Analytical Report Final Group M5

Running head: AI Machine Learning and Singularity 1
INTEGRATION OF AI AND
MACHINE LEARNING INTO
MODERN SOCIETY AND THE
IMPLICATIONS OF A
POSSIBLE TECHNOLOGICAL
SINGULARITY Darren White, Zane McCanless, Cody St. Marie
Central Washington University
IT 486 – Critical Issues in Information Technology
December 12, 2019
AUTHOR NOTE
For any company or organization looking to use AI and machine learning technology
Integration of Ai and Machine Learning 2
Table of Contents
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
What is Machine learning and how is it incorporated into AI .................................................................. 3
Oversight of AI research and development............................................................................................... 5
Overview of Technological Singularity: Positive and Negative Implications .......................................... 6
Technological Singularity: Regulations and Fail Safes ............................................................................ 8
Pros and Cons of AI Development ........................................................................................................... 9
Learning to Adapt with AI in Everyday Life? ........................................................................................ 11
References ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4 ....................................................................................................................................................... 13
Abstract
This report covers the topics of machine learning and it’s uses in modern society and in
organizations around the world. An analysis of machine learning and how it intertwines with AI
technology is addressed. The report goes into more detail about AI and the pros and cons of AI in the
modern world. Some other topics that are addressed are how can people in today’s world learn to live
with AI and the possibility of losing jobs to AI technology. Human dependability on AI technology also
leaves the possibility of a technological singularity where machines become independent and no longer
need human intervention.
What is Machine learning and how is it incorporated into AI
Machine learning and artificial intelligence are becoming dominant problem-solving techniques
in many areas of research and industry. This growth in ML applications is based on the theory that
algorithmically derived data processing is an advantageous way to model intelligent behavior in
machines. The topics of AI and machine learning are very much intertwined as AI is the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines more specifically intelligent programs hosted on powerful
computer hardware. While machine learning can be described as the question of how to construct
computer programs that routinely improve without human intervention (McCarthy, 1996).
In machine learning, there are three primary models for training AI; they are reinforcement learning,
supervised learning, and unsupervised learning. They are each a subject onto themselves, but I will
attempt to summarize them for clarity. First, reinforcement learning aspects which functions very much
the way in which it sounds. This strategy is built on observation and trial & error to achieve goals or train
the AI implementation. The AI acts by observing its environment. If the observation is negative, the
algorithm adjusts the weights of its predictive framework to be able to make a different decision the next
time a similar quarry is raised. Second is supervised learning where data sets are meticulously labeled and
the accuracy of the AI determination is manually correlated by someone or something smarter than the AI
undergoing training, such as a person or more sophisticated AI system. Most current AI training
methodology centers around supervised training as it has the fastest success rate for AI development yet
requires a great of hands-on work to label, parse, and refine training data sets. Finally, in unsupervised
learning data sets are unlabeled and lack a feedback loop which dictates the weight of predictive choices
as the system develops. While this has little traction in mainstream AI training it is especially helpful
when searching from hidden patterns within large data sets (NewTechDojo, 2018).
FIGURE 1
The fusion of these two technologies has provided significant development in fields such as
object and speech recognition, as well as automated control in for example Tesla’s self-driving ability, a
feature installed in many of their electric vehicles, and will be widely used in the future.
Machine learning algorithms are built into almost all aspects of modern AI, and the development of
machine learning as AI grows into a widely used mainstream service is rapidly increasing within the
technology space. This evolution is the main driver behind the current rise of AI in business and beyond.
However, ML algorithms are building blocks of AI within a larger framework that is still being
researched and developed. Machine learning and AI complement each other, and the next breakthrough
lies not only in pushing each of them further independently but also in combining them into one salient
system.
Oversight of AI research and development
The resounding answer to the question of whether or not AI research should have some oversight
is yes. For all the value this technology holds if not responsibly guided into the mainstream the negative
impacts on several industries will be hard to measure. AI implementations are often sold as systems
hosting a slew of benefits, from alleviating human bias to increasing efficiency and cutting costs, as well
as accuracy, and reliability. Yet proof of these advantages is rarely provided during the initial phases of
implementation and seeing them in real-time can be difficult. The evidence of harm caused by these
systems increases as they are more widely implemented within industries such as health care, criminal
justice, education, and others. The implementation of these technologies has resulted in numerous
problems with profound effects on millions of peoples’ lives (Chappellet-Lanier, 2018). For example, law
enforcement is using predictive policing systems such a facial recognition and profiling to forecast
criminal behavior and allocate resources accordingly. What is overlooked during initial training of these
AI systems is that they are built on data produced during well detailed periods of flawed policing,
including issues such as racial bias or unlawful practices like stop and frisk( (Richmond, 2018). That
being said, who should take up the mantel of oversight in the AI space. In the past years has the US
Congress has called for action most notably during the 2019 legislative session regarding AI
implementations in the Department of Defense projects.
Furthermore, legislators in the US have formed several groups internally and with technology
leaders or subject matter experts to help form oversight opportunities and make larger recommendations
to the US government when it comes to how AI will be developed and used domestically. These groups
include the Joint Artificial Intelligence Center (JAIC) and the National Security Commission on Artificial
Intelligence. The mission of these groups as stated by members of congress is as follows.
“The publishing of a strategic roadmap for AI development and fielding, as well as guidance on
appropriate ethical, legal, and other policies for the Department governing the development and
use of artificial hands-on systems and technologies in operational situations” (Richardson, 2019)
This mandate is a good start for US oversight of domestic implementations of AI but sadly this
issue calls for a much wider buy-in from the international community as this is a global issue. To that end,
the united nations have founded the Centre on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in the Netherlands. The
goal of this agency is to monitor the development of AI research and robotics across Europe and make
recommendations to the larger UN body on emerging trends in the AI space (AI Policy – United Nations,
2019)
Overview of Technological Singularity: Positive and Negative

Implications
Due to the pace in which AI and machine learning applications are adapting and
evolving, the hypothetical possibility of a technological singularity occurring has become an
immense concern, which primarily stems from the unknown variables that could be connected to
it. Simply put, the singularity would be the point in which humans no longer have control over
technology as a whole, further allowing AI to make decisions that are not dictated by humans,
resulting in an infinite rate in which technology continuously adapts and evolves in a complex
manner (Techopedia, 2019). Furthermore, due to the complexity of this technology, humans
would no longer be able to understand how it works, further disallowing humans from
controlling how technololgical platforms think and operate. An event of this type is extremely
hypothetical, meaning that the outcomes are difficult to predict, as well as the timeline in which
this may occur.
The hypothetical nature of the singularity makes it difficult to accurately identify the
positive and negative implications that could stem from such events; however, some speculations
and possible outcomes can be identified, although they are broad in nature. To begin, some
positive aspects of the singularity include an immensity of medical breakthroughs for humans,
economic growth on a global scale, and an overall improved quality of life for humans (Pelletier,
2014). The singularity could allow humans to create cures for diseases and cancer that have been
a medical mystery for centuries, further expanding the life expectancy for human beings. The
possibility of immense economic growth could allow goods to be produced on a massive scale
while simultaneously maintaining exceptional quality, which hasn’t yet been achieved and could
increase the effectiveness of international trade among countries. These two aspects would
further contribute to an increase in quality of life for humans around the globe, diminishing the
need for future war-related events being conducted for control over vital materials and other
resources.
Among the negatives that are possible outcomes of the singularity include an overall
decrease in job security for humans, recursive self-improvement within AI platforms, and the
overall lack of control that humans would have over these entities (Pandya, 2019). These
elements pose a great threat towards the future existence of humans, simply because of the
unknown actions that may be taken by possibly malicious AI entities. Superintelligent entities
would be able to accomplish work-related activities in a vastly more effective and timely manner
than humans, further decreasing the need for human-operated jobs, ultimately diminishing the
number of jobs for humans around the globe. Moreover, the singularity would most likely allow
FIGURE 2
AI entities to continuously adapt and learn in an infinite manner, creating a lack of control over
these technological platforms and the actions that are carried out. These three negative
implications could lead to the primary pinnacle concern that is maintained by humans, which
pertains to whether or not these super intelligent entities would find the presence of humans a
necessary aspect of their existence, possible causing a removal of the human species over time
(Pandya, 2019). Although these positive and negative implications of the singularity are
extremely hypothetical, it is important to attempt to understand and analyze these futuristic
outcomes, further allowing humans to attempt to create regulations and fail safes that could
prevent the negative aspects of the singularity.
Technological Singularity: Regulations and Fail Safes
Upon examine and carefully analyzing the possible positive and negative implications of
the singularity, the implementation of regulations and fail safes surrounding AI and machine
learning applications could possibly allow humans to prevent the negative aspects of this specific
hypothetical event. Researchers are already examining ways in which humans can still maintain
the upper hand when speaking to the overall actions and decisions that are being made by AI.
These methods primarily include the implemtation of specified constraints or boundaries in
which the AI must operate, simultaneously including a physical barrier that would be specifically
built to house the superintelligent entity during testing phases (Hvistendahl, 2019). These steps
would work towards controlling the actions of AI; however, these boundaries are somehow
broken, then other fail safes would be required to prevent any further negative and unknown
implications. This issue has lead researchers to begin contructing a kill switch for these AI
platforms, which would allow them to cease all operations if needed through the touch of a
button or a simple command (Hvistendahl, 2019). Although these regulations and fail safes are in
early development, they are effective ways in which humans could still maintain a level of
control over AI platforms in the future. Lastly, there is currently no global committee that is
dedicated towards the prevention of the singularity and the numerous outcomes that have been
associated with it, creating a further need for global oversight that is directed towards
maintaining a solidified sense of control over AI, as well as ways to cease malicious activity if
needed.
Pros and Cons of AI Development
A commonly identified downfall of AI is the possibility of job losses as a result of AI taking over
lower-skilled repetitive jobs. Self-driving vehicles, and self-checkout machines in grocery stores already
exist and could totally replace grocery clerks and people who drive vehicles for a living. According to
Reddy (n.d.) “Replacement of humans with machines can lead to large-scale unemployment.
Unemployment is a socially undesirable phenomenon. People with nothing to do can lead to the
destructive use of their creative minds. Humans can unnecessarily be highly dependent on the machines if
the use of artificial intelligence becomes rampant. They will lose their creative power and will become
lazy. Also, if humans start thinking in a destructive way, they can create havoc with these machines.” Not
only would people lose jobs to AI, but they could lose creativity and originality if they become too
dependent on Artificial Intelligence.
Another identified con to AI development is that it lacks emotions like humans do and may not be
able to make judgement calls. An example of this happened back in 2014 during a shooting in Sydney
Australia. People tried to escape the area by calling Ubers, but the demand for Ubers spiked and the
algorithms that control the Uber app caused a surge in prices for people who were just trying to get to
safety. (Patrizio, 2016). There is also the risk of “dehumanizing warfare” which could lead to a lot of
ethical problems such as: should machines be used as lethal weapons, and the possibility of errors
occurring during warfare. If machines can not make judgement calls like humans do would they know
who to target and who not to target in the event of a war. Innocent civilians may be targeted.
Advancements in AI also have a lot of advantages as well. Reddy (n.d) states that there are
numerous advantages of AI as well including: Error reduction, difficult exploration, daily application,
digital assistants, ability to complete repetitive tasks, medical applications, and no need to take breaks. AI
can be programmed to complete complex mathematical tasks and computing much better than humans.
AI can also complete repetitive tasks more efficiently than humans without the need to take any kind of
break. In the medical field the use of AI can really reduce the stress and mental exhaustion that physicians
experience. Bresnick (2018, p.1) states “Inserting intelligent algorithms into these devices can reduce
cognitive burdens for physicians while ensuring that patients receive care in as timely manner as
possible.”
FIGURE 3
Learning to Adapt with AI in Everyday Life?
Some negative impacts of AI development include:
• Human Dependability
• Job Loss
• Solutions to regulate AI use
• Bias with AI algorithms
• Government Surveillance
Ways to overcome some of these negative impacts include not becoming too reliant on AI to do
everything. Humans are creative and original in ways that machines will never be. Afterall, humans
created the machines in the first place. “Human trust in technology is based on our understanding of how
it works and our assessment of its safety and reliability. To trust a decision made by an algorithm, we
need to know that it is reliable and fair, that it can be accounted for, and that it will cause no harm (IBM,
n.d.).”
As far as job loss goes between 40 and 160 million women who hold jobs as secretaries, schedulers,
book keepers and clerical work will have to transition into role that require higher skill sets by the year
2030. There could also be major job losses in manufacturing up to 20 million jobs. It’s not all bad though,
because automation and AI could bring in up to 133 million new jobs around the world by 2022 (Press,
2019). People may experience job loss in some industries, but there will be a lot of opportunities that
open up with technology, AI, and machine learning, so people may have to adapt and learn new skill sets.
Government surveillance and regulation of AI use are another impact of AI use that humans will have
to learn to overcome. Right now, China is using AI technology to conduct surveillance on its own
citizens. These surveillance systems take away from people’s privacy as they are located all over the
place in Xinjiang. China also sells their technologies to other countries that offer citizens little to no
individual freedoms, and surveillance will just take away from people’s individual freedoms that much
more (Romaniuk & Burgers, 2018). So, what can be done to regulate AI use so that people do not abuse
this new technology? The United States has created regulations for the testing of autonomous vehicles,
and there has been meetings held to discuss the use of LAWS (Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems)
and whether or not they should be banned. (Library of Congress, n.d) The Mexican government also
created guidelines to monitor AI use to ensure it is achieving expected results. Other guidelines from the
Mexican government include:
• “Promote transparency, by explaining to the users that interact with AI systems the decision
process taken by such systems, the expected benefits as well as the potential risks derived from
using such systems
• Protect privacy, by incorporating mechanisms of control and consent for the use of personal data
during the design of AI systems

• Foster equality, by reducing risks of discriminatory biases derived from the utilized data
• Due process, by allowing individuals to dispute decisions made by AI systems (Library of
Congress, n.d).”
Advancement in technology and integration of AI systems into everyday life will become the norm
for people around the world and with it will come a lot of ethical issues that will have to be resolved.
People will have to learn to adapt and live with AI in their everyday lives, and there may be job losses as
a result of AI taking lower skilled repetitive tasks, but a lot of tech jobs will be created as a result of AI
development and overall quality of life should improve for people with advances in technology.
Figure 2: The Four Industrial Revolutions - resulted in job losses by taking over repetitive tasks, but
people adapted and learned to create new jobs with the new technologies introduced in each of these
revolutions.
FIGURE 4
References
Bresnick, J. (2018, April 30). Top 12 Ways Artificial Intelligence Will Impact Healthcare. Retrieved
from: https://healthitanalytics.com/news/top-12-ways-artificial-intelligence-will-impact-healthcare
IBM. (n.d). Trusting AI. Retrieved from: https://www.research.ibm.com/artificial-intelligence/trusted-ai/
Kalis, B., Collier, M., Fu, R. (2018, May 10). 10 Promising AI Applications in Health Care. Retrieved
from: https://hbr.org/2018/05/10-promising-ai-applications-in-health-care
Liang, J., Ramanauskas, B., Kurenkov, A. (2019, February 4). Job Loss Due to AI – How Bad Is It Going
To Be? Retrieved from: https://www.skynettoday.com/editorials/ai-automation-job-loss
Patrizio, A. (2016, July 7). Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved
from https://www.datamation.com/applications/pros-and-cons-of-artificial-intelligence.html
Press, G. (2019, July 15). Is AI Going To Be A Jobs Killer? New Reports About The Future of Work.
Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2019/07/15/is-ai-going-to-be-a-jobs-killer-new-
reports-about-the-future-of-work/#611a5b87afb2
Reddy, K. (n.d) Artificial Intelligence Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved from:
https://content.wisestep.com/advantages-disadvantages-artificial-intelligence/
Romaniuk & Tobias Burgers, S. N. (2018, October 19). How China's AI Technology Exports Are
Seeding Surveillance Societies Globally. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/how-chinas-ai-
technology-exports-are-seeding-surveillance-societies-globally/
The Library of Congress (n.d.). Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: The Americas and the Caribbean.
Retrieved from: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/artificial-intelligence/americas.php
AI Policy – United Nations. (2019, January 11). Retrieved from Future of Life Institute:
https://futureoflife.org/ai-policy-united-nations/?cn-reloaded=1
Chappellet-Lanier, T. (2018, July 26). ACLU puts members of Congress in the facial recognition
crosshairs. Retrieved from FedScoop: https://www.fedscoop.com/aclu-puts-members-congress-facial-
recognition-crosshairs/
McCarthy, J. (1996, November 11). FROMHERETOHUMAN-LEVELAI. Retrieved from stanford.edu:
http://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/human/human.pdf
NewTechDojo. (2018, March 06). List of Machine Learning Algorithms. Retrieved from New Tech Dojo:
https://www.newtechdojo.com/list-machine-learning-algorithms/
Richardson, R. (2019, September 01). LITIGATING ALGORITHMS 2019 US REPORT. Retrieved from
AI Now Institute: https://ainowinstitute.org/litigatingalgorithms-2019-us.pdf
Richmond, C. (2018, May 24). Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved from cbc.house.gov:
https://cbc.house.gov/uploadedfiles/final_cbc_amazon_facial_recognition_letter.pdf
AI Policy – United Nations. (2019, January 11). Retrieved from Future of Life Institute: https:/ AI Policy
– United Nations. (2019, January 11). Retrieved from Future of Life Institute:
https://futureoflife.org/ai-policy-united-nations/?cn-reloaded=1
crosshairs. Retrieved from FedScoop: https://www.fedscoop.com/aclu-puts-members-congress-
facial-recognition-crosshairs/
/futureoflife.org/ai-policy-united-nations/?cn-reloaded=1
crosshairs. Retrieved from FedScoop: https://www.fedscoop.com/aclu-puts-members-congress-
facial-recognition-crosshairs/

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Running head: AI Machine Learning and Singularity 1

need human intervention.

What is Machine learning and how is it incorporated into AI

algorithmically derived data processing is an advantageous way to model intelligent behavior in

Oversight of AI research and development

implementations in the Department of Defense projects.

Intelligence. The mission of these groups as stated by members of congress is as follows.

Overview of Technological Singularity: Positive and Negative

evolving, the hypothetical possibility of a technological singularity occurring has become an

this may occur.

extremely hypothetical, it is important to attempt to understand and analyze these futuristic

prevent the negative aspects of the singularity.

Technological Singularity: Regulations and Fail Safes

These methods primarily include the implemtation of specified constraints or boundaries in

Pros and Cons of AI Development

dependent on Artificial Intelligence.

Learning to Adapt with AI in Everyday Life?

Some negative impacts of AI development include:

• Solutions to regulate AI use

• Bias with AI algorithms

Mexican government include:

using such systems

during the design of AI systems

• Due process, by allowing individuals to dispute decisions made by AI systems (Library of

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