mg0


obtained from
No good design
Exercise Flexural Strength of Composite
Materials
The flexural strength of a composite material reinforced with
glass fibers is 45,000 psi and the flexural modulus is 18  106 psi.
A sample, which is 0.5 in. wide, 0.375 in. high, and 8 in. long, is
supported between two rods 5 in. apart. Determine the force
required to fracture the material and the deflection of the sample
at fracture, assuming that no plastic deformation occurs.

3𝐹𝐿 3
𝐹𝐿
𝜎= 2 𝜠= 3
2𝑤ℎ 4𝑤ℎ 𝛿
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Hardness
Dureza
Dureza
Hardness

Indentador que penetra el material, este puede ser una bola


de acero de alta resistencia o una pirámide de diamante
Dureza

Aplicación de una carga en el material por medio


de un indentador, se mide la huella dejada!
Dureza
Huella de bola

Huella de
diamante

Indentadores
Dureza

Diferentes escalas de dureza que depende de tipo


de indentor y carga utilizada

Dureza Rockwell (HR)


HRa Bola 1/16” 60 Kg
Dureza Brinell (HB)
HRb Bola 1/16” 100 Kg
Dureza Vickers (HV)
HRc Diamante 150 Kg
Dureza Knoop (HK)

Relación de dureza y la
resistencia a la tracción,
para fundiciones, aceros de
bajo carbono y latones
Dureza
Dureza

Comparación de las durezas típicas


Condiciones
estáticas
Condiciones
estáticas
Condiciones
estáticas
Condiciones
dinámicas
Condiciones
dinámicas
Condiciones
dinámicas
Condiciones
dinámicas
Propiedad?
Impacto -
Tenacidad

 Ensayo de Impacto – Medida de la


capacidad de un material de absorber
energia antes de la fractura con la
aplicación de carga subita (impacto).
 Energia de impacto – La energia
requerida para fracturar una probeta
estandar en impacto
Izod and Charpy
Impacto -
Tenacidad

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N276_xjl04g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N276_xjl04g
Impacto -
Tenacidad
Propiedades obtenidas de la prueba de impacto
 Transición de la temperatura ductil a
fragil (DBTT) - La temperatura por
debajo un material se comporta de
forma fragil en el test de impacto.
 Sensibilidad a la entalla – Medida del
efecto de la entalla, grieta o otra
imperfeccion sobre las propiedades del
material como la toughness o la vida en
fatiga.
Impacto -
Tenacidad
Grafica obtenida de
una serie de impactos
de el Ensayo Izod, a
diferentes
temperaturas.

Temperatura de
transición: Temp. a la
cual la falla es 50%
frágil y el 50% dúctil
Impacto -
Tenacidad
Comportamiento
de los metales
según la
estructura
cristalina.

FCC no tiene
temperatura de
transición dúctil
a frágil!
Tenacidad
Fractura

 Fracture mechanics - The study of a


material’s ability to withstand stress in the
presence of a flaw.
 Fracture toughness - The resistance of a
material to failure in the presence of a flaw.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbRhxBZrSE0
Tenacidad
Fractura

K=f***a
K fracture toughness
Tenacidad
Fractura
Tenacidad
Fractura
Design of a Nondestructive Test
A large steel plate used in a nuclear reactor has a plane
strain fracture toughness of 80,000 psi in. and is exposed to
a stress of 45,000 psi during service. Design a testing or
inspection procedure capable of detecting a crack at the
edge of the plate before the crack is likely to grow at a
catastrophic rate.
Example 6.8 SOLUTION

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Fracture
toughness

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(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Tenacidad Properties of SiAlON Ceramics
Fractura

Assume that an advanced ceramic, sialon (acronym for SiAlON or silicon


aluminum oxynitride), has a tensile strength of 60,000 psi. Let us assume that
this value is for a flaw-free ceramic. (In practice, it is almost impossible to
produce flaw-free ceramics.) A thin crack 0.01 in. deep is observed before a
sialon part is tested. The part unexpectedly fails at a stress of 500 psi by
propagation of the crack. Estimate the radius of the crack tip.

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Tenacidad Properties of SiAlON Ceramics
Fractura

Assume that an advanced ceramic, sialon (acronym for SiAlON or silicon


aluminum oxynitride), has a tensile strength of 60,000 psi. Let us assume that
this value is for a flaw-free ceramic. (In practice, it is almost impossible to
produce flaw-free ceramics.) A thin crack 0.01 in. deep is observed before a
sialon part is tested. The part unexpectedly fails at a stress of 500 psi by
propagation of the crack. Estimate the radius of the crack tip.

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Tenacidad
Fractura Design of a Ceramic Support

Design a supporting 3-in.-wide plate made of sialon, which has a


fracture toughness of 9,000 psi in. , that will withstand a tensile
load of 40,000 lb. The part is to be nondestructively tested to
assure that no flaws are present that might cause failure.
SOLUTION

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Tenacidad
Fractura Design of a Ceramic Support

Design a supporting 3-in.-wide plate made of sialon, which has a


fracture toughness of 9,000 psi in. , that will withstand a tensile
load of 40,000 lb. The part is to be nondestructively tested to
assure that no flaws are present that might cause failure.
SOLUTION

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Fatiga

Falla de un material por debajo de su limite elástico en


condiciones cíclicas de cargas de rotación, flexión o
vibración debido a la formación y crecimiento de grietas

Falla del material (no sirve


para diseño este diagrama)
Fatiga

 Limite de resistencia a la fatiga (Endurance


limit) - Un viejo concepto que se utilizaba para
definir el esfuerzo por debajo no fallaria el
material durante el test de fatiga
 Vida en Fatiga – El número de ciclos que se
permiten a un esfuerzo especifico antes que el
material falle (tiempo de vuelo de los aviones
20.000 horas- depende del diseño)
 Resistencia a la Fatiga – El esfuerzo requerido
para causar una falla despues de 500 millones
de ciclos (nuevo concepto)
Fatiga

Curva S-N para materiales ferrosos y no ferrosos

Vida util en fatiga, limite de fatiga (Lo presentan los


ferrosos)
Ejercicio fatiga

A solid shaft for a cement kiln produced from the tool steel
in Figure 6.50 must be 96 in. long and must survive
continuous operation for one year with an applied load of
12,500 lb. The shaft makes one revolution per minute
during operation. Design a shaft that will satisfy these
requirements.

Use la grafica anterior


EjercicioSOLUTION
fatiga
Diseño Fatiga

El diseño en fatiga es diferente al diseño en condiciones


estáticas (se toma el limite de fluencia). Para diseño en
fatiga se calcula la resistencia del material a presentar falla
por el número de ciclos.
Importante en el diseño en fatiga:
• No tener concentrador de tensiones
• Rugosidad superficial baja
• Estado superficial (recubrimientos pueden contener
grietas)
• Ambiente corrosivo acelerando velocidad de propagación
de las grietas
CONCENTRADORES DE ESFUERZOS

Esfuerzo = Fuerza/Area

MECANICA DE LA FRACTURA = Que tan rápido crece


una grieta
Fractura ductil

• Gran deformación
• Una Pieza
• Fractura Opaca y granular
Fractura ductil
Ensayo de tensión
FALLA
ORIGINADA EN
EL ENSAYO DE
TRACCION

Fractura dúctil y
fractura frágil
Centro ---- Dúctil
Extremos --- Frágil
45º
Fractura ductil
Fractura fragil

• Poca o ninguna
deformación
• Muchas piezas
• Fractura brillante y por
laminas o cortes (como
si el material se
desgarrara)
Fractura fatiga
Fractura fatiga
Ejercicios

6–29 A 3-in.-diameter rod of copper is to be reduced to a 2-in.-diameter rod by


being pushed through an opening. To account for the elastic strain, what should be
the diameter of the opening? The modulus of elasticity for the copper is 17 × 106
psi and the yield strength is 40,000 psi.

6–30 A steel cable 1.25 in. in diameter and 50 ft long is to lift a 20 ton load. What is
the length of the cable during lifting? The modulus of elasticity of the steel is 30 ×
106 psi.
6–25 A force of 100,000 N is applied to a 10 mm × 20 mm iron bar having a yield
strength of 400 MPa and a tensile strength of 480 MPa. Determine (a) whether the
bar will plastically deform and (b) whether the bar will experience necking.

6–27 A polymer bar’s dimensions are 1 in. × 2 in. × 15 in. The polymer has a
modulus of elasticity of 600,000 psi. What force is required to stretch the bar
elastically to 15.25
in.?
Ejercicios
6–43(a) A thermosetting polymer containing glass beads is required to deflect 0.5 mm
whenva force of 500 N is applied. The polymer part is 2 cm wide, 0.5 cm thick, and 10 cm
long. If the flexural modulus is 6.9 GPa, determine the minimum distance between the
supports. Will the polymer fracture if its flexural strength is 85 MPa? Assume that no
plastic deformation occurs.

6–68 A ceramic matrix composite contains internal flaws as large as 0.001 cm in length.
The plane strain fracture toughness of the composite is 45 and the tensile strength is
550 MPa. Will the flaw cause the composite to fail before the tensile strength is reached?

6–69 An aluminum alloy that has a plane strain fracture toughness of 25,000 fails
when a stress of 42,000 psi is applied. Observation of the fracture surface indicates
that fracture began at the surface of the part. Estimate the size of the flaw that
initiated fracture.

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Ejercicios

6–71 A ceramic part for a jet engine has a yield strength of 75,000 psi and a plane strain
fracture toughness of 5,000 To be sure that the part does not fail, we plan to assure that the
maximum applied stress is only one third the yield strength. We
use a nondestructive test that will detect any internal flaws greater than 0.05 in. long. Assuming
that f = 1.4, does our nondestructive test have the required sensitivity? Explain.

6–88 A cyclical load of 1500 lb is to be exerted at the end of a 10-in. long aluminum beam
(Figure 6–50). The bar must survive for at least 106 cycles. What is the minimum diameter of
the bar?

6–86 A cylindrical tool steel specimen that is 6 in. long and 0.25 in. in diameter rotates
as a cantilever beam and is to be designed so that failure never occurs. Assuming that
the maximum tensile and compressive stresses are equal, determine the maximum
load that can be applied to the end of the beam. (See Figure 6–50.)
Ejercicios
Ejercicios

6–89 A cylindrical acetal polymer bar 20 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter is


subjected to a vibrational load at a frequency of 500 vibrations per minute with a
load of 50 N. How many hours will the part survive before breaking?

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