Proffesor: PAOLA ENDRINA MACHADO

Greetings
To greet somebody is one of the most important customs that people have in every single
language from the world. In Anglo spoken countries, there are some ways to greet people
and these are the following.

Times of the day

Good Morning Good Afternoon Good Evening Good Night
/gud marning/ /gud afternun/ / gud ivining/ /gud nayt/

There are three times and to greet people in these times are:

To greet People
To greet people, we have the following:

Hi! how are you? How’s everything? How’s it going?

/hai jawuar you/ /jaus evrifin/ / jausit going/

Answer
Great I’m fine thanks I’m ok Not bad So-so
/greyt/ /am fain Tenks/ /am okey/ /not bad/ /so so/

To respond a salute, you can use the following phrases:

Introduce yourself
To introduce yourself, you can use these phrases followed by your name:

Hi! I’m …….. Hello! I’m ……..

/gud marning/ /gud afternun/

Answer
To introduce yourself, you can use these phrases followed by your name:

Nice to meet you It’s a pleasure to meet you

/nais tu mit yu/ /it’s a plesher tu mit yu /

Say good bye

To say good bye, you can use the following phrases.

Good bye Bye See you later

/gud bay/ /bay/ /si yu Leiter/

See you See you tomorrow Take care

/ si Yu/ / si yu Tumorrow/ /tey quer/
 The alphabet
The English alphabet consist of 27 letters, 5 vowels and 22 consonants.

THE ALPHABET

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm

/ey/ /bi/ /si/ /di/ /i/ /ef/ /lli/ /eich/ /ai/ /jei/ /key/ /el/ /em/

Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

/en/ /ou/ /pi/ /quiu/ /ar/ /es/ /ti/ /yu/ /vi/ /dabliu/ /ex/ /guay/ /zi/

Personal Subject Pronouns

A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for a proper name of a
person. Each of the English personal pronouns shows us the grammatical person, gender,
number, and case of the noun it replaces.

SINGULAR PLURAL
st
1 I /ay/
2nd You /yu/ 1st We /wi/
3rd He /ji/ 2nd You /yu/
3rd she /shi/ 3rd They /dey/
3rd It /et/

Numbers
Numbers are symbols that help to number, count or give an order to people, animal, or
objects.

Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal numbers are the normal numbers that helps people to count people objects or
things

CARDINAL NUMBERS
1 one /guan/ 2 two /tu/ 3 three /tri/
4 four /four/ 5 five /faiv/ 6 six /six/
7 seven /seven/ 8 eight /eit/ 9 nine /nain/
0 zero /ziro/
CARDINAL NUMBERS
10 ten /ten/ 17 seventeen /seventin/ 24 twenty-four /tuenti
four/
11 eleven /ileven/ 18 eighteen /eitin/ 25 twenty-five /tuenti
faiv/
12 twelve /twelf/ 19 nineteen /naytin/ 26 twenty-six /tuenti
six/
13 thirteen /tertin/ 20 twenty /tuenti/ 27 twenty- /tuenti
seven seven/
14 fourteen /fourtin 21 twenty-one /tuenti 28 twenty-eight /tuenti
wan/ eyt/
15 fifteen /fiftin/ 22 twenty-two /tuenti tu/ 29 twenty-nine /tuenti
 Nain/
16 sixteen /sixtin/ 23 twenty- Tuenti 30 thirty /terti/
three trui/

CARDINAL NUMBERS
40 forty /forti/ 80 eighty /eigti/ 10000 ten thousand /ten tausend/
50 fifty /fifti/ 90 ninety /nayti/ 100000 one hundred /wan jandred
thousand tausend/
60 sixty /sixti/ 100 one hundred /wan jandred/ 1000000 one million /wan milion/
70 seventy /seventi/ 1000 one thousand /wan tausend/

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers are the ones that gives a noun a specific order. To spell these words you
have to add the th at the end of the Cardinal Numbers, take into account these exceptions so
you manage to recognize them.

Exceptions:

One – First

Two - Second

Three - third

Five - Fifth

Eight - eighth

Nine - Ninth

Twelve - Twelfth

ORDINAL NUMBERS
1 one /guan/ 2 two /tu/ 3 three /tri/
4 four /four/ 5 five /faiv/ 6 six /six/
7 seven /seven/ 8 eight /eit/ 9 nine /nain/
0 zero /ziro/

CARDINAL NUMBERS
10 ten /ten/ 17 seventeen /seventin/ 24 twenty-four /tuenti four/
11 eleven /ileven/ 18 eighteen /eitin/ 25 twenty-five /tuenti faiv/
12 twelve /twelf/ 19 nineteen /naytin/ 26 twenty-six /tuenti six/
13 thirteen /tertin/ 20 twenty /tuenti/ 27 twenty-seven /tuenti seven/
14 fourteen /fourtin 21 twenty-one /tuenti wan/ 28 twenty-eight /tuenti eyt/
15 fifteen /fiftin/ 22 twenty-two /tuenti tu/ 29 twenty-nine /tuenti Nain/
16 sixteen /sixtin/ 23 twenty- Tuenti trui/ 30 thirty /terti/
three

CARDINAL NUMBERS
40 forty /forti/ 80 eighty /eigti/ 10000 ten thousand /ten tausend/
50 fifty /fifti/ 90 ninety /nayti/ 100000 one hundred /wan jandred
 thousand tausend/
60 sixty /sixti/ 100 one hundred /wan jandred/ 1000000 one million /wan milion/
70 seventy /seventi/ 1000 one thousand /wan tausend/

Colors
The colors that are presented below, are the most common ones, these colors will help you
recognize them in different objects that you’ll see around.

Black Blue Red

/blak/ /blu/ /red/

Yellow Green Purple

/yelou/ /grin/ /porpol/

White Brown Orage

/guait/ /braun/ /oransh/

Grammar

To be Verb

The to be verb tense is used to demonstrate who somebody is and where that person she
might me at.

Affirmative Sentences Structure

Affirmative or positive sentences are used to state something as truth. These sentences have
a structure that is shown below.

Noun / Subject
Pronoun + To be verb + Complement

● I am a doctor
● He is a doctor
● We are doctors

Negative Sentences Structure

We use negative sentences to deny facts. The following structure must be followed.

Noun /
Subject + To be + not + Complement
Pronoun verb
 ● I’m not a doctor
● He isn’t a doctor
● We aren’t doctors

Interrogative Structure
A question can be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or
the same request made by that expression. The information requested can be provided
through a response.

Aux Noun / Subject Complement

To be verb + Pronoun +

● Are you a doctor?

● Is he a doctor?
● Are we doctors?

Short Affirmative Answer Structure

Positive answers are used to show that something asked is true.

Positive word Noun / Subject Aux

+ Pronoun +

● Yes, I am
● Yes, he is
● Yes, we are

Short Negative Answer Structure

Negative answers are used to show that something asked isn’t true.

Negative word Noun / Aux not

+ Subject + +
Pronoun

● No, I’m not

● No, he isn’t
● No, we aren’t
Grammar

WH words

There are some words that help to do some questions, these words are called WH words.
That denomination comes from the wh beginning of each word.

The following words that are going to be presented, they’ll be shown with their own
meaning in Spanish.

Question word Function Example

What / que, cual, cuales ● asking for information ● What is your name?
/wat/ about something
● asking for repetition or ● What did you say?
confirmation
When / cuando ● asking about time ● When do you work?
/guen/
Where / dónde ● asking in or at what ● Where does she live?
/guer/ place or position
someone is
Which / que, cual, cuales ● asking about choice ● Which color do you
/guich/ prefer?
Who / quién ● asking what or which ● Who opened the door?
/ju/ person or people do
something
Whom / quién, a quién ● asking what or which ● Whom did you meet?
/jum/ person or people are
Whose / de quién ● asking about ownership ● Whose are these
/jus/ sleepers?
● Whose turn is this?
Why / por qué ● asking for reason, asking ● Why do you come here?
/guai what...for, etc
How / cómo, ● asking about manner ● How does this work?
/jau/ ● asking about condition ● How was your
or quality weekend?
Vocabulary

Countries Continents and Nationalities

There are seven Continents in the world. In the picture are shown as they are located.

Continents
North America / nord America / América del Norte

South America / saud America / Sur América

Europe / iurop / Europa

Africa / Africa / África

Asia / eysha / Asia

Australia / austreilia / Australia

Antartica / antartica / Antartida

Countries and Nationalities

There are 195 countries in the world, here the most know ones are going to be shown

Country Nationality

Canada Canadian / Caneydian /

/ Canada/

The United States American / Ameriken /

/ da yunaited esteits /

Mexico Mexican / Mexican /

/ Mexico /

Brazil Brazilian / Brazilian /

/ Brazil /

Argentina Argentinian / Argentinian /

/ Arllentina /

The UK British / British /

/ da you key/

Spain Spanish / Spenish /

/ Speyn /

Italy Italian / Italian /

/ Italy /

France French / French /

/ Frans /

Turkey Turkish / Turkish /

/ Turki /
 China Chinese / Chainis/
/chaina /

Australia Australian / Austreylian /

/ Austerylia /

Grammar

Articles

The English language has two articles: the and a /an. ;

It can be very confusing to know when to add “the” or “a/n” before a noun in a sentence.
Take this advice for you to use the language better.

Indefinite Articles Definite Articles

Singular a, an Singular The
un - una el - la
Plural Some Plural The
algo los – las

Definite Article
The definite article The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns. The definite article is
used before singular and plural nouns. When the noun is specific or particular. The signals
that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. Example:

The dog, the oranges, the chairs, the man, etc.

Indefinite Articles
The Indefinite article a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns.

We use a before a consonant or consonant sound. Example:

a duck , a cat , a sock , a snake .

We use an before a vowel or vowel sound. Example:

an apple , an umbrella , an elephant .